胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物药物的研究进展

目的 介绍胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)及其类似物药物在2型糖尿病治疗中的应用。方法 通过归纳总结近年来国内外相关文献,介绍了GLP-1的序列结构及其生理功能,并对其类似物药物(如Exendin-4,Liraglutide等)的临床应用或研发进展,以及它们目前在临床应用上的缺陷及相应的修饰或改造途径进行了阐述。结果与结论 与现有药物比较,GLP-1及其类似物药物对2型糖尿病有着显著的疗效,在糖尿病治疗领域有广泛的应用前景。     

胰高血糖素样肽1类似物的研究进展

主要介绍了胰高血糖素样肽-1(Glucagon—Like Peptide-1，GLP-1)类似物的研究进展以及临床应用情况，并指出了今后发展方向。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物的研究进展

该文主要介绍了近年来成为糖尿病治疗领域研究热点的胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)类似物的治疗药物及其临床研究应用进展.随着人们对GLP-1类似物及其治疗药物的进一步认识以及深入研究,将有望开发出更多治疗糖尿病的新型药物应用于临床,造福于广大患者.     

新型胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物的合成及降糖活性

目的合成具有全新肽序的新型胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂非洲爪蟾GLP-1并对其(XenGLP-1)进行长效化修饰。方法先通过在其C端引入PSSGAPPPS序列以增加其降糖活性,再在XenGLP-1序列上引入半胱氨酸,进一步利用MAL-PEG2 000与其进行缀合。结果合成得到PEG2 000-ZF-1和PEG2 000-ZF-2 2个缀合肽,并对缀合肽进行长效化降糖活性研究。结论 2个PEG化缀合肽具有长效的降糖活性,具有很好的药物开发前景。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物研发进展

目的 总结胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)类似物的研发进展。方法 检索PubMed和Web of Science数据库自建库起至2024年2月20日的GLP-1类似物相关文献,从研发概况、单分子多靶点GLP-1受体激动剂（GLP-1RA）、除治疗糖尿病外的其他适应证及其药物研发新趋势方面,总结GLP-1类似物的研发进展。结果与结论 GLP-1类似物的研发经历了从短效到长效,从注射剂到口服剂,并扩展到多靶点治疗的过程。目前,多靶点GLP-1RA包括GLP-1R/葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素释放多肽受体、GLP-1R/胰高血糖素受体（GCGR）、GLP-1R/GLP-2R、GLP-1R/胰淀素3受体（AMY3R）、GLP-1R/成纤维细胞生长因子21受体（FGF-21R）等双靶点激动剂,以及GLPR/GLP-1R/GCGR、GLP-1R/GCGR/FGF-21R等三靶点激动剂。GLP-1类似物展现了在2型糖尿病、超重、肥胖症、心血管疾病、多囊卵巢综合征、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、慢性肾脏病等疾病治疗的巨大潜力,疗效优于单靶点的双靶点和三靶点GLP-1RA是近年来研发的重点。GLP-1类似物的重组腺相关病...     

胰高血糖素样肽-1及其类似物的研究进展

目的介绍胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)及其类似物的结构特点、研究进展以及临床情况。方法查阅国内外文献及相关资料,根据GLP-1的结构特点,归纳了对其进行的结构改造与修饰的方法及所产生的临床药效。结果 GLP-1能葡萄糖浓度依赖地促进胰岛素分泌,能降低2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白水平和餐后血糖,并能减轻体质量。结论通过对GLP-1的结构改造与修饰,开发更稳定更有效的GLP-1类似物,是未来糖尿病治疗领域的主要研究思路之一。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是一种肠促胰岛素分泌剂,在维持人体血糖稳定中发挥着重要作用。与目前临床使用的药物相比,胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1RA)在治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)中显示出更好的应用前景,低血糖风险低,不会导致体重增加。但是,由于人体自身GLP-1的半衰期很短(约2 min),容易被二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)降解,这限制了它在糖尿病治疗领域的应用。本文梳理了具有抗DPP-4酶活性的GLP-1RA,如艾塞那肽、利拉鲁肽、索马鲁肽、度拉鲁肽、利司那肽等已上市产品的概况。另外还汇总了GLP-1RA在中国以及美国用药指南中的变化。近年,随着对GLP-1RA认识的逐步深入,GLP-1RA在T2DM治疗中的地位稳步提升。未来,随着GLP-1RA口服制剂的开发,GLP-1RA与胰岛素、GLP-1RA与其他激素的联合应用,都将使GLP-1RA在T2DM治疗中发挥更大的作用。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是由远端回肠、直肠和结肠内分泌L细胞分泌的一种十分重要的肠促胰岛素,在调节体内葡萄糖稳态中起重要作用。其在胰腺内的主要生理学作用包括进食后刺激胰岛素的分泌和生物合成、促进胰腺β细胞的增殖、抑制其凋亡及抑制胰高血糖素的分泌。大量研究表明,在胰岛素作用的靶器官肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织上亦存在高亲和力的GLP-1结合位点,GLP-1可促进肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织的糖原合成和脂肪生成。此外,GLP-1受体还分布于神经、心血管、胃肠、肺脏组织等,其分布的广泛性也决定其作用的广泛性,具有多种生物学作用,这使得它成为一种治疗糖尿病的新型药物,具有很好的临床应用前景。近年来,人们对GLP-1在胰腺内、外的作用进行了广泛研究,现将其进展综述如下。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的机制与临床评价

