重度根尖周炎根管治疗的近期临床观察

目的 探讨重度根尖周炎根管治疗的临床疗效。方法 对62颗重度根尖周患牙行根管治疗术，同时建立软组织引流。结果 治疗62颗恒牙，59颗有效，总有效率为95．2％。结论 根尖周组织严重破坏的根尖周炎，根管治疗术(RCT)是首选。采用完善的RCT，建立根尖软组织引流，可大大提高RCT的成功率而避免了根尖周手术。     

根管治疗急症的发生机制及其相关因素研究进展

根管治疗术是目前治疗牙髓病根尖周病常用的方法,术后疼痛（包括约诊间疼痛及根管充填术后疼痛）是根管治疗常见的并发症,它发生的原因主要是根管治疗过程中对根尖周组织的机械、化学和微生物损伤,而且其发生的相关因素也是多方面的,本文就根管治疗急症的发生机制及其相关因素作一综述。     

根管系统封闭性的影响因素及其检测方法

根管治疗术是牙髓病和根尖周病常见的治疗方法,术后严密封闭根管系统可以切断根尖周组织再感染途径,确保根管治疗的远期疗效。如果根管封闭性欠佳则容易引起病原微生物及其代谢产物经过封闭材料与根管壁之间的微渗漏(包括冠方和根尖区)使根尖周组织再感染导致根管治疗失败。可见严密封闭根管系统至关重要。目前检测根管封闭性的方法较多,但关于根管系统封闭性的影响因素和检测根管封闭性的方法尚缺乏较系统的阐述。本文将影响根管封闭性的因素及检测和评价根管封闭性的方法进行综述,为检测根管充填质量和评估远期疗效提供借鉴和参考。     

“尖台”的解剖生理学内涵及临床意义

根管治疗术(root canal treatment,RCT)是治愈牙髓病、根尖周病使患牙得以保留的重要治疗技术,"尖台"对于RCT有重要的理论和实践意义,本文即就这一问题作简要讨论。     

现代根管治疗术(一)

根管治疗术 (rootcanaltherapy, RCT)是治疗牙髓病、根尖周病的一种最常用和最有效的方法。人们对牙髓病、根尖周病的治疗具有悠久的历史,从已发现最早的古希腊时代 (公元前200年)地中海地区那巴第安武士的根管充填 [1],到现代的较为完整的根管治疗技术和方法,经历了漫长的发展历程。然而根管治疗术的发展的完善却主要是在近代。Grossman博士将1776~1975年的 200年根管治疗术的演变历史划分为 4个 50年 [2]:第一阶段(1776~1825):人们用水蛭或无花果膏治疗脓肿牙齿,用烧红的金属丝烧灼牙髓,采用金箔充填根管。第二阶段(1826~1875 ):建…     

Vitapex糊剂根管充填治疗慢性根尖周炎的短期疗效观察

慢性根尖周炎是口腔常见病、多发病,治疗较复杂.根管治疗术是治疗慢性根尖周炎行之有效的方法.通过机械清理及药物消毒根管内的感染源,控制根尖周组织炎症并通过完善的根管充填促进根尖周组织的修复.根管充填是根管治疗术的关键步骤.用Vicapex糊剂加牙胶尖充填根管,治疗慢性根尖周炎,追踪观察术后1年的临床疗效.     

根管治疗失败原因分析及防治策略

根管治疗术是治疗牙髓病和根尖周病的有效手段,影响其成功率的因素有医方因素、患方因素和其他因素.为了提高广大口腔医师根管治疗的成功率,现就目前根管治疗失败的相关原因进行分析,并对防治策略给出建议.     

根管治疗技术规范与疗效评价标准

根管治疗术是牙髓病和根尖周病治疗的基本方法和最佳选择。根管治疗术通过彻底清除根管内的炎性牙髓和感染坏死物质,成形根管,严密充填根管,以去除根管内容物对根尖周围组织的不良刺激,防止根尖周病变发生,促进根尖周病变愈合。     

老年人根管治疗术疗效分析

全国第三次口腔临床病学调查表明,老年人群患龋率最高,达76％,而未治疗率高达90％以上,牙髓炎大部分由龋病发展而来,感染又可经根尖孔扩散到根尖周围组织引起根尖周炎.而根管治疗术(root canal therapy,简称RCT)是牙髓病和根尖周病的有效疗法.以前认为无法保留的牙,经过根管治疗都能保留下来,为口腔修复技术的飞速发展奠定了坚实的基础.本文随机抽取了我科2005-2010年治疗的老年人牙病患者,进行根管治疗,取得了较为满意的疗效.     

