后程立体定向放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤

目的 :探讨后程立体定向放射治疗对体部恶性肿瘤的治疗价值。方法 :选择 80例体部恶性肿瘤 ,包括原发癌 6 3例 ,转移癌 17例。先给予常规外照射DT4 0～ 5 0Gy 4～ 5W ,休息 7～ 10d后 ,行后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗 ,分次治疗方法为DT4～ 8Gy F ,隔日 1次 ,4～ 6次为 1个疗程 ,平均补量为DT30Gy(2 4～ 4 0Gy)。结果 :治疗后 3～ 6个月 ,CT及MRI复查示 :6 3例原发癌中 ,5 5例肿瘤缩小或消失 ,占 87% ;17例转移癌中有 14例肿块明显缩小 ,占 82 %。 73例患者KPS评分有提高 ,占91%。全部病例均未出现明显放疗并发症。结论 :立体定向放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤疗效肯定 ,后程立体定向放射治疗结合常规放疗对于改善患者预后是有益的。     

59例头颅疾患的分次立体定向放射治疗疗效探讨

目的　初步探讨分次立体定向放射治疗头颅疾患近期疗效、急性副反应及相关因素。方法　 5 9例不同部位的头颅疾患应用分次立体定向放射治疗。 6MV -X射线总剂量DT 2 5～ 2 8Gy ,1～ 5个中心 ,60 %～ 90 %等剂量曲线包绕肿瘤边缘 ,限光筒直径 0 72～4.3 4cm。分割方式 :4 4～ 12 .5Gy/次 ,2～ 3次 /周。结果　临床症状改善为 79 7% ;影像学有效率为 93 2 % ;D >2 .86cm副反应较重 ;总生物剂量相同时 ,每周 2次或 3次疗效无差别 ;脑转移的近期疗效高于胶质瘤。结论　分次立体定向放射治疗头颅疾患近期疗效肯定 ,临床值得应用推广     

分次立体定向放射治疗肺癌的临床研究

目的 观察分次立体定向放射治疗肺癌的近期疗效。方法 48例中晚期肺癌实施立体定向放疗,5～8 Gy/次,隔日1次,肿瘤灶总剂量48～58 Gy,42例有肿大淋巴结者给予常规放疗。结果 治疗3个月后复查CT,肿块完全消失18例,缩小1/2以上者27例,不足1/2者3例,42例肿大淋巴结完全恢复正常,完全缓解18例,占37.5％,部分缓解30例,占62.5％,有效率100％。结论 分次立体定向放射治疗中晚期肺癌有较好的近期疗效,远期疗效及晚期并发症有待进一步随访证实。     

分次立体定向放射治疗颅内良性肿瘤疗效分析

目的：回顾性分析分次立体定向放射治疗31例颅内良性肿瘤的疗效及并发症。方法：采用单纯分次立体定向放射治疗，每次剂量2．5—5Gy，总量35—52．5Gy，等效常规分割剂量50～62．4Gy。结果：症状消失22例，症状缓解8例，总有效率96，8％(30／31)；病变消失8例，缩小2l例，无1例出现脑血管意外，亦无视神经、面神经、脑干损伤及放射性脑坏死发生，垂体瘤患者无1例激素水平低下。结论：分次立体定向放射治疗颅内良性病变安全有效。有利于降低并发症。     

后程立体定向放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤

目的：探讨后程立体定向放射治疗对体部恶性肿瘤的治疗价值。方法：选择80例体部恶性肿瘤，包括原发癌63例，转移癌17例，先给予常规外照射DT40-50Gy/4-5W，休息7-10d后，行后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗，分次治疗方法为DT4-8Gy/F，隔日1次，4-6次为1个疗程，平均补量为DT30Gy(24-40Gy)。结果：治疗后3-6个月，CT及MRI复查示；63例原发癌中，55例肿瘤缩小或消失，占87%；17例转移癌中有14例肿块明显缩小，占82%，73例患者KPS评分有提高，占91%，全部病例均未出现明显放疗并发症。结论：立体定向放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤疗效肯定，后程立体定向放射治疗结合常规放疗对于改善患者预后是有益的。     

