不同地区HIV感染者口腔分离的白色念珠菌的生物型

口咽部念珠菌感染是HIV感染者发生艾滋病的开始。感染率在11％～96％之间。HIV感染的早期出现口腔念珠菌病高度预示了病情的恶化。过去用生物型和血清型技术的研究认为白色念珠菌的口腔株仅限于HIV感染者。另一些用先进分子技术的研究则不支持这种观点。至今尚无HIV感染有关的白色念珠菌生物型分布特征的报告。本研究的目的在于:①鉴定从香港、澳大利亚、德国、英国的HIV感染者口腔标本中分离到的白色念珠菌的生物型。②比较不同生物型白色念珠菌的地理分布特点。     

灼口综合征患者口腔念珠菌生物类型初探

目的：了解灼口综合征（burning mouth syndrome,BMS)患者口腔念珠菌的生物类型。方法：采取漱口法对BMS患者和对照进行了口腔念珠菌的检测和API念珠菌生物类型鉴定。结果：BMS组的念珠菌检出率与对照组相比无统计学差异；第一型BMS的念株菌检出率为28．1％，经危险度估计念珠菌检出阳性有发生第一型BMS的危险；两组受试者所分离的念珠菌均以白色念珠菌为主。结论：BMS组和对照组所分离的念珠菌均以白色念珠菌为主。念株菌在第一型BMS的发生中，可能具有一定的作用。     

HIV感染者口腔白色念珠菌磷脂酶活性的体外研究

目的探讨HIV感染者口腔白色念珠菌单一感染与混合感染时分离株的磷脂酶活性,及其与宿主机体免疫力（用CD4细胞计数表示）的关系。方法40株白色念珠菌按单一感染或是否与其他念珠菌混合感染及CD4细胞计数的高低进行分组,采用卵黄培养基法检测其磷脂酶活性（Pz值）,并进行析因方差分析。结果40株白色念珠菌体外磷脂酶活性均为阳性（100%）,白色念珠菌单一和混合感染的平均Pz值分别为0.6007和0.5142（P〈0.05）,CD4细胞多于200个/mm3和CD4细胞少于200个/mm3时白色念珠菌的平均Pz值分别为0.5460和0.5688（P〉0.05）。结论作为白色念珠菌的重要毒力因子,HIV感染者口腔白色念珠菌磷脂酶活性与是否有其他念珠菌混合感染有关,而与机体免疫力无关。     

都柏林念珠菌的特征和鉴定

都柏林念珠菌是念珠菌属的一个新菌种，其表型在许多方面与白色念珠菌相同，但其基因型则明显不同，都柏林念珠菌主要从HIV感染者和AIDS患者的口腔内分离出来，本文介绍了都柏林念珠菌的生物型特征，致病性，流行情况以及与白色念珠菌的鉴别。     

兰州市母婴间念珠菌传播的流行病学研究

目的:调查兰州市产妇念珠菌的定殖以及母婴间念珠菌的传播状况.方法: 采集产妇的阴道分泌物及口腔分泌物样本(共104×2 例),及其新生婴儿的口腔分泌物样本(共104 例).采用CHROMagar念珠菌显色培养基进行培养、分离及鉴定,同时应用分子生物学技术对结果进行验证鉴定.结果:312 例样本(母亲104×2,新生儿104)中81 例分离培养出念珠菌,产妇阴道念珠菌检测阳性率39.42 %(41 例),产妇口腔念珠菌阳性率33.65%(35 例),其中21.15%(22 例)阴道与口腔同时阳性; 新生儿口腔念珠菌培养阳性率为4.81%(5 例).检出阳性样本中菌种分布为,白色念珠菌53 株,光滑念珠菌33 株,克柔念珠菌2 株,热带念珠菌1 株.有2 对母婴同时分离出白色念珠菌,经PCR检测,其基因型相同.结论:兰州市新生儿念珠菌检出率以及母婴间念珠菌的传播率较其他地区高.新生儿念珠菌感染与念珠菌的水平传播和垂直传播都相关.监控医院内念珠菌的传播及预防母亲产前阴道念珠菌感染可减少新生儿念珠菌感染的可能性.     

