儿童隐匿阴茎手术治疗82例

目的：探讨手术治疗儿童隐匿阴茎的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月在本院接受手术治疗的82例隐匿阴茎患儿临床资料。术前检查显示阴茎外观短小,严重者仅见包皮堆而无阴茎体显露,用拇指和食指将阴茎周围皮肤后推可显露发育及长度基本正常的阴茎体,松手后阴茎体迅速回缩。患儿均有包皮口狭窄,阴茎头不外露。手术操作包括：松解包皮狭窄环、脱套阴茎皮肤、转移阴囊皮肤增加阴茎体皮肤覆盖、固定海绵体白膜和阴茎根部皮下组织,重建阴茎阴囊角。结果82例均获随访,平均手术年龄为5（1～13）岁,平均手术时间为40（30～70）min,平均随访时间为6（3～24）个月。术后阴茎体显露良好,阴茎体无明显回缩。结论手术可有效矫正隐匿阴茎外观,改善阴茎体显露。     

Preputial flaps to correct buried penis

The authors developed a preputial skin flap technique to correct the buried penis which was simple and practical. This simple procedure can be applied to most boys with buried penis. In the last 3 years, we have seen 12 boys with buried penis and have been treated by using preputial flaps. The mean age is about 5.1 (from 3 to 12). By making a longitudinal incision on the ventral side of penis, the tightness of the foreskin is released and leave a diamond-shaped skin defect. It allows the penile shaft to extend out. A circumferential incision is made about 5 mm proximal to the coronal sulcus. Pedicled preputial flaps are obtained leaving optimal penile skin on the dorsal side. The preputial skin flaps are rotated onto the ventral side and tailored to cover the defect. All patients are followed for at least 3 months. Edema and swelling on the flaps are common, but improves with time. None of our patients need a second operation. The preputial flaps technique is a simple technique which allows surgeons to deal with most cases of buried penis by tailoring the flaps providing good cosmetic and functional results.     

经阴茎根部腹侧阴茎阴囊整形术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎

目的 探讨经阴茎根部腹侧入路的阴茎阴囊整形术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎的临床疗效.方法 针对本病的包茎、阴茎皮肤缺乏、阴茎周围肉膜肌的异常附着、特别是阴茎阴囊交界处皮肤的蹼状改变等,采用不但可使阴茎阴囊蹼状改变得到整形,也利于阴茎的充分松解和固定,还可达到延长阴茎皮肤目的的楔形皮肤切口.同时还采用包皮口横切后外板纵形剪开,背侧楔形切除多余内板的的方法,不但解除了包茎,也避免了过多的内板使用.结果 近10年间用此术式治疗先天性隐匿阴茎359例,年龄最小3岁,最大14岁,其中5～7岁224例(62.4％).术后获半年以上随访者265例(73.8％),其中阴茎显露良好,无退缩现象、无包茎、阴囊皮肤无臃肿现象、切口无瘢痕形成和排尿通畅者共247例(93.2％).术后早期出现阴囊血肿7例.远期并发症包括:腹侧切口瘢痕形成3例,后经瘢痕切除治愈.包皮口出现瘢痕环形狭窄并影响阴茎头外露5例,门诊经瘢痕切除治愈.外观仍显阴茎短小10例(4.6％),但经外用睾酮霜2个月后外观明显改善毋需进一步治疗.结论 结果显示此方法简单,效果显著,且并发症多可预防,是一种治疗先天性隐匿阴茎的好术式.     

Penile resurfacing for denuded penis following circumcision

Major loss of penile shaft skin following circumcision has been rarely reported in the paediatric literature and when it occurs is usually due to the injudicious use of monopolar diathermy, infection and poor surgical technique. We report the reconstruction of a penis following complete loss of penile skin due to circumcision. We employed a split-skin graft for the glans and full-thickness graft for the shaft to achieve a more natural cosmetic appearance. This approach has not been described previously in the paediatric literature and should be considered in the unfortunate event of significant penile skin loss.     