目的:介绍胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的机制与临床评价。方法:查阅相关文献,并对其进行分析归纳、总结。结果与结论:利拉鲁肽能迅速、高效地降低血糖和糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平,保护胰岛B细胞功能,降低患者体重。利拉鲁肽治疗发生低血糖的概率非常低,是治疗2型糖尿病的新选择。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1研究概况

肠促胰素已成为治疗2型糖尿病的热点。胰高血糖素样肽-1具有促进胰岛素合成和分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌、促进胰岛B细胞增殖的生理功能。此外,胰高血糖素样肽。1还具有延缓胃排空、抑制食欲和调节脂肪代谢等功能。艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽是目前临床应用较多的胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物,临床研究证实其能有效降低血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平及体重指数且无低血糖反应,为2型糖尿病患者治疗带来了新的希望。胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物也存在一定的不良反应,其长期安全性有待进一步观察研究。     

治疗2型糖尿病药物研究新进展

目的 介绍近年来应用于2型糖尿病的新型药物GLP-1类似物、DPP-IV阻断剂及作用于ECS的药物。 方法 归纳总结国外相关文献,介绍其作用机制、临床实践、不良反应、权威使用指南。 结果与结论 此类药物具有一定应用前景,但仍存在较多问题,需要进一步探讨和研究。     

Discovery and development of exenatide: the first antidiabetic agent to leverage the multiple benefits of the incretin hormone,GLP-1

Introduction: The GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide is synthetic exendin-4, a peptide originally isolated from the salivary secretions of the Gila monster. Exenatide was developed as a first-in-class diabetes therapy, with immediate- and extended-release formulations. In preclinical diabetes models, exenatide enhanced glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressed inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, slowed gastric emptying, reduced body weight, enhanced satiety, and preserved pancreatic β-cell function. In clinical trials, both exenatide formulations reduced hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and were associated with weight loss.

Areas covered: This article reviews the development of exenatide from its discovery and preclinical investigations, to the elucidation of its pharmacological mechanisms of action in mammalian systems. The article also presents the pharmacokinetic profiling and toxicology studies of exenatide, as well as its validation in clinical trials.

Expert opinion: GLP-1 receptor agonists represent a new paradigm for the treatment of patients with T2DM. By leveraging incretin physiology, a natural regulatory system that coordinates oral nutrient intake with mechanisms of metabolic control, these agents address multiple core defects in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Studies have identified unique benefits including improvements in glycemic control and weight, and the potential for beneficial effects on the cardiometabolic system without the increased risk of hypoglycemia associated with insulin therapy. Peptide hormone therapeutics can offer significant advantages over small molecule drug targets when it comes to specificity, potency, and more predictable side effects. As exemplified by exenatide, injectable peptides can be important drugs for the treatment of chronic diseases, such as T2DM.     

GLP-1改善内质网应激研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)主要由肠道L细胞产生和分泌,可以促进胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素分泌、延缓胃排空及促进胰岛β细胞分化和增殖。内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)是2型糖尿病发生发展中重要的环节,近年,GLP-1临床应用于糖尿病日益增多,有关它改善胰岛β细胞功能机制研究不断深入,尤其是有关内质网应激方面的研究,现对此综述如下。     

Hormonal and metabolic effects of morning or evening dosing of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes

AIM

This randomized, double-blind, crossover study compared post-prandial hormonal and metabolic effects of vildagliptin, (an oral, potent, selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV [DPP-4]) administered morning or evening in patients with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

Forty-eight patients were randomized to once daily vildagliptin 100 mg administered before breakfast or before dinner for 28 days then crossed over to the other dosing regimen. Blood was sampled frequently after each dose at baseline (day −1) and on days 28 and 56 to assess pharmacodynamic parameters.