HIV感染患者口腔念珠菌的培养鉴定及耐药性研究

目的：研究HIV感染患者口腔念珠菌感染的菌株种类和耐药情况,比较CHROMagar显色培养基（CHROMagar）和API 20C AUX酵母菌鉴定系统（API）在HIV感染者口腔念珠菌鉴别中的应用,指导临床抗真菌药物的使用。方法：6株念珠菌标准菌株和17例HIV感染合并口腔念珠菌病患者舌背白色刮取物,分别接种于沙氏培养基和CHROMagar,37℃48h后取沙氏培养基上生长物作API 20C AUX鉴定和耐药性检测。结果：白色念珠菌8例,热带念珠菌4例,近平滑念珠菌4例,白色念珠菌和克柔念珠菌混合感染1例。念珠菌对特比萘芬耐药,对氟康唑、酮康唑、眯康唑、克霉唑中度敏感,对制霉菌素、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶高度敏感。API 20C AUX、CHROMagar在鉴定白色念珠菌上无显著性差异,API20CAUX鉴定非白色念珠菌准确率高于CHROMagar,但CHROMagar可鉴别混合菌种感染。结论：HIV感染患者口腔念珠菌以非白色念珠菌居多（52．9％）,分型初筛可用CHROMagar,准确分型需用API20CAUX鉴定,两种方法互有裨益。临床用药建议选择制霉菌素、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶中的两种任意综合治疗。     

口腔扁平苔藓患者白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力研究

的　研究健康人和口腔扁平苔藓患者口腔白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力。方法　应用颊细胞粘 附实验法,比较来自于健康人(26株)、糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者(62株)以及非糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者(24株)共 112株白色念珠菌对人颊细胞粘附力的大小。结果　糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组的白色念珠菌分离株的平均粘附 数较健康对照组高(P<0·05),说明糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组白色念珠菌分离株的颊细胞粘附力高于健康对照 组。结论　糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓患者组的白色念珠菌分离株与健康对照组相比,具有不同的毒性特征,白色念珠 菌与糜烂型口腔扁平苔藓发生发展可能相关。     

HIV感染患者口腔念珠菌的培养鉴定

目的 :比较科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基 (Chromagar)和API 2 0CAUX酵母菌系统 (API 2 0C)在人体免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV )感染者口腔念珠菌鉴别中的优缺点。方法 :6株念珠菌标准菌株和 17例HIV感染合并口腔念珠菌病患者舌背白色刮取物 ,分别接种于沙氏培养基和Chromagar ,3 7℃ 48h后取沙氏培养基上生长物作API 2 0C鉴定。结果 :API 2 0C、Chromagar在鉴定白色念珠菌上无显著性差异 ,API 2 0C鉴定非白色念珠菌准确率高于Chromagar ,但Chromagar可鉴别混合菌种感染。 结论 :在HIV感染患者口腔念珠菌分型初筛可用Chromagar ,做准确分型时需用API 2 0C鉴定 ,两种方法互有裨益。     

都柏林念珠菌的特征和鉴定

都柏林念珠菌是念珠菌属的一个新菌种,其表型在许多方面与白色念珠菌相同,但其基因型则明显不同。都柏林念珠菌主要从HIV感染者和AIDS患者的口腔内分离出来。本文介绍了都柏林念珠菌的生物型特征、致病性、流行情况以及与白色念珠菌的鉴别。     

HIV感染者口腔念珠菌的耐药性研究

目的 :调查人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染者口腔念珠菌感染的菌株耐药情况 ,指导临床抗真菌药的使用。方法 :取 17例HIV感染者舌背白色培养物中鉴别出的念珠菌 :白色念珠菌 8例 ,热带念珠菌 4例 ,近平滑念珠菌 4例 ,白色念珠菌和克柔念珠菌混合感染 1例 ,用Neo Sensitab纸片扩散法检测其对 9种抗真菌药物的耐药性。结果 :检测出的念珠菌对特比萘芬耐药 ,对氟康唑、酮康唑、咪康唑、克霉唑中度敏感 ,对制霉菌素、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶高度敏感。结论 :对HIV感染者口腔念珠菌感染临床用药建议选择制霉菌素、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B、氟胞嘧啶中的任意两种配伍治疗。     

Carriage of Candida species in the oral cavity in diabetic patients: relationship to glycaemic control

To study the possible relationship between the quality of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus and the carriage of Candida species, the candidal carrier status of 412 diabetic patients was examined using an oral rinse technique and correlated with measurements of random blood glucose and total glycosylated haemoglobin. Candida was isolated in 210 diabetics (51%) with 13 patients (6%) carrying more than one species. The positive isolates were: Candida albicans (89%), Candida krusei (2.8%), Candida glabrata (2.8%), Candida tropicalis (6.2%), Candida stellatoidea (2.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (0.5%). No association was identified between carriage rates and the type of treatment of diabetes, or with the quality of glycaemic control. As in non-diabetic subjects, the carriage rates were higher in diabetic patients wearing dentures. Thus, the oral carriage of Candida in diabetic patients was independent of glycaemic control but in certain sub-groups the carriage rates were higher, and involved uncommon candidal species.     