An alternative way to cover ventral penile skin defect in Mathieu technique.

Mathieu technique is used satisfactorily in distal penile hypospadias without chordee or with minimal chordee. After using this technique, a large defect may sometimes appear on the ventral surface of the penis. To cover the defect, a few techniques, including preputial island flap, Byar's flap and Ombrédanne-Nesbit's flap, are used. We describe a new flap to cover the defect more cosmetically. Twenty-four patients ranging in age from one year to 14 years (median age 6.5 years) were operated on. In the patients for whom the defect could not be covered primarily, a longitudinal incision was made along the midline through the penile shaft skin from penile radix up to the border of preputial skin. The relaxed penile skin, which was incised on the dorsal surface, could be approached and sutured easily on the ventral surface without stretching. The new defect that developed on the dorsal surface was closed with the prepuce matching the defect. Nine patients, two with chordee and seven without chordee, underwent this technique. The cosmetic and functional results were excellent in all patients and none of the patient's parents complained about the cosmetic aspect. Only one fistula complication, which healed spontaneously, developed on the 20th postoperative day. Considering these results, we may conclude that excellent cosmetic results can be accomplished by the use of this flap technique.     

Surgical correction of congenital megaprepuce

Congenital megaprepuce (CMP) is a rare entity. Two infant boys presented with a tight congenital phimosis resulting in an excessively baggy, urine-filled prepuce and a swollen scrotum. Compression of the scrotum resulted in drainage of urine. We feel this to be a separate entity from a buried penis and recommend early surgery. The phimotic tip of the foreskin was excised and the inner layer preserved to cover the full length of the penile shaft. The outer layer of the foreskin, in reality the penoscrotal junction, was anchored to the base of the penile shaft. A V-shaped edge of ventral skin was excised and the edges approximated, giving the appearance of median raphe. The final appearance was that of a circumcised penis. A third patient awaits operation. Accepted: 25 November 1998     

小儿埋藏性阴茎的诊断与外科治疗

为了探讨埋藏阴茎的最佳的手术治疗方法，对近１２年中收治的年龄４～１３岁８５例患儿，应用包括包皮外板多处小切口纵切横缝包茎、耻骨联合前上方皮下组织切除、阴茎筋膜分离和阴茎根部皮肤与耻骨骨膜缝合的方法进行手术。术后半年以上获得随访共６７例，其中效果满意５９例（８８．１％），尚有轻度阴茎埋藏８例（１１．９％）。提示本术式是治疗埋藏阴茎简单有效的方法。     

改良阴茎成形术治疗重度隐匿阴茎(附42例报告)

目的介绍使用改良Shiraki术联合"V"形切口治疗42例重度隐匿阴茎的方法和效果。方法自2011年8月至2013年8月间本院对42例重度隐匿阴茎患儿采取改良Shiraki联合"V"形切口术,此改良阴茎成形术分3个主要步骤:首先分别在外板的12点处及包皮内板的3点、9点处纵向切开,阴茎皮肤脱套至阴茎根部,同时切除阴茎体外层纤维索带,充分松解阴茎体使其完全伸展;修剪重建包皮系带伸直阴茎头,修剪过宽包皮内板皮瓣,外板尽量保留,然后内外板皮瓣嵌插缝合;最后取阴茎腹侧V形切口,阴茎腹侧延长,重建阴茎阴囊角。结果手术时间约40~55 min,随访12~24个月,40例阴茎发育及外观效果满意,2例较肥胖的患者术后阴茎体显露效果不佳。13例包皮内板水肿患者术后12周内均基本消退。结论该术式操作相对简单,损伤小,外观良好,并发症少,我们认为是治疗重度隐匿阴茎比较理想的手术方式之一。     

