阿立哌唑口崩片的制备与质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备阿立哌唑口崩片,通过析因试验设计考察处方并评价其质量。方法: 本研究以原料药粒径（X₁,D90/um）、填充剂配比（X₂,%）、崩解剂用量（X₃,%）作为影响因素,以片剂硬度（Y₁,N）、崩解时限（Y₂,s）、药物溶出度（Y₃,%）作为评价指标,利用析因试验设计考察对阿立哌唑口崩片质量影响较为显著的处方因素,并最终确定最优处方;比较自制制剂与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的溶出行为,并通过加速试验考察产品的稳定性。结果:通过析因方差分析结果显示：填充剂配比对片剂硬度影响较为显著（P<0.05）;崩解剂用量和填充剂用量配比对崩解时间具有显著影响（P<0.05）;原料药粒径对药物溶出度具有显著影响（P<0.05）。最终确定阿立哌唑口崩片的最优处方组成为：阿立哌唑原料药粒径D90控制在20~40 μm之间,填充剂甘露醇与微晶纤维素比例为2.5:1、崩解剂占片重5.0%,制备的片剂硬度高、崩解时限较短、药物溶出较快。与参比制剂的溶出相似,通过加速试验考察,有关物质无显著增加,质量符合要求。结论:阿立哌唑口崩片处方设计合理,制备工艺可行,质量可控。     

阿德福韦酯自微乳释药系统的制备和体外评价

摘 要 目的：制备阿德福韦酯自微乳释药系统并对其进行体外评价。 方法: 通过溶解度试验、处方配伍筛选、伪三元相图的绘制及正交设计,以自乳化速率、粒径为指标,筛选最优处方,并对阿德福韦酯自微乳的自乳化性质和体外释药进行评价。 结果: 阿德福韦酯自微乳最优处方：聚氧乙烯蓖麻油35（Cremophor EL35）为37.5%,二乙二醇单乙醚（Transcutol Hp）为37.5%,单油酸甘油酯(PECEOL)为25%,载药量3%;用50倍水稀释在24S内乳化完全,平均粒径为(26.30±0.46 ) nm,Zeta电位为(-8.96±0.57 ) mV;阿德福韦酯自微乳在5 min时溶出度达到85%以上。 结论:本研究制备的阿德福韦酯自微乳化给药系统,能显著提高阿德福韦酯的溶解度和体外溶出速率。     

更昔洛韦口腔崩解片的处方优化及质量评价

摘 要 目的：优化更昔洛韦口腔崩解片的处方,并评价其质量。方法: 以崩解时限为评价指标,通过单因素试验筛选崩解剂、稀释剂和润滑剂的种类,并通过正交试验对崩解剂、稀释剂、润滑剂和矫味剂用量进行优化。对优选处方制得的口腔崩解片进行质量检查,包括崩解时限、含量测定、体外溶出度和加速试验。结果: 最佳处方为：10%交联聚维酮、30%微晶纤维素、3% 微粉硅胶和2% 阿斯巴甜。三批样品的崩解时限分别为47.4,48.6,47.8 s;含量分别为100.2%,99.7%,99.8%;2 min时累积溶出度达到80%以上;加速试验3个月的样品检测指标与0天相比无明显变化。结论:更昔洛韦口腔崩解片的处方及工艺稳定可行,重复性好,制得的样品质量均符合要求。     

缬沙坦片的辊压干法制粒工艺研究

摘 要 目的：制备缬沙坦片并优化辊压干法制粒工艺参数。方法: 采用辊压干法制粒工艺制备缬沙坦片。以颗粒粒径大小（D50, Y1/μm）、片剂硬度（Y2/N）、30 min药物溶出度（Y3/%）为评价指标,首先利用Plackett Burman实验设计筛选出对缬沙坦片质量性质影响显著的关键性工艺变量,最终利用Box Behnken效应面法优化辊压干法制粒工艺参数。结果:Plackett Burman实验设计筛选结果显示：辊压压力和筛网孔径对颗粒大小影响较显著（P<0.05）;辊压压力、辊压辊隙和筛网孔径对片剂的硬度影响较显著（P<0.05）;经Box Behnken效应面法优化得到辊压干法制粒的最佳工艺参数为：辊压压力为30 bar、辊压辊隙为3.0 mm、筛网孔径为2.0 mm,制备的缬沙坦片可压性良好,药物溶出度高,与市售参比制剂相比体外溶出相似。结论:通过Plackett Burman联用Box Behnken效应面法优化缬沙坦片的辊压干法制粒工艺,可以提高产品质量的可控性。     

不同介质中利培酮口溶膜剂溶出曲线相似性比较

摘 要 目的：考察不同溶出介质对利培酮口溶膜剂溶出度的影响,为其制剂质量判断提供依据。方法: 分别考察自制利培酮口溶膜剂和参比制剂在水、0.1 mol·L^-1 盐酸溶液、pH 4.5醋酸 醋酸钠缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液4种溶出介质中的体外溶出行为,以HPLC法进行测定,并采用溶出相似（f2）因子法评价自制制剂和参比制剂溶出曲线的相似性。结果: 在4种介质中,自制制剂与参比制剂的f2因子均大于50。结论: 自制制剂与参比制剂在4种介质中的溶出行为相似,表明该制剂的处方工艺稳定可行。     