鼻咽癌局部复发分次立体定向放射治疗

目的　探讨分次立体定向放射治疗技术 ,在局部复发晚期鼻咽癌再程放疗中的应用。方法　 1997年 7月到 2 0 0 0年12月 ,采用分次立体定向放射治疗局部复发鼻咽癌 2 3例。所有病例均采用 6MVX线照射 ,设 1～ 3个中心 ,80 %剂量曲线将靶区完全包含。总剂量DT2 4～ 64Gy(中位剂量 5 2 .2Gy) ,单次剂量DT4～ 8Gy(中位剂量 6.4Gy)。 结果　局部复发鼻咽癌经分次立体定向放射治疗后 ,1年生存率为 78.3 % (18/2 3 )、2年生存率为 69.6% (16/2 3 )。 3 9.1% (9/2 3 )的患者随访期内死亡 ,其中死于局部复发 1例 ,死于远处转移 5例 ,鼻咽大出血 3例。结论　分次立体定向放射治疗用于局部复发鼻咽癌的治疗是安全有效的 ,但单次剂量和总剂量值得进一步研究。     

后程立体定向放射治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效观察

目的　探讨后程立体定向放射治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效。方法　选择 2 9例消化道恶性肿瘤所致腹膜后淋巴结转移癌病人 ,包括食管中、下段鳞癌放疗后转移的 13例 ,胃腺癌术后转移的 6例 ,胃未分化癌术后转移的 4例 ,结肠低分化腺癌术后转移的 6例。先给予常规外照射DT 3 5～ 5 0Gy ,4～ 5周 ,休息 7天后行后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗 ,分次治疗方法为DT 5～ 8Gy/次 ,隔日 1次 ,4～ 8次为 1个疗程 ,平均补量为DT 3 5Gy( 2 5～ 45Gy)。结果　治疗后 3～ 6个月 ,CT及MRI复查示 :CR 3 4 5 %、PR5 1 7%,总有效率为 86 2 %。所有病例KPS评分均提高 ,未出现明显放疗并发症。结论　后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗消化道肿瘤所致腹膜后淋巴结转移癌疗效肯定 ,可作为临床上首选的—种治疗方法     

后程立体定向适形加速放射治疗非小细胞肺癌近期疗效分析

目的　观察后程立体定向适形加速放射治疗非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效和急性放射反应。方法　 13 7例非小细胞肺癌患者进入本研究 ,放射治疗分为常规放射治疗和后程立体定向适形加速推量治疗 2个阶段进行 ,常规放射治疗 40Gy后 ,改用后程立体定向适形加速推量照射 ,3～ 4Gy/次 ,1次 /d ,5次 /周 ,共治疗 7～ 10次 ,总剂量至 68～ 70Gy。结果　 13 7例中 ,13 2例按计划完成治疗 ,近期疗效为完全缓解 16 7% ( 2 2 / 13 2 ) ,部分缓解 68 9% ( 91/ 13 2 ) ,总有效率 85 6% (CR PR) ;放射性食管炎的发生率为 71 9% ( 95 /13 2 ) ,放射性肺炎发生率为 2 2 0 %。结论　后程立体定向适形加速放射治疗非小细胞肺癌 ,近期疗效肯定 ,急性副反应绝大多数患者可以耐受 ,远期疗效和晚期并发症有待进一步的观察。     

后程立体定向放射治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效观察

目的探讨后程立体定向放射治疗腹膜后淋巴结转移癌的疗效。方法选择29例消化道恶性肿瘤所致腹膜后淋巴结转移癌病人，包括食管中、下段鳞癌放疗后转移的13例，胃腺癌术后转移的6例，胃未分化癌术后转移的4例，结肠低分化腺癌术后转移的6例。先给予常规外照射DT35～50Gy，4～5周，休息7天后行后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗，分次治疗方法为DT5～8Gy／次，隔日1次，4～8次为1个疗程，平均补量为DT35Gy(25～45Gy)。结果治疗后3～6个月，CT及MRI复查示：CR34．5％、PR51．7％，总有效率为86．2％。所有病例KPS评分均提高，未出现明显放疗并发症。结论后程立体定向放射治疗补量治疗消化道肿瘤所致腹膜后淋巴结转移癌疗效肯定，可作为临床上首选的一种治疗方法。     

