起源点邻近房室瓣环的特发性室性心律失常体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的 评估起源点邻近房室瓣环附近的室性心动过速和室性早搏(室速/室早)的体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗效果.方法 共19例特发性室速/室早患者接受常规电生理检查及射频消融治疗,对所有病例12导联体表心电图进行分析.结果 19例室速/室早术中均消融成功.10例起源于二尖瓣环附近,包括前侧壁(5例)、后侧壁(3例)、后间隔(2例).9例起源于三尖瓣环附近,包括游离壁侧5例、间隔侧4例.对各组瓣环室速/室早心电图做进一步分析,可概括出系列心电图判断指标用以估计消融靶点的部位.结论 起源点邻近房窜瓣环附近的室速/窒早是特发件室速/室早的一个亚组,射频消融治疗可取得良好效果,掌握其体表心电图特点有助于判定室速/室早的起源部位.     

起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

起源于三尖瓣环的特发性室性心律失常体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗

目的 评估起源于三尖瓣环的室性心动过速(室速)和室性早搏(室早)的体表心电图特点及射频导管消融治疗效果.方法 共12例特发性室速/室早患者接受常规电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗,对所有病例的12导联体表心电图进行分析.结果 12例室速/室早均消融成功,并证实均起源于三尖瓣环附近,7例起源于三尖瓣环游离壁侧,5例起源于三尖瓣环间隔侧.三尖瓣环游离壁侧室速/室早QRS波平均时限长于三尖瓣环间隔侧室速/室早;游离壁侧室速/室早比间隔侧室速/室早QRS终末部更多见切迹.间隔侧室速/室早比游离壁侧室速/室早V1导联更多见QS型.结论 起源于三尖瓣环的室速/室早是特发性室速/室早的一个亚组,射频导管消融治疗可取得良好效果,掌握其体表心电图特点有助于消融术前判定室速/室早具体起源部位.     

导管消融治疗起源于主动脉根部附近室性期前收缩7例

目的：分析主动脉根部（AR）附近起源的室性期前收缩（室性早搏,室早）心电图特征和导管消融体会。方法：回顾性分析2010年6月～2012年8月在我院成功行导管射频消融治疗的AR附近起源的7例室早患者资料。结果：7例室早起源于主动脉窦上3例：右冠状动脉窦（RCC）起源1例,左冠状动脉窦（LCC）1例,LCC与RCC交界处1例;主动脉窦下4例：LCC下近RCC1例,主动脉瓣与二尖瓣连接处1例,LCC下左小叶三角1例,二尖瓣环12点1例。所有患者靶点腔内激动标测提示双极靶点电图领先体表心电图QRS波起点20～58（34±12）ms,4例（4／7）靶点部位可见室早时局部电位极性逆转。无消融相关并发症发生。结论：导管消融AR附近起源室早安全、有效,室早体表心电图可初步判断起源部位,标测和消融时注意局部电位特征。     

特发性左室流出道室性心律失常的心电图特点

探讨特发性左室流出道室性心律失常患者的心电图特点。对 7例特发性左室流出道室性早搏 (简称室早 )、室性心动过速 (简称室速 )患者进行心电图分析 ,并行心内电生理检查及射频消融治疗 ,同时对 10例预激综合征患者成功消融房室旁道后行主动脉瓣上及瓣下起搏 ,记录同步 12导联起搏心电图。对比分析两组病例体表心电图QRS波图形特点。结果 :7例左室流出道室早、室速患者经心内电生理检查证实 6例起源于冠状动脉窦内 ,1例起源于左室流出道主动脉瓣右瓣下方 ,所有患者经射频消融成功治疗室性心律失常。对照组 10例在主动脉瓣下起搏(其中 6例同时在主动脉瓣上起搏 )获得同步 12导联起搏心电图。两组病例体表心电图共同特点为 :QRS波额面电轴向下 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联主波向上 ,QRS波在V2 或V3 前移行为Rs或R型。结论 :左室流出道为特发性室早、室速发生部位之一 ,体表心电图有其独特性 ,导管射频消融治疗安全有效。     

三尖瓣环游离壁起源房速的电生理特征

目的报道一组起源于三尖瓣环(TA)游离壁房性心律失常的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗。方法7例患者经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实的起源于三尖瓣环游离壁的房性心律失常,对其心电生理特点及射频消融进行分析。结果三尖瓣环房速表现为阵发性,为心房程序刺激诱发(4例)或静滴异丙肾上腺素后自发(3例)。三尖瓣环房速有独特的体表心电图特征,所有患者I,aVL导联P波直立,TA11点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波直立;TA9点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波低幅直立;TA7点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波倒置。TA11点起源房速胸导V1导为负向,V2～V6导P波逐渐移行为正向。其余部位TA房速V1～V6P波均为负向。7例患者均消融成功,随访12月均无房速复发。结论三尖瓣环房速有独特的心电图特征和房内激动顺序,长期随访这类房速射频消融有较好的治疗效果。     

体表心电图两步法快速判定流出道室性早搏的起源

目的:本文通过回顾既往消融成功的室性早搏(室早)病例,将其体表心电图与成功消融靶点部位比对,得出用两步法快速判定室早起源的心腔,以期在以后的室早射频消融治疗前能帮助确定消融策略.方法:66例成功消融的室早或室性心动过速患者,男30例,平均年龄(36.9±13.9)岁.其中经股静脉途径在右心室消融成功32例(右心室消融组),经股动脉途径在左心室?肖融成功34例(左心室消融组).结合文献,对明确了起源点的室早患者的四个心电图特征利用SPSS10.0软件进行分析.特征1:肢体导联Ⅰ、aVR、aVL和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联及胸前导联V1的形态;特征2:V1导联r或R波时程;特征3:V1导联r或R波时程占总QRS时程的百分比(Dr/DQRS);特征4:R/S移行的胸前导联(即出现R/S≥1时的胸前导联).结果:R/S移行的胸前导联和Dr/DQRS两项体表心电图特征性指标对预测室早起源具有很强的指导性.其中R/S移行导联在V4～6导联判定起源点在右心室侧的敏感度只有37.5%,但是其判定室早起源点不在左心室侧(即在右心室侧)的特异度却达100%,相应地其判定起源点在右心室侧的阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为63%.进一步对余下的54例R/S移行在V1、V2、V3导联的病例采用Dr/DQRS进行分析,发现将这些患者以Dr/DQRS<0.5(n=19)和Dr/DQRst>0.5(n=35)分为两部分.其中以Dr/DQRS<0.5来判别消融靶点在右心窜侧的敏感度是90.0%,特异度为97.1%,阳性预测值为94.7%,阴性预测值为94.3%;而用Dr/DQRS≥0.5来判定消融靶点在左心室侧的敏感度为97.1%,特异度为90.0%,阳性预测值为94.3%,阴性预测值为94.7%.结论:本研究提示在室早射频消融手术前可依据R/S移行的胸前导联和Dr/DQRS两项体表心电图指标,只用两步即可对室早起源得到初步判定.     

起源于主动脉窦内反复单形室性心动过速和/或频发室性早搏的心电图特征及射频消融治疗

探讨起源于主动脉窦内的反复单形室性心动过速(简称室速)和/或频发室性早搏(简称室早)的心电图特点和射频消融治疗。分析35例该类患者的室速和频发室早的心电图、心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗情况。结果:室性心律失常起源于左冠状动脉窦(简称左冠窦)的30例、无冠状动脉窦3例和主动脉根部左冠窦下2例。左冠窦的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为rs、rS或QS波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V2或V3导联,V5、V6导联为高振幅R波,无S波;V2导联R高度/S高度比值1.29±0.36。主动脉根部左冠窦下起源的心电图特点:和左冠窦起源室性心律失常的心电图特点基本相同,但V5、V6导联有S波。无冠状动脉窦起源的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为Rs或R波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V3导联。34例消融成功,手术操作时间65~120min,X光曝露时间12~30min。1例出现冠状动脉前降支急性闭塞。随访2~53个月,无复发病例。结论:起源于主动脉窦内的室速和/或频发室早有其独特的心电图表现,射频消融能安全、有效地根治此类心律失常。     

心脏房室瓣周房性心动过速的电生理特征及射频消融治疗

目的报道一组起源于房室瓣环或其邻近心房肌(瓣周)的房性心动过速(房速)。方法16例患者经心电生理检查及射频消融证实为瓣周房速,并对电生理机制、靶点图特征、分布区域等进行分析。结果瓣周房速占同期射频消融治疗房速的23.2%,起源点在左、右侧房室瓣环的分布比为3∶16;体表心电图特征、发生机制与其他房速相比,差异无统计学意义。消融成功靶点均有A、V两种成分,A、V电位幅度之比为2∶3~6∶1,靶点局部A波电位提前于体表心电图P′波20~46(38.6±6.7)ms;瓣环标测和消融成功率87.5%,复发率7.1%。结论瓣周房速在全部房速中占有相当比例,起源点分布右侧显著多于左侧。其电生理机制与其他房速无明显区别,瓣环标测和消融在房速射频消融中有较大的实用价值。     

三维标测系统指导射频消融治疗三尖瓣环游离壁起源的室性心律失常临床分析

目的探讨三尖瓣环游离壁起源的室性心律失常(VAs)体表心电图特点及三维标测系统指导下射频消融治疗的效果。方法回顾性分析2016年10月至2017年10月在北京安贞医院住院的连续9例起源于三尖瓣环游离壁的VAs患者。所有患者均在三维标测系统指导下采用压力监测导管进行激动标测和基质标测,行射频消融治疗,分析患者12导联心电图QRS波特征。结果 9例VAs患者经射频消融即刻成功8例(8/9),失败1例(1/9),后经心外膜标测消融,心内膜、心外膜均可见大片异常电压区,所有患者均无并发症发生。起源于三尖瓣环游离壁的VAs患者心电图特征表现为左束支传导阻滞,V1、V2导联呈r S型,Ⅰ、V5及V6导联呈R型,胸前导联移行区通常在V4或之后,由三尖瓣环后侧壁到侧壁再到前侧壁,下壁导联R(r)波逐渐增高,而S(s)波逐渐变浅甚至消失,同时R(r)波呈Ⅱa VFⅢ,S(s)波呈ⅢaVFⅡ。结论三维标测系统指导射频消融治疗三尖瓣环游离壁起源的VAs安全有效,该部位起源的VAs患者有典型心电图特征,部分超声心动图结构正常的患者继发于致心律失常性右心室心肌病,可能为其早期表现。     

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia arising from the mitral annulus: a distinct subgroup of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias

OBJECTIVES: We sought to clarify the prevalence and characteristics of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia or premature ventricular contraction originating from the mitral annulus (MAVT/PVC). BACKGROUND: Recent case reports have presented patients with MAVT/PVC. METHODS: Electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics and the results of electrophysiologic investigation and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) were analyzed in 352 patients with symptomatic idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (IVT)/premature ventricular contraction (PVC). RESULTS: Nineteen cases of IVT/PVC (5%) represented MAVT/PVC. Of these, 11 (58%) originated from the anterolateral portion of the mitral annulus (AL-MAVT/PVC), and 2 (11%) arose from the posterior portion (Pos-MAVT/PVC). The remaining six cases of MAVT/PVC (31%) had posteroseptal origin (PS-MAVT/PVC). In all patients, an S-wave was present in lead V(6). The QRS polarity in inferior leads and leads I and aVL was useful for differentiating AL-MAVT/PVC from Pos-MAVT/PVC or PS-MAVT/PVC. The Pos-MAVT/PVC had an Rs pattern in lead I and an R pattern in lead V(1), whereas PS-MAVT/PVC invariably had an R pattern in lead I and a negative QRS component in lead V(1). The AL-MAVT/PVC and Pos-MAVT/PVC showed a longer QRS duration than the PS-MAVT/PVC (p < 0.001), and all had late-phase "notching" of the QRS complex in inferior leads. In all patients, RFCA eliminated MAVT/PVC, with no recurrences during follow-up for 21 +/- 15 months. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral annular VT/PVC is a rare but distinct subgroup of IVT/PVC. MAVT/PVC origin could be determined by ECG analysis. The AL and PS sites of the MA were preferential.     

瓣环部起源的特发性室性期前收缩射频导管消融治疗研究

目的探讨瓣环部起源的特发性室性期前收缩患者的体表心电图特点及射频导管消融（下称消融）治疗的疗效与安全性。方法对8例瓣环起源的特发性室性期前收缩患者行消融治疗,并分析其心电图的QRS波群特征。结果所有患者均消融成功。无并发症发生。根据X线影像定位,起源于三尖瓣环侧（游离）壁6例、三尖瓣环前间隔1例、二尖瓣环前侧壁1例。结论消融治疗瓣环部起源的特