Candidal carriage in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects

OBJECTIVES. We sought to assess asymptomatic oral carriage of Candida species and relative density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected (HIV+) subjects, as well as to determine whether yeast carriage is associated with CD4+ cell count, HIV-1 RNA quantity, gender, route of HIV transmission, antiretroviral therapy, or smoking. STUDY DESIGN. A cross-sectional analysis of oral rinses from HIV+ and healthy subjects was undertaken. Oral candidal carriage and relative species were investigated in 42 HIV+ and 41 healthy individuals, all of whom were seen at the Palermo University Department of Oral Sciences, Italy. Data were managed and analyzed by means of the computer software package StatView 5.0.1. RESULTS. Carriage rate was 61.9% and 29.3% (P =.003) among HIV+ and healthy subjects, respectively. Similarly, density carriage in the HIV+ group was found to be significantly higher than in the control group (P = .0002). Among HIV+ subjects, Candida carriage was significantly associated with smoking, whereas density was not. Oral candidal carriage and relative density were not significantly associated with the other 4 parameters evaluated. Candida albicans was the most frequently recovered species. CONCLUSIONS. Asymptomatic candidal carriage and relative density were found to be significantly higher in the oral cavity of HIV+ subjects-but not associated with CD4+ counts or HIV-1 RNA quantities.     

Association of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage, oral candidiasis and CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-positive patients in China

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage in healthy volunteers with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients in China, as well as to investigate the relationship between CD4+ lymphocyte count and oral candidal colonization or oral candidiasis. METHODS: Oral candidal carriage and oral candidiasis were investigated in 101 patients with HIV-infection seen at Youan Hospital, Beijing, China. Two hundred and seventeen healthy volunteers were involved as a control. Culture from saliva was used to test for the presence of oral Candida. CD4+ lymphocyte count was measured by flow cytometry. All data were analyzed statistically by SAS. RESULTS: Asymptomatic oral candidal carriage rate (28.6%) in HIV-positive group was similar to that in the healthy group (18.0%; P = 0.07). No significant difference in CD4+ lymphocyte count was found between oral Candida carriers and non-carriers among HIV-positive subjects (P = 0.89). However, the frequency of oral candidiasis increased with the decrease in CD4+ lymphocyte count (P < 0.0001), and pseudomembranous candidiasis was predominant in HIV-positive patients with CD4+ <200 cells microl(-1) (66.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-positive subjects, asymptomatic oral candidal colonization is not related to CD4+ lymphocyte count of blood, and the carriage rate is similar to that in the healthy population. Oral candidiasis is more likely to be observed in HIV-positive patients who have a low CD4+ lymphocyte count.     

Carriage of Candida species in the oral cavity in diabetic patients: relationship to glycaemic control

To study the possible relationship between the quality of glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus and the carriage of Candida species, the Candidal carrier status of 412 diabetic patients was examined using an oral rinse technique and correlated with measurements of random blood glucose and total glycosylated haemoglobin. Candida was isolated in 210 diabetics (51%) with 13 patients (6%) carrying more than one species. The positive isolates were: Candida albicans (89%), Candida krusei (2.8%), Candida glabrata (2.8%), Candida tropicalis (6.2%), Candida stellatoidea (2.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (0.5%). No association was identified between carriage rates and the type of treatment of diabetes, or with the quality of glycaemic control. As in non-diabetic subjects, the carriage rates were higher in diabetic patients wearing dentures. Thus, the oral carriage of Candida in diabetic patients was independent of glycaemic control but in certain sub-groups the carriage rates were higher, and involved uncommon candidal species.     

口腔白念珠菌基因型分析及临床意义

目的 研究不同口腔黏膜病白念珠菌分离株的基因型特点。方法 采用计算机系统辅助随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分析，对健康人和黏膜病患者口腔的38株念珠菌菌株进行基因分型。结果 38株菌株中36株被鉴定为白念菌，其余2株为热带念珠菌。白念菌RAPD分析共出现21种RAPD带型。扁平苔藓组与口腔念珠菌病组间白念致病菌RAPD指纹图无明显相似性。结论 不同基因型白念菌的定植可能与口腔黏膜病的种类有关。     

Prevalence of Candida species in Turkish children: relationship between dietary intake and carriage

In this study, the prevalence and intensity of Candida species were evaluated in 300 healthy Turkish children aged between 0 and 12 years. The candidal carriage in 26 children who were fed only with breast milk and 38 children who were fed with both breast milk and bottle milk or other fluids was also examined. Oral samples cultured for fungal growth and Candida species were identified using germ tube test, chlamydospore formation test and API 20C AUX system. The results demonstrated that the prevalence of oral candidal carriage in 300 healthy children was 26.3%. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated yeast (84.8% of the isolates). The other yeasts were identified as Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr, Candida famata, and Candida tropicalis. It was also observed that the frequency of carriage varied as a function of age. The prevalence of carriage in children who were fed with both breast milk and bottle milk or other fluids was 18.5%, while in children fed only with breast milk was 0%. This finding supports previously reported observations that there may be intrinsic differences in oral carriage of Candida species between different ages and populations and type of dietary intake may affect frequency of carriage.     