立体定向体部放射治疗联合射频热疗治疗非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效观察

目的:观察立体定向体部放射治疗联合射频热疗治疗非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效和毒副反应。方法:21 例患者均采用少分次、大分割的立体定向放射治疗。肿瘤直径＜3cm者,70%～80% 等剂量线覆盖靶区,单次周边剂量7～9Gy,总剂量36～42Gy,分5～6次;肿瘤直径3～5cm者,60%～70%等剂量线覆盖靶区,单次周边剂量5～8Gy,总剂量40Gy,分5～8次;肿瘤直径＞5cm者,50%～60%等剂量线覆盖靶区,单次周边剂量4～6Gy,总剂量40～42Gy,分7～10次。隔日治疗,总时间不超过2周。疗程中同步行射频热疗,在放疗前或后45min内实施,时间为60min,每周1～2次,次间间隔72h以上,共6～8次。结果:治疗后2～3个月所有患者得到随访。其中完全缓解率为19.0%（4/21）,部分缓解率为71.4%（15/21）,总有效率为90.5%（19/21）。骨髓抑制为主要并发症,发生率为61.9%（13/21）。结论:立体定向体部放射治疗联合射频热疗治疗非小细胞肺癌近期疗效好,毒副反应轻可耐受,值得临床推广。     

动脉化疗联合三维适形放疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的临床疗效

目的探讨动脉化疗联合三维适形放疗治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的疗效和安全性。方法 20例局部晚期胰腺癌采用吉西他滨（1 000 mg/m^2）区域性动脉灌注结合静脉化疗联合三维适形放疗治疗。放疗采用常规分割,1.8～2.0Gy/次,1次/天,5次/周,放疗剂量95%PTV45～50 Gy/25次。结果 20例患者全部完成治疗计划,原发灶完全缓解率为5.0%,部分缓解率为65.0%,总有效率为70.0%。临床获益率为80.0%。中位生存期为13个月,1、2年总生存率分别为56.2%、19.6%。1～2级白细胞下降发生率为80.0%,3级为20.0%;1～2级急性胃肠道反应发生率为90.0%,3级为5.0%。结论区域性动脉灌注化疗联合三维适形放疗是治疗局部晚期胰腺癌的1种有效方法。     

体部恶性肿瘤的立体定向放射治疗(附21例近期疗效)

目的：报道立体定向放射治疗体部恶性肿瘤的近期疗效。方法：对原采用放射治疗的病变,如肺癌,分次立体定向放射作为追加剂量,每次５￣７Ｇｙ,共４￣７次;对原不适合放射治疗的病变,如胰腺癌,则单用立体定向放射治疗,每次５￣７Ｇｙ,共６￣７次。结果：总有效率为６６．７％,４例死亡。３例胰腺癌均于治疗后５￣６个月死于肿瘤未控。６例脊椎转移瘤疼痛症状均完全缓解。结论：立体定向放射治疗可得到良好的姑息甚至根治的疗     

Radiotherapy for newly diagnosed malignant glioma in adults: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: A systematic review was conducted to develop guidelines for radiotherapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma.METHODS: MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, the Cochrane Library, and relevant conference proceedings were searched to identify randomized trials and meta-analyses.RESULTS: Pooling of six randomized trials detected a significant survival benefit favouring post-operative radiotherapy compared with no radiotherapy (risk ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.88, P<0.00001). Two randomized trials demonstrated no significant difference in survival rates for whole brain radiation versus more local fields that encompass the enhancing primary plus a 2 cm margin. A randomized trial detected a small improvement in survival with 60 Gy in 30 fractions over 45 Gy in 20 fractions. Radiation dose intensification and radiation sensitizer approaches have not demonstrated superior survival rates compared with conventionally fractionated doses of 50-60 Gy.CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative external beam radiotherapy is recommended as standard therapy for patients with malignant glioma. The high-dose volume should incorporate the enhancing tumour plus a limited margin (e.g. 2 cm) for the planning target volume, and the total dose delivered should be in the range of 50-60 Gy in fraction sizes of 1.8-2.0 Gy. Radiation dose intensification and radiation sensitizer approaches are not recommended as standard care. For patients older than age 70, preliminary data suggest that the same survival benefit can be achieved with less morbidity using a shorter course of radiotherapy. Supportive care alone is a reasonable therapeutic option in patients older than age 70 with a poor performance status.     