甲氧氯普胺口崩片的制备及体外溶出度考察

摘 要 目的： 制备甲氧氯普胺口崩片并优化处方,并对其体外溶出度进行考察。方法: 采用全因子试验设计,以填充剂配比（X₁）、崩解剂（X₂,%）用量为影响因素,以脆碎度（Y₁,%）、崩解时限（Y₂,s）、甲氧氯普胺在15 min的溶出度（Y₃,%）为片剂考察指标优化处方;并考察其在4种溶出介质中的溶出行为。结果: 甲氧氯普胺口崩片的最优处方组成为：填充剂甘露醇与微晶纤维素比例为2.5∶1、崩解剂占片重为6.5%。甲氧氯普胺口崩片在4种溶出介质中累积溶出度均大于80%。结论:甲氧氯普胺口崩片处方设计合理,制备工艺可行,质量可控。     

综合评分法在阿德福韦酯分散片处方筛选中的应用

目的::优化阿德福韦酯分散片处方。方法:以休止角、崩解时限、混悬液稳定性和5min溶出度为指标,采用正交设计综合评分法优化阿德福韦酯分散片的处方。结果:优选分散片处方为崩解剂PVPP用量14%、填充剂微晶纤维素和乳糖比例2∶1、黏合剂PVP用量2%。所制分散片可在3min内能崩解并全部通过2号筛,5min溶出度明显优于市售普通片。结论:正交设计综合评分法可用于阿德福韦酯分散片的处方优化。     

厄贝沙坦片的制备工艺与溶出度一致性研究

目的 制备厄贝沙坦仿制片并对其进行工艺与溶出度一致性研究。方法 以原研药（卡压舒®）为参比制剂,通过单因素实验考察黏合剂种类、黏合剂用量、片剂硬度、不同含水量和包衣增重对溶出度的影响,确定处方组成。放大制备3批厄贝沙坦仿制片,在4种不同溶出介质中考察3批样品和原研药的溶出一致性,通过相似因子（f₂）法评价自制与参比制剂溶出曲线的相似性。结果 3% HPMC-E5作为黏合剂较5% PVP K30作为黏合剂时稳定,黏合剂用量、硬度和水分在考察的范围内基本不影响,包衣增重2%~3%,3批自制片与原研片在不同溶出介质中f₂均大于50。结论 厄贝沙坦片制备工艺稳定且自制制剂与参比制剂在不同溶出介质中的体外溶出行为一致。     

坎地沙坦酯片的制备及初步稳定性研究

目的:制备坎地沙坦酯片并优化处方,并对其进行初步稳定性考察。方法:采用Box-Behnken试验设计,以填充剂配比(X1)、崩解剂(X2,%)和润滑剂(X3,%)用量为影响因素,以片重差异(Y1,%)、脆碎度(Y2,%)、崩解时限(Y3,min)、坎地沙坦酯溶出度(Y4,%)为片剂考察指标,得到最优处方;采用f2相似因子法评价自制制剂和参比制剂在溶出介质中的体外溶出行为。通过高温、高湿、光照试验初步考察制剂稳定性。结果:坎地沙坦酯片的最优处方组成为:填充剂一水乳糖与预交化淀粉比例为7∶1、崩解剂交联羧甲基纤维素钠占片重为5.5%,润滑剂硬脂酸镁占片重为0.5%。自制片剂和参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的累积溶出度相似因子f2分别为60.62,73.34,66.95,68.60。结论:制备的坎地沙坦酯片各项指标均符合规定,工艺稳定可靠。     

光纤法考察呋塞米片仿制药与原研药的体外溶出一致性

摘 要 目的： 建立实时监测呋塞米片溶出过程的方法,比较11个不同仿制药厂家与原研药厂家生产的呋塞米片在4种溶出介质中溶出曲线的相似性,评价我国呋塞米片的体外溶出过程。方法: 采用光纤药物溶出度实时测定仪监测11个厂家的仿制药与原研药的溶出过程;采用桨法,转速50 r·min^-1,分别以900 ml pH 1.2盐酸溶液、pH 4.0醋酸盐缓冲液、pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液和水为溶出介质,在277 nm波长处测定吸光度,绘制溶出曲线,并采用溶出曲线f 2相似因子法考察其相似性。结果: 光纤溶出度法的辅料和溶出介质不干扰测定。呋塞米在4.44～26.66 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）。呋塞米的平均回收率为101.26%,RSD%为1.84%（n=9）。11个厂家中只有1个厂家仿制药与原研药的相似度均能达到要求。结论:建立了一个简便、快捷、准确的光纤溶出度实时测定方法,该方法能够有效监测药物的体外溶出过程,为改进药物制剂工艺、监控工艺稳定性、提高药品分析能力提供参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.