根管治疗失败的临床分析

根管治疗术是治疗牙髓坏死、根尖周病的主要方法，现对2002年以来我科根管治疗术失败的病例进行回顾总结。     

A systematic review on the outcome of surgical vs non-surgical procedure for the retreatment of periapical lesions

The most common therapeutical options for the retreatment of teeth with periapical pathosis are orthograde treatment and periapical surgery. The aim of this review was to evaluate the outcomes of surgical versus non-surgical retreatment, in order to provide clinicians with evidence-based information for decision making process. Articles were retrieved by electronic search strategy and traditional searching. Articles were selected based on strict inclusion criteria. The first criterion was the success of retreatment, as determined by clinical and radiographic criteria. The outcomes were further dichotomized according to functionality criteria. Two randomized trials (RCTs) were found. One hundred and twenty-six teeth were followed up after one year, and 82 after 4 years. The success rate for surgical treatment after one year was slightly better than non-surgical: 90.7% vs 80.6%, respectively, according to functional criteria. At the four-year evaluation (40 surgically treated and 42 non-surgically treated cases from 1 RCT) the outcomes were similar. A higher early post-operative discomfort was reported for surgically treated cases. There is no apparent advantage of using a surgical or non-surgical approach for the retreatment of periapical lesions in terms of long-term outcome. The choice between the two procedures should rely upon factors other than the mere treatment outcome, such as patient's initial clinical situation, patient's preference, operator's experience and skill, complication risk, technical feasibility, and overall treatment cost. More well-designed RCTs should be performed with a large sample size and at least 4 years follow-up, using modern instrumentation and materials, to detect a true difference in the long term between the outcomes of the two alternative treatments, if any exists.     

根管治疗中根尖片使用的临床分析

目的了解专科医生、全科医生、实习医生在根管治疗中使用根尖片的现状,分析根充质量与根尖片使用的关系。方法以在四川大学华西口腔医院门诊完成根管治疗的患者的患牙为调查对象,根据治疗医生的不同将调查对象分为专科医生组、全科医生组和实习医生组,对调查对象的根尖片应用情况进行问卷调查,并对术后根充片进行根充质量评价。采用卡方检验分析3组医生的根尖片使用频率,秩和检验分析根充质量与根尖片使用的关系。结果412例患者571颗牙的根管治疗中,专科医生组、全科医生组和实习医生组的术前片使用率分别为95.3%、89.5%和92.1%,初尖片使用率为5.2%、1.1%和5.8%,主尖片使用率为94.8%、72.1%和97.4%,根充片使用率为97.9%、76.3%和95.3%。3组初尖片、主尖片、根充片使用率均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。根充质量合格病例和不合格病例的根尖片使用张数分别为（3.14±0.639）和（2.84±0.736）张,二者之间有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论专科医生和实习医生较全科医生更加规范使用根尖片。根尖片的使用频率与根充质量有关,规范化使用根尖片有利于提高根管治疗的质量。     

根管治疗后三年疗效评价及影响因素分析

目的评价根管治疗的疗效及其影响因素。方法回访检查根管治疗后3年患牙的临床状况和根尖周X线片表现,对根管治疗的疗效及可能的影响因素进行分析。结果695颗患牙根管治疗后3年的治愈率为75．1％,有咀嚼功能的占96．0％。单因素分析发现,前牙、活髓牙、术前根尖周组织正常、适充及牙体修复完好的患牙治愈率较高;回归分析表明,无根尖周病变、适充及牙体修复完好的患牙比术前有根尖周病变、欠充及根充物暴露的患牙治愈率分别高2倍、3倍和1．6倍。结论患牙有无根尖周病变、根管充填质量和牙体修复的完好程度均可对根管治疗的疗效产生影响。     

关于根管系统严密封闭的研究现状

根管治疗术完成后根管系统冠根方的严密封闭可清除根管内绝大部分感染源，彻底切断感染途径，确保根管治疗术的远期疗效；而冠方和（或）根方封闭不良，病原微生物及其代谢产物可通过封闭材料与根管壁之间的微隙渗漏进入根尖周组织导致根管治疗术失败。本文就冠根方封闭效果与根管治疗术远期疗效的相关性，冠方与根方封闭的关系及其影响因素，根管封闭的研究方法等方面的研究现状作一综述。     

2种不同时机根尖外科手术的疗效评价

目的：：研究在2种不同时机下进行根尖外科手术的治疗效果。方法：将68例根尖周炎的患者分为对照组(30例)和试验组(38例)，对照组于根管治疗后至少1~2个月进行根尖手术，试验组于根管治疗后即刻进行根尖手术，术后第3、6、12个月复查，通过临床检查和X线片比较，评价临床疗效。结果：根据患者的年龄、性别、不同牙位分别统计2种不同时机进行的根尖手术的疗效，组间比较均没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：根管治疗后即刻进行根尖手术和延期手术疗效相同。     