“V”形切口改良Brisson手术治疗小儿隐匿阴茎

目的 介绍使用“V”形切口改良Brisson手术治疗隐匿性阴茎34例的方法和效果.方法 手术通过用阴茎腹侧“V”形切口改良Brisson术来完成,松解阴茎伸展外露后,修剪包皮系带伸直阴茎头,对合缝合包皮,从阴茎腹侧V形切口,去除发育不良的筋膜组织,在阴茎腹侧根部将皮下筋膜层与尿道前筋膜缝合固定.结果 手术时间约40～60 min,随访6～12个月,阴茎发育及外观效果满意,1例较肥胖的患儿术后显露效果不佳.3例水肿患儿术后2周内均基本消退.结论 本术式相对简单损伤小,外观良好,我们认为是治疗隐匿性阴茎比较理想的手术方式之一.     

Primary lymphedema of the penis: Surgical correction by preputial unfurling

Primary lymphedema of the penis (PLP) is a rare disease. We report a case in a 2-year-old, uncircumcised boy where the uninvolved inner preputial skin was unfurled to cover the penile shaft. The uninvolved inner preputial skin is often elongated, and provides a suture-free cover of sufficient length for the small penile shaft of pediatric patients. Accepted: 12 May 2000     

Congenital prepubic sinus: A variant of epispadiac dorsal urethral duplication

Congenital prepubic sinus is a tract originating in the skin overlying the base of the penis. Its embryologic basis is still debated. We present a 9-month-old boy with a recurrent muco-purulent discharge from a tiny opening in the midline prepubic area on the base of the penis. Examination revealed a ventrally hooded prepuce, dorsal chordee, penile torsion to the left, and a 3-mm-diameter prepubic sinus 1 cm from the base of the penis. Histology of the excised tract showed a transitional epithelium. We believe our case is an epispadiac variant of dorsal urethral duplication.     

Sugita手术治疗小儿先天性隐匿阴茎

目的 观察Sugita术式治疗小儿先天性隐匿阴茎的疗效.方法 对我院2008年1月至2010年12月采用Sugita方法治疗的78例中重度小儿隐匿阴茎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结该方法的手术疗效.结果 术后4～5 d去除敷料暴露伤口,拔除尿管,术后5～6 d出院.所有病例均获得随访6个月至3年,平均6.5个月,均排尿正常;8例有包皮内板轻度水肿,其中5例术后6～8周恢复正常,3例术后10～12周恢复正常;74例阴茎体显露良好,家属对阴茎外观满意,4例家属认为阴茎短小.结论 Sugita手术治疗小儿先天性隐匿阴茎设计合理,操作简单,美容效果良好,并发症相对较少,是治疗小儿先天性隐匿阴茎的较好方法.     

Utility of tissue expansion in pediatric phallic reconstruction: a 10-year experience

ObjectiveBoys with complex penile anomalies often undergo multiple operations, leaving a paucity of unscarred skin for further reconstructive procedures. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of tissue expansion to provide local skin for successful phallic reconstruction.Materials and methodsEighty boys (mean age of 11.9 years) with hypospadias (n = 42) or epispadias (n = 38) formed the study cohort. All patients had undergone at least one failed reconstructive operation. Indications for tissue expansion included scarcity of penile skin with urethral stenosis, urethrocutaneous fistula, chordee, and/or residual defect. One or two expanders were placed under the skin of the penile shaft and removed at the time of reconstruction.ResultsAverage time between expander placement and reconstruction was 10.9 weeks. Mean follow-up time was 25.3 months. Complications during expansion occurred in 33 patients (41.3%). Twenty-two patients (27.5%) had at least one expander removed prematurely and 46.9% were replaced. Expansion yielded adequate tissue for reconstruction in 76 patients (95.0%). Successful outcomes were achieved in 39 patients after initial reconstruction and 25 patients after further intervention, yielding an overall success rate of 80.0%.ConclusionTissue expansion is a useful tool with an acceptable rate of complications for phallic reconstruction in patients who have failed prior surgical reconstruction.     