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas

PURPOSE: When compared with radiosurgery, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuroma (AN) offers escalation of the tumor dose and potential sparing of auditory and facial nerve functions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1996 and 2001, 249 consecutive patients have received fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for AN. One hundred twenty-five patients had follow-up >1 year and were the subject of this report. A noninvasive, repeat-fixation mask allowed simulation by way of spiral CT. Two distinct schedules for total dose and fractionation were used. For an AN <3.0 cm in diameter (volume 1.4 +/- 0.2 cm(3)), patients received 25 Gy given in 5 consecutive daily fractions of 5 Gy (111 patients), and for ANs >or=3.0 cm (volume 8.1 +/- 1.2 cm(3)), patients received 30 Gy given in 10 fractions of 3 Gy (14 patients). RESULTS: The percentage of decrease in tumor size was 12% +/- 2% (range 0-100%) vs. 13% +/- 3% (range 0-38%) for the 25 Gy vs. 30 Gy regimens, respectively. No patient had growth of the AN or developed facial weakness. Two patients developed transient decreases in facial sensation. The rates of hearing preservation were similar for the larger and smaller tumors. CONCLUSION: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy may preserve normal function and control both small and large ANs.     

大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌72例临床分析

目的研究大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗临床III期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法72例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者均采用大分割三维适形放射治疗,单次治疗剂量为400cGy,治疗次数为14次,总剂量为56Gy,18~21d完成;同期采用低剂量密集式TP方案化疗,化疗疗程为4~6周期。结果72例患者获得完全随访。肺原发灶总有效率为93.1%;纵隔转移淋巴结总有效率为100.0%。肺鳞癌总有效率为93.5%;肺腺癌总有效率为81.1%。全组患者1、2年局控率分别为63.9%和41.7%;中位生存时间为18.9个月,1、2年生存率分别为76.2%和47.2%。白细胞下降总发生率为95.8%;恶心、呕吐反应为33.3%;I、II级急性放射性食管炎和放射性肺炎发生率分别为54.2%和12.5%。结论大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌有较好的近期疗效,毒副作用可耐受,远期疗效待观察。     

大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌72例临床分析

 目的研究大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗临床III期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及毒副反应。方法72例Ⅲ期NSCLC患者均采用大分割三维适形放射治疗,单次治疗剂量为400cGy,治疗次数为14次,总剂量为56Gy,18~21d完成;同期采用低剂量密集式TP方案化疗,化疗疗程为4~6周期。结果72例患者获得完全随访。肺原发灶总有效率为93.1%;纵隔转移淋巴结总有效率为100.0%。肺鳞癌总有效率为93.5%;肺腺癌总有效率为81.1%。全组患者1、2年局控率分别为63.9%和41.7%;中位生存时间为18.9个月,1、2年生存率分别为76.2%和47.2%。白细胞下降总发生率为95.8%;恶心、呕吐反应为33.3%;I、II级急性放射性食管炎和放射性肺炎发生率分别为54.2%和12.5%。结论大分割三维适形放疗联合低剂量密集式化疗治疗III期非小细胞肺癌有较好的近期疗效,毒副作用可耐受,远期疗效待观察。     

Response of human tumor cells of varying radiosensitivity and radiocurability to fractionated irradiation.

The cytotoxic effects of radiation delivered in daily fractions of 2.0 Gy were examined in plateau phase cultures of human tumor cells of varying in vitro radiosensitivity, derived from tumors of varying radiocurability. Among the eight cell lines examined, three types of responses to fractionated irradiation were observed. In the group composed of tumor cell lines that were radioresistant in culture (D0 > 2 Gy) and derived from known local radiation failures or from tumor histologies associated with radiation failure, a gradual linear reduction in surviving fraction versus total dose was observed. In a second group, composed of cell lines that were radiosensitive in culture (D0 approximately 1 Gy) but derived from known radiation failures, the surviving fraction initially declined and began to plateau after 6 Gy (three fractions of 2 Gy). In the third group, composed of radiosensitive cell lines derived from tumors associated with high radiocurability, a rapid decline in surviving fraction versus total dose was observed. The in vitro response of human tumor cells to fractionated irradiation delivered at clinically relevant doses appears to be independent of in vitro X-ray sensitivity and p53 status but related to clinical radiocurability, suggesting a possible role in predicting tumor response to radiotherapy.     

