核素心血池显像评价COPD并发肺心病右室功能

对１５例慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）并发肺心病患者进行核素心血池显像检查，并与右心导管测压作对照。结果显示：肺心病伴肺动脉高压组的右室射血分数（ＲＶＥＦ）较正常对照组和肺心病伴肺动脉压正常组均明显降低（Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．００１），右房舒张早期排空率（ＲＡＥＲ）和右室峰充盈率（ＲＶＰＦＲ）呈阶梯样降低，且ＲＡＥＲ和ＲＶＰＦＲ的下降出现在ＲＶＥＦ下降之前。提示右室舒张功能可能先于收缩功能受损。     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的无创诊断

通过Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管，测定了３０例ＣＯＰＤ并肺心病患者的肺动脉压等血流动力学参数，同步行核素心功能、超声心动图、血气分析、肺功能等检查。结果发现肺动脉平均压（ｍＰＡＰ）与右室射血分数（ＲＶＥＦ）、残气／肺总量（ＲＶ／ＴＬＣ）、肺动脉直径（ＰＣＤ）、动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）等均有显著相关性（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。通过逐步回归分析得到最优多元回归方程：Ｙ（ｍＰＡＰ）＝３．９０２－０．１０６ＲＶＥＦ＋０．０３６ＲＶ／ＴＬＣ＋０．２００ＰＡＤ－０．０５０ＳａＯ２。该多元回归方程可试用于临床低氧性肺动脉高压的无创诊断。     

急性心肌梗塞后左室重构变化的研究

应用二维多普勒超声心动图对６８例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者的左室重构（ＬＶＲ）变化进行了观察。结果显示，心肌梗塞后ＬＶＲ早期（３～６周）左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＤｄ）、左室舒张末容积（ＥＤＶ）、左室收缩末容积（ＥＳＶ）、左室收缩期最大室壁应力（Ｅｄｂ）、左室收缩末期室壁应力（Ｅｓｂ）、平均室壁应力（ｍｅａｎｂ）、二尖瓣舒张晚期血流速度峰值（ＰＶＡ）、左房张力（ＬＡＴ）、左房射血力（ＬＡＦ）及峰值充盈速度（ＰＦＲ）显著增大（Ｐ＜０．０１－０．００１），射血分数（ＥＦ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、左室收缩期圆周指数（ＬＶＳＣＩ）、平均周边纤维缩短速率（ＭＶＣＦ）、二尖瓣舒张早期血流速度峰值（ＰＶＥ）及ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＥ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１－０．００１）。ＬＶＲ晚期（６－１２个月），ＥＤＶ、ＥＳＶ增加，ＥＦ、ＣＯ及ＬＶＳＣＩ降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）；与ＬＶＲ早期比较，ＰＶＥ、ＰＶＡ及ＬＡＦ无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示ＡＭＩ后ＬＶＲ的主要病因是梗塞区膨展、左室扩张、容量负荷及室壁应力增加，从而导致心肌梗塞并发症；ＥＳＶ、ＥＤＶ及ＥＦ可作为了解远期ＡＭＩ患者预后的最佳指标。     

老年人不同体质对心脏结构、血流、功能及血压的影响

目的观察体重对老年人心血管系统的影响。方法６２３例老年人根据体质指数（ＢＭＩ）分为肥胖、超重、正常及消瘦４组，检测血压、空腹血糖（ＢＳ）、胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）及超声心动图。结果肥胖及超重组较正常体重及消瘦组收缩压（ＳＢＰ）及舒张压（ＤＢＰ）均增高（均为Ｐ＜０．０５），主动脉径（ＡｏＤ）、左房径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张及收缩末径（ＥＤＤ及ＥＳＤ）及心肌质量（ＬＶＭ）增加（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ均与体重、ＢＭＩ、ＴＣ、ＬＶＭ及心房收缩期与舒张早期充盈峰值流速（ＡＰＦＶ与ＥＰＦＶ）之比值（Ａ／Ｅ）呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５、０．０１或０．００１），ＤＢＰ与年龄呈明显负相关（Ｐ＜０．００１）。多元逐步回归分析证实ＬＶＭ、ＡＰＦＶ及ＬＡＤ均与ＢＭＩ呈正相关（均为Ｐ＜０．０１），ＥＰＦＶ与ＢＭＩ呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；射血分数（ＥＦ）、年龄、ＢＳ与ＳＢＰ呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５、０．００１及０．０１），与ＤＢＰ呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．００１）。结论体重是影响心脏结构、血流、功能及血压的重要因素；ＥＦ、年龄、ＢＳ是分别影响ＳＢＰ及ＤＢＰ的独立因素。     