Radical soft tissue mobilization and reconstruction (Kelly procedure) for bladder exstrophy repair in males: initial experience with nine cases

Purpose  to report the early experience with the Kelly procedure for the treatment of bladder exstrophy (BE) in males. Materials and methods  Nine boys with BE were treated at our institute. One had an untouched BE, four had epispadias after neonatal bladder closure, and four were secondary phalloplasties. Data on surgical complications, continence status, presence of erections and parental satisfaction with penile appearance and length are reported. Results  Mean patient age was 4.7 (1–8.9) years. No intra-operative complications occurred. Two secondary cases experienced formation of a bladder-neck fistula and glans ischemia, respectively. The latter led to glans loss. All the patients had some residual degree of hypospadias after surgery. After a median follow-up of 18.1 (10–22) months, one patient developed chronic bladder outlet obstruction. Overall, five patients are dry (including two on clear intermittent catheterization and one with a Minz II pouch). The other four are still younger than 3 years, all have spontaneous micturitions and dry interval between 30 and 120 min. Of the eight patients without phalloplasty complications, all had erections, and parents judged the penile length and appearance as being satisfactory in six cases. Conclusion  The Kelly procedure is feasible in a vast array of BE patients, but may be formidable, especially in secondary phalloplasties. It allows for complete reconfiguration and lightening of the penis, but exposes to potentially catastrophic complications, such as partial or complete penile loss. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the results in terms of continence.     

Comparison of topical versus parenteral testosterone in children with microphallic hypospadias

Introduction  Surgical correction of genital defects was formerly proposed when the size of the penis was sufficient to permit easy surgical repair. To enlarge penile size, temporary stimulation with testosterone either topical or parenteral has been reported. Parenteral testosterone has been found to be effective; however, variable results have been reported with topical testosterone. This study was taken up as an attempt to compare the efficacy of parenteral versus topical testosterone application. Materials and methods  Twenty-one consecutive children with microphallic hypospadias were randomized to receive either topical or parenteral testosterone prior to surgery. Penile length, glans circumference and secondary effects were recorded before and after therapy by the same observer. Results  Significant penile growth was noticed in both the groups of children when compared with pre-therapy size. Conclusions  The desired therapeutic effect of significant penile growth following testosterone was achieved in both the groups of children. There was no significant difference between the two routes of administration.     

Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for the treatment of penile fistulas after hypospadias repair

ObjectiveUrethrocutaneous fistula is the most common complication of hypospadias repair. Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty (TIPU) has been used for the management of distal fistulas. This study reports the usage of TIPU in the treatment of large penile fistulas.Materials and methodsBetween April 2002 and September 2012, 15 patients with large penile fistulas who were managed with TIPU were included in the study. The fistulas were sited along the penile shaft from proximal to distal penile localization. Glanular and coronal fistulas were excluded. The surgical technique was completed according to the standard TIPU technique. The surrounding scar tissue of the fistula was circumferentially excised, and the urethral plate at the level of the fistula was incised to provide performance of loose urethral tubularization. A urethral stent was kept for 5–7 days.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 7.3 ± 3.1 years. Primary operation of these patients was tubularized preputial island flap (n = 6), on-lay preputial island flap (n = 4), and TIPU (n = 5). The sites of the hypospadias fistulas were as follows; penoscrotal (three), mid-penile (eight) and subcoronal (four). Fistulas recurred in two patients after fistula repair. The postoperative follow up of the patients was 12.4 ± 7.7 months.ConclusionTIPU may be used safely for the treatment of fistulas after hypospadias repair.     