Comparison of in vivo Efficacy of Hypoxic Cytotoxin Tirapazamine and Hypoxic Cell Radiosensitizer KU-2285 in Combination with Single and Fractionated Irradiation

Development of strategies to eradicate radioresistant hypoxic cells would be of great benefit for clinical radiotherapy. In the present study, the in vivo effects of a promising hypoxic cytotoxin, tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide), were examined in comparison with those of KU-2285, one of the best hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, in combination with both single and fractionated irradiation. The tumor response was assessed by the standard in vivo-in vitro clonogenic assay using SCCVII tumors in C3H mice and EMT-6/KU tumors in Balb/c mice with different characteristics of tumor hypoxia. With single-dose irradiation (18 Gy), both tirapazamine and KU-2285 showed significant enhancement of cell killing in a dose-dependent manner, but tirapazamine was more effective for SCCVII tumors with acutely hypoxic cells, while KU-2285 was more effective for EMT-6/KU tumors predominantly with chronically hypoxic cells. In fractionated irradiation regimens (4 fractions of 5 Gy at 12 h intervals), tirapazamine showed more marked combined effects at 10 and 20 mg/kg than KU2285 at 100–200 mg/kg in both SCCVII and EMT-6/KU tumors. We concluded that the effectiveness of KU-2285 and tirapazamine was correlated with the nature of tumor hypoxia with single-dose irradiation, whereas tirapazamine appeared more potent than KU-2285 with fractionated irradiation. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of tirapazamine in clinical fractionated radiotherapy.     

Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy boost after post-operative radiotherapy in patients with high-grade gliomas.

PURPOSE: To determine the value and the toxicity of an additional fractionated stereotactic boost as used in the joint randomized EORTC-22972/MRC-BR10 study in patients with malignant gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients (11 male, six female) with a high-grade glioma (two WHO III, 15 WHO IV) < or =4 cm in maximum diameter, with a good performance status (WHO > or =2), were treated with a fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) boost to 20 Gy in four fractions following partial brain irradiation to a dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. This patient group was compared with historical data in a matched-pair analysis. RESULTS: All patients were treated by conventional radiotherapy and a SRT boost (15 patients received 20 Gy and two patients 10 Gy). Acute side effects included fatigue (two), impairment of short-term memory (one) and worsening of pre-existing symptoms (one). No patient developed steroid dependence after SRT. One patient was re-operated for radiation necrosis. At a median follow-up of 25 months (9-50 months) 14 patients recurred locally. Survival was 77% at 1 year and 42% at 2 years; progression-free survival was 70% at 1 year and 35% at 2 years for all patients, respectively. Median survival for the whole patient group is 20 months. Comparison with a matched historical group showed a significantly better survival for the group treated with a stereotactic boost (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: A fractionated stereotactic boost after standard external beam radiotherapy in selected patients with high-grade glioma is feasible and well tolerated with low toxicity. Compared to historical data survival is significantly better with an additional SRT boost. However, its effectiveness has to be proven in a randomized trial.     

Pilot Study of Estramustine Added to Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy for Treatment of High Grade Glioma

Patients with high grade glioma generally have poor prognoses. Addition of radiosensitizing agents might improve the response to irradiation. The chemotherapeutic agent estramustine sensitizes experimental gliomas to radiation. Gliomas express estramustine binding proteins, and cytotoxic concentrations of estramustine metabolites are found in gliomas after oral administration. Twenty three patients, aged 25-78, with new or recurrent high grade glioma were treated with estramustine and radiosurgery and/or radiotherapy. Patients with recurrent tumors were treated with estramustine and Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery; eligible tumors were limited to 4 cm maximal diameter. Patients with newly diagnosed tumors were treated with estramustine and fractionated radiotherapy, with radiosurgery also performed if the tumor was less than 4 cm maximal diameter. Estramustine (16 mg/kg per day orally) was started three days prior to radiosurgery, or, if only radiotherapy was performed, on the first day of radiotherapy. Estramustine was continued until the completion of radiosurgery and/or radiotherapy (72 Gy, 60 fractions, 1.2 Gy bid over 6 weeks). Of the 13 patients treated for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, median survival was 16 months with 38% 2-year survival. Of five patients treated for recurrent glioblastoma, survival was 3, 8, 9, 15, and 23 + months. Two patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma survived for 24 and 48+ months. One patient with recurrent anaplastic mixed glioma survived 5+ months. Two patients with newly diagnosed anaplastic oligodendroglioma survived 20 and 42+ months. Four of the new glioblastoma patients developed deep vein thrombosis. The results of this pilot study indicate some benefit, and further investigation incorporating estramustine into clinical trials is suggested.