声学定量技术评价经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术对左房、右室功能的影响

用声学定量技术（ＡＱ）对３８例经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）患者术前与术后的左房、右室功能进行比较，结果表明：与术前比较，术后患者的左房射血分数（ＥＦ）、面积变化率（ＦＡＣ）及高峰充盈率（ＰＦＲ）显著增加．收缩及舒张末期面积（ＥＳＡ、ＥＤＡ）和容积（ＥＳＶ、ＥＤＶ）明显减小，而高峰射血率（ＰＥＲ）及高峰充盈时间（ＴＰＦＲ）则无显著性改变；术后患者的右室ＥＦ、ＦＡＣ、ＰＥＲ、ＰＦＥ均明显升高，ＥＳＡ、ＥＳＶ明显减小，但ＥＤＡ、ＥＤＶ及ＴＰＦＲ却无显著变化。表明：ＰＢＭＶ术后患者的左房、右室收缩及舒张功能均有不同程度的改善。     

急性心肌梗塞后左室重构的超声心动图随访研究

目的：应用超声心动图对９２例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者的左室重构（ＬＶＲ）进行随访研究,以探讨ＬＶＲ衍变规律。方法：分别于ＬＶＲ早期（３～６周）及后期（６～１２个月）应用彩色多普勒血流显像仪测定左室舒张末内径（ＬＶＤｄ）、左室收缩期圆周指数（ＬＶＳＣＩ）、左室舒张末及收缩末容积（ＥＤＶ,ＥＳＶ）、射血分数（ＥＦ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、室壁应力指数（Ｅｄｂ,Ｅｓｂ,ｍｅａｎ服ｂ）、平均周边纤维缩短速率（ＭＶＣＦ）、二尖瓣舒张早期及晚期血流速度峰值（ＰＶＥ,ＰＶＡ）、左房张力（ＬＡＴ）、左房射血为（ＬＡＦ）及峰值充盈速度（ＰＦＲ）进行分析。结果：ＡＭＩ后ＬＶＲ早期可出现ＬＶＤｄ、ＥＤＶ、ＥＳＶ、Ｅｄｂ、Ｅｓｂ、ｍｅａｎｂ、ＰＶＡ、ＰＶＡ／ＰＶＥ、ＬＡＴ、ＬＡＦ显著增大（Ｐ＜０．０１－０．００１）,ＰＦＲ、ＥＦ、ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＣＩ、ＭＶＣＦ、ＰＶＥ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１—０．００１）;后期上述在室功能指标进一步减退,左房增力泵失代偿,左室畸形增加。结论：ＡＭＩ后ＬＶＲ的主要原因是梗塞区膨展、左室扩张、容量负荷及室壁应力增加,从而导致二尖瓣返流等并发症的出现。ＥＳＶ、ＥＤＶ及ＥＦ可作为了解远期预后的最佳指标。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病和肺心病患者血液动力学与循环内皮细胞变化

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）和肺心病时血循环内皮细胞、血液动力学的变化及意义。方法运用右心导管检查技术和血循环内皮细胞（ＣＥＣ）分离技术，用硫巴比妥法及羟胺法测定血丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）及超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）。结果肺心病组肺动脉平均压［（ｍＰＡＰ）３７６±０７５ｋＰａ、血ＣＥＣ数量每０９微升为１６７０±２６５与ＣＯＰＤ组（８４８±２２３）比较，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１），血ＣＥＣ数量与动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）比较呈显著负相关（ｒ＝０．９４２３，Ｐ＜０．００１），血ＣＥＣ数量与肺动脉压比较呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８２７０，Ｐ＜０．００１），肺心病组丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）与ＣＯＰＤ组比较，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论缺氧可加重血管内皮细胞损伤     