Alteration of humoral responses to Candida in HIV infection

The objectives of this preliminary study were to determine the prevalence of oral candidal carriage and infection in a group of HIV-positive individuals and compare the humoral immune responses in serum and saliva in this group with a control group of HIV-negative subjects. Patients were examined clinically with particular reference to the presence of candidal lesions and oral swabs taken to identify carriers. Venous blood and whole saliva were obtained for estimation of total and anti-Candida antibody levels. Pseudomembranous candidiasis was the commonest clinical variant in HIV-positive individuals. Candida albicans was the commonest species isolated in both groups. Increased levels of anti-Candida IgG were found in both serum and saliva of HIV-negative individuals who were either carriers of Candida species or had clinical candidiasis. This was associated with a reciprocal fall in anti-Candida IgA. Similar trends were seen in HIV-positive individuals in association with candidal carriage and infection, although the changes were more marked.     

Candida in saliva of Brazilian hemophilic patients

Hemophilia is a common hereditary hemorrhagic disorder, however little is known about the oral microflora of hemophilic patients. The aim of this study was to quantify the Candida and identify its species in non-stimulated saliva of hemophilic patients, and consider its relationship with clinical factors influencing Candida carriage. This study comprised evaluation of 86 hemophilic patients of the Hematology Center/UNICAMP and 43 healthy subjects as controls. All patients were submitted to anamnesis, intraoral examination and unstimulated saliva collection. Candida counts and species identification were performed in salivary samples. Candida was present in 64% of the hemophilic patients and in 44% of the healthy controls. C. albicans represented 65% and 68% of the isolated species, in hemophiliacs and control group respectively, and C. tropicalis was the second most common species in both groups. These results indicate that hemophilic patients carry Candida more frequently and in higher counts than healthy controls, independently of oral clinical parameter considered, as viral infections, complete dentures, transfusions of hemoderivatives, and salivary flow.     

Oral Candida and nasal Aspergillus flora in a group of Saudi healthy dentate subjects

The prevalence of oral candidal carriage is widely variable in different populations but has never been studied previously in a Saudi population. Nasal mycological flora has never been investigated previously in a healthy population. OBJECTIVES: To assess the oral and nasal candidal and Aspergillus flora in a group of Saudi healthy adult dentate subjects. DESIGN: The concentrated oral rinse technique and nasal swab technique were used to sample the oral and nasal cavity respectively. RESULTS: Candida species were isolated from the oral cavity of 52 (52%) subjects. Candida albicans constituted 80.8% of the isolates, followed by C. krusei (5.8%). Aspergillus species were isolated from the nose of 21 (21%) subjects. A. flavus constituted 42.3% of the isolates followed by A. niger (31.8%) and A. fumigatus (26.9%). Subjects who did not brush their teeth had a significantly higher rate of oral Candida and nasal Aspergillus compared with those who brushed regularly (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Oral mycological flora in the Saudi population is not different than reported for other populations. Lack of oral hygiene increases oral candidal colonisation. Larger scale studies are encouraged to determine the prevalence of oral candidal carriage in the population generally, and the significance of nasal Aspergillus carriage should be determined.     

Oral Candida infection and colonization in solid organ transplant recipients

Introduction:  Oral Candida carriage and infection have been reported to be associated with a greater risk for systemic infection in transplant recipients; however, a systematic analysis of the oral Candida titers and species has not been previously conducted. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis, the oral carrier status, Candida titers and species in this population.
Methods:  Ninety kidney and heart transplant subjects and 72 age-matched healthy controls were included. Swabs from the oral mucosa and a standardized amount of unstimulated saliva were plated on Chromagar™ Candida , and colony-forming units per millilitre were calculated. Initial speciation was based on colony color and was confirmed by standard germ tube, biotyping, or polymerase chain reaction assays.
Results:  Infection with C. albicans was detected in seven transplant subjects and none of the controls. The transplant group had significantly higher oral Candida titers than the control group. There were no statistically significant relationships between the dose or type of immunosuppressants and oral Candida titers or infection. A significantly higher percentage of transplant subjects were colonized by more than one species, compared with control subjects. The most frequent species combination in transplant subjects was C. albicans and C. glabrata . C. glabrata was isolated from 13.5% of transplant carriers and none of the controls.
Conclusions:  Increased oral Candida infection and carriage titers were found in the transplant population. Although the majority of transplant patients were colonized by C. albicans , C. glabrata appears to emerge as the second most prevalent species.