Surgical versus non-surgical endodontic re-treatment for periradicular lesions

Background : Though success rates of endodontic initial treatment have been improving over the years, persistence of periapical disease is far from being a rare condition. The most common therapeutical options for the re‐treatment of teeth with periapical pathosis are non‐surgical orthograde treatment and surgical treatment. Selection between alternative treatments should be based on assessment of respective benefits (mainly healing) and risks from studies consistent with a high level of evidence. Objectives : To test the null hypothesis of no difference in outcome between surgical and non‐surgical therapy for endodontic re‐treatment of periradicular lesions. Search strategy : The Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched with appropriate search strategies. Handsearching included eight dental journals. The bibliographies of relevant clinical trials and relevant articles were checked for identifying studies outside the handsearched journals. Seven manufacturers of instruments in the field of endodontics or endodontic surgery or both, as well as the authors of the identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were contacted in order to identify unpublished or ongoing RCTs. No language restriction was placed. The last electronic search was conducted on 3rd April 2007. Selection criteria : All RCTs about re‐treatment of teeth with periapical pathosis in which both surgical and non‐surgical approaches were used and having a follow up of at least 1 year were considered for the analysis. Data collection and analysis : A quality assessment of the included RCTs was carried out and the authors were contacted for missing information. We independently extracted the data in duplicate. We followed the Cochrane Oral Health Group's statistical guidelines. Main results : Three RCTs were identified, two of them reporting different data from the same clinical study. The risk of bias was judged as moderate for one study and high for the other one. One hundred and twenty‐six cases were followed up for at least 1 year, and 82 had a follow up of 4 years. At the 1‐year follow up the success rate for surgical treatment was slightly better than non‐surgical (risk ratio (RR) 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 to 1.30). When the follow up was extended to 4 years (only one RCT made it) the outcome for the two procedures became similar. Authors' conclusions : The finding that healing rates can be higher for cases treated surgically as compared to those treated non‐surgically, at least in the short term, is based on two RCTs only. A single RCT reported that in the medium to long term healing rates for the two procedures are very similar. There is currently scarce evidence for a sound decision making process among alternative treatments for the re‐treatment of a periradicular pathosis. More well‐designed RCTs should be performed with follow up of at least 4 years, and with a consistent sample size, to detect a true difference in the long term between the outcomes of the two alternative treatments, if any exist.     

Apical status and prevalence of endodontic treated teeth among Saudi adults in Eastern province: A prospective radiographic evaluation

IntroductionThe main cause for developing periapical lesions (PA) is the root canal infection. The mentioned causes may play a role in not controlling it but are not a “true” cause.ObjectiveTo determine apical status and prevalence of endodontic treated tooth using radiograph assessment in relation to quality of root canal treatment and clinical factors among Saudi adults in the Eastern province.Patients and methodsThis prospective case series study included 2161 patients who received root canal treatment (RCT) at Dammam Specialized Dental Center, Dammam Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, between October 21, 2019 and April 22, 2020, after getting ethical approval from the Institutional Research Board (IRB). Saudi natives of either gender, age ≥ 18, with at least one fixed bridge or single dental crown evaluated on a clear, high-quality radiography image were recruited for the study. To determine the periapical state of root canal-filled teeth, the 'periapical index' (PAI) was used. All pertinent patient information was analyzed in SPSS verion-20 (IBM product, Chicago).ResultsOut of 2161 cases, a PA lesion was present in 756 (35.0%). The prevalence of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth was 31.2%. PA lesion was associated with molar involvement (50.8% vs. 36.6%, p = 0.001), poor RCT quality (85.2% vs. 51.0%, p = 0.001), and smoking (13.6% vs. 10.5%, p = 0.028). According to logistic regression model, female gender, molar tooth, and poor RCT quality were more likely to expose PA lesion 1.5 times, 1.8 times, and 5 times, respectively.ConclusionIt is concluded that approximately 1/3rd of endodontically treated teeth are susceptible to the occurrence of periapical lesions in radiographic assessment, which are significantly associated with females, molars, and poor RCT quality, indicating a challenge for endodontists to improve their root canal assessment accuracy.     

Endodontic medicine: connections between apical periodontitis and systemic diseases

The prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in Europe has been reported to affect 61% of individuals and 14% of teeth, and increase with age. Likewise, the prevalence of root canal treatment (RCT) in Europe is estimated to be around 30–50% of individuals and 2–9% of teeth with radiographic evidence of chronic persistent AP in 30–65% of root filled teeth (RFT). AP is not only a local phenomenon and for some time the medical and dental scientific community have analysed the possible connection between apical periodontits and systemic health. Endodontic medicine has developed, with increasing numbers of reports describing the association between periapical inflammation and systemic diseases. The results of studies carried out both in animal models and humans are not conclusive, but suggest an association between endodontic variables, that is AP and RCT, and diabetes mellitus (DM), tobacco smoking, coronary heart disease and other systemic diseases. Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of periapical lesions, delayed periapical repair, greater size of osteolityc lesions, greater likelihood of asymptomatic infections and poorer prognosis for RFT in diabetic patients. On the other hand, recent studies have found that a poorer periapical status correlates with higher HbA1c levels and poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. However, there is no scientific evidence supporting a causal effect of periapical inflammation on diabetes metabolic control. The possible association between smoking habits and endodontic infection has also been investigated, with controversial results. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the association between endodontic variables and systemic health (especially DM and smoking habits).