急性病毒性肝炎患者胆囊排空功能研究

目的研究急性病毒性肝炎（ＡＶＨ）患者胆囊（ＧＢ）排空功能及其与病情程度和转归的关系．方法用实时超声研究了３２例ＡＶＨ患者及２６例健康对照者ＧＢ排空功能．结果空腹ＧＢ容量（ＦＧＶ）ＡＶＨ患者（１０２２±２３１）明显小于对照组（１９７９±１５１）（Ｐ＜０００１），随病程延长，ＦＧＶ渐增多．ＦＧＶ减少与病情程度呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜００５）．餐后ＧＢ排出量（ＧＥＦ）ＡＶＨ组显著少于对照组（Ｐ＜０００１），其减少与病情程度呈明显负相关（Ｐ＜００１），与血清胆红质、ＡＬＴ水平呈显著负相关（Ｐ＜００５～００１）．６０ｍｉｎ最大ＧＥＦ及ＧＢ排空速度明显减少、减慢（Ｐ＜０００１）．恢复期ＦＧＶ及餐后ＧＥＦ均恢复正常．结论ＡＶＨ患者存在ＦＧＶ和餐后ＧＥＦ异常．其机制与肝细胞损害，泌胆功能障碍及神经—激素调控失调有关．     

高血压左室肥厚病人的肾功能评价

目的研究高血压伴左室肥厚患者肾功能的改变。方法对３０例高血压伴左室肥厚病人及２１例年龄相当的健康人对照组行核素动态肾功能检测及彩色多普勒超声肾血流动力学检查,测定肾小球滤过率（ＧＦＲ）和肾脏指数（ＲＩ）及肾内动脉分布,段动脉、叶间动脉的阻力指数（ｒｉ）,血流峰速加速时间（ＡＴ）,收缩期最大血流速度（ＶＳ）,舒张期末最低血流速度（ＶＤ）。结果观察组肾内弓形动脉、小叶间动脉较对照组明显减少甚至不能显示,肾内段动脉和叶间动脉的阻力指数（ｒｉ）显著增加（Ｐ＜０．００１）,ＡＴ明显延长（Ｐ＜０．００１）,ＧＦＲ显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）,ＶＳ,ＶＤ及肾脏指数（ＲＩ）亦明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论当临床血肌酐、尿素氮均正常时,高血压病伴左室肥厚的很多患者已经有肾功能的改变,早期检测和发现这种肾脏功能的改变有助于阻止高血压的进展和指导治疗     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆内皮素－1含量与PaO_2、PaCO_2及肺动脉压的关系

目的探讨血浆内皮素－１（ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ－１，ＥＴ－１）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＣＯＰＤ）中的作用。方法应用放射免疫法测定４３例老年ＣＯＰＤ急性发作期患者和１５名健康对照者血浆ＥＴ－１水平，其中８例肺心病患者行右心微导管检测肺动脉压。结果ＣＯＰＤ患者和肺心病患者的血浆ＥＴ－１含量分别为５．２４±０．５０、５．８０±０．６６ｐｇ／ｍｌ，较健康对照组血浆ＥＴ－１含量（４．６５±０．６５ｐｇ／ｍｌ）明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１及０．００１）；血浆ＥＴ－１含量与ＰａＯ２呈显著性负相关（ＣＯＰＤ组：ｒ值＝－０．５８３，Ｐ值＜０．０１；肺心病组：ｒ值＝－０．６２７，Ｐ值＜０．００１），与ＰａＣＯ２呈显著性正相关（ＣＯＰＤ组：ｒ值＝－０．５１４，Ｐ值＜０．０５；肺心病组：ｒ值＝０．５９３，Ｐ值＜０．００１）；ＥＴ－１含量与肺动脉收缩压及平均压均存在正相关（ｒ值＝０．７２７及０．６８１，Ｐ值均＜０．０５）。结论血浆ＥＴ－１参与肺心病肺动脉高压的形成，缺氧和二氧化碳潴留是刺激ＥＴ－１释放的重要原因之一     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.