带蒂岛状包皮瓣在隐匿阴茎矫治术中的应用

目的 介绍带蒂岛状包皮瓣在隐匿阴茎矫治术中的应用.方法 总结分析四川大学华西医院从1994年7月至2011年8月收治的56例应用带蒂岛状包皮瓣阴茎成形术矫治的完全型隐匿阴茎患儿的临床资料,结合文献探讨该手术的要点及优缺点.结果 所有56例患儿术后获得了1个月至7年(平均1.4年)的随访,术后效果均满意,包皮水肿轻,阴茎显露好,无阴茎回缩及复发发生,未见明显瘢痕挛缩.结论 隐匿阴茎可根据阴茎皮肤的缺失情况分为完全型和部分型以指导手术的选择并评估手术的疗效.恰当的手术年龄以学龄前为佳,伴有肥胖的隐匿阴茎患儿最好在减轻体重后考虑手术,改良Devine法治疗部分型隐匿阴茎,带蒂岛状包皮瓣阴茎成形术用于治疗完全型隐匿阴茎都有较好的手术效果.     

Surgical treatment of penile duplication

IntroductionPenile duplication is a rare anomaly with an incidence of 1 in 5,500,000. It is normally associated with other malformations, such as double bladder, presence of the cloaca, imperforate anus, duplication of the rectosigmoid and vertebral deformities.Presented here is the surgical technique used to resolve a rare case of complete penile duplication in a 5-year-old child, without any other malformation.Patient and MethodsA male Caucasian patient presented with a rare diagnosis of complete penile duplication, without any associated systemic malformation. At 5 years of age, he was successfully submitted to surgical treatment. The procedure included the following steps: penile dissection up to the point of ischial-pubic insertion; dissection of the hypoplastic urethra; amputation of the less developed penis; termino-lateral urethral anastomosis and phalloplasty.ResultsThree years after surgery, penile morphology was normal, with a normal urinary flow according to age.ConclusionsTreatment should always be individualized. The malformations that are potentially life-threatening should be solved first. Fortunately, this patient had only penile duplication, successfully corrected after surgical treatment.     

渐进性皮瓣转移技术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎

目的 通过总结103例先天性隐匿阴茎的临床资料,探讨渐进性皮瓣转移技术应用于先天性隐匿阴茎的诊治经验.方法 2006年7月至2008年9月,采用渐进性皮瓣转移技术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎患儿103例,年龄为6个月至12.3岁,所有病例均符合先天性隐匿阴茎的诊断,其中3例伴有明显肥胖.结果平均随访1.5年(6个月至2.5年).所有患儿阴茎外观均较满意,阴茎显露好,无包皮臃肿现象.术后1例冈阴茎根部皮肤附着不佳仍有同缩,2例患儿在阴茎根部切口处轻度裂开.结论 渐进性皮瓣转移技术治疗先天性隐匿阴茎,术后阴茎外观接近包茎术后表现,术后再回缩等并发症少.渐进性皮瓣转移技术可以作为治疗先天性隐匿阴茎的常规术式.     

改良Brisson术治疗小儿隐匿性阴茎的远期随访结果

目的 探讨改良Brisson术治疗小儿隐匿性茎的远期疗效.方法 回顾2003年1月至2005年12月在本院用改良Brisson术治疗的隐匿性阴茎病例,通过电话访问的形式让家长回答问卷,根据问卷结果评价治疗的远期疗效.结果 在成功受访的39例患儿家长中,患儿术后症状改善36例(92.3％);手术能明显改善家长对患儿阴茎显露的满意率(P＜0.01);手术有助于减轻家长对患儿阴茎显露欠佳的心理负担(P＜0.01);但对学龄期儿童,手术似乎对他们的心理状况改善帮助不大(P＞0.05).对于手术后整体外观效果有21例表示满意(53.8％),13例表示较满意(33.3％),5例表示不满意(12.8％).家长对手术效果评分平均为(8.27±1.39)分(满分10分);其中38例(97.4％)患儿家长表示会把该手术推荐给有类似情况的亲戚或朋友.结论 改良Brisson术治疗隐匿性阴茎能得到较为满意的远期效果.