RESULTS

Vildagliptin inhibited DPP-4 activity (>80% for 15.5 h post-dose), and increased active glucagon-like peptide-1 compared with placebo. Both regimens reduced total glucose exposure compared with placebo (area under the 0–24 h effect–time curve [AUE(0,24 h)]: morning −467 mg dl⁻¹ h, P = 0.014; evening −574 mg dl⁻¹ h, P = 0.003) with no difference between regimens (P = 0.430). Reductions in daytime glucose exposure (AUE(0,10.5 h)) were similar between regimens. Reduction in night-time exposure (AUE(10.5,24 h) was greater with evening than morning dosing (−336 vs. −218 mg dl⁻¹ h, P = 0.192). Only evening dosing significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose (−13 mg dl⁻¹, P = 0.032) compared with placebo. Insulin exposure was greater with evening dosing (evening 407 µU ml⁻¹ h; morning 354 µU ml⁻¹ h, P = 0.050).

CONCLUSIONS

Both morning and evening dosing of once daily vildagliptin 100 mg significantly reduced post-prandial glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes; only evening dosing significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose. Although evening dosing with vildagliptin 100 mg tended to decrease night-time glucose exposure more than morning dosing, both regimens were equally effective in reducing 24 h mean glucose exposure (AUE(0,24 h)) in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Combination of omeprazole with GLP-1 agonist therapy improves insulin sensitivity and antioxidant activity in liver in type 1 diabetic mice

BackgroundCombination with suitable pharmacological agents can improve the antiobesity and antidiabetic actions of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapies. GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 may have insulin-independent effects on amelioration of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis by virtue of its action on hepatic GLP-1 receptors, and these effects can be improved by combination with proton pump inhibitors. However, it was not assessed whether omeprazole can improve the peripheral actions of exendin-4 in the state of insulin deficiency.MethodsWe investigated the effects of combination of omeprazole with GLP-1 agonist exendin-4 in multiple low-dose streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetes in C57BL/KsJ mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. Male diabetic mice were treated with exendin-4 and/or omeprazole for a period of 4 weeks.ResultsOmeprazole treatment had no significant effect on lowering the blood glucose levels of diabetic mice, when compared to control, although it improved the antihyperglycemic actions of exendin-4. Similarly, serum triglycerides and total cholesterols levels were significantly lower in the combination treated mice compared to either exendin-4 and omeprazole alone. In addition, the combination treatment significantly ameliorated lipid peroxidation and hepatic triglycerides in diabetic mice compared to either exendin-4 and omeprazole alone. The improvement in hepatic insulin sensitivity, as indicated by insulin tolerance test (ITT) and pyruvate tolerance test (IPPTT), was correlated with the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the combination treatment significantly improved the insulin sensitivity in comparison to vehicle control.ConclusionWe conclude that combination with omeprazole improves the insulin sensitizing actions of GLP-1 therapy and these effects are partially mediated through the decrease in hepatic steatosis and improvement in antioxidant status in the liver.     

Insulin and GLP-1 analog combinations in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been used in clinical management of type 2 diabetes since 2005. Currently approved agents were initially developed and approved for combination therapy with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). The potential for combined use with insulin has garnered increasing attention due to the potential to reduce side effects associated with insulin therapy and improve glycemic control.

Areas covered: We reviewed published and other publicly released data from controlled and uncontrolled studies that included subjects treated with insulin/GLP-1 analog combination therapy. The currently available guidance for clinical practice when combining insulin and GLP-1 analogs was also summarized.

Expert opinion: Limited data currently available from placebo-controlled trials support the use of exenatide twice daily or liraglutide once daily in combination with basal insulin and metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes unable to attain treatment goals. Several randomized controlled trials are currently studying combinations of insulin with various GLP-1 analogs. Additional guidance on the clinical use of these combinations will likely be forthcoming once these studies are reported. Insulin/GLP-1 analog combinations will require optimization of blood glucose monitoring strategies and delivery systems to decrease the risk of administration errors and reduce the potential complexity of these regimens.     

胰高血糖素样肽1及其受体激动剂研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1,GLP-1) 是一种由肠道Ｌ细胞分泌的多肽激素,其与GLP-1受体结合后具有促进胰岛素分泌和生物合成,抑制胰高血糖素的分泌,促进胰岛?细胞增殖,抑制胰岛?细胞凋亡,保存?细胞对血糖的敏感性等多种生理功能,但是其在体内的半衰期很短 (<2 min),在临床应用上很受限制。根据GLP-1及其受体设计GLP-1类似物是目前开发糖尿病新药的前沿靶点之一,旨在寻找能够耐受二肽基肽酶4(DPP4)降解并具有GLP-1生理活性的长效肽类及非肽类化合物。本文对GLP-1及其受体激动剂的研究成果综述如下。     

Comparison of once-weekly with twice-daily exenatide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-1 trial)

The safety and efficacy of exenatide once weekly is evaluated over 52 weeks in the DURATION-1 trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. This long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist given as a once weekly subcutaneous injection was found to produce better glycemic control as compared to twice daily exenatide and had a good safety profile over the trial period. Its use can help to reduce the complexity of drug regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes while maintaining a good safety and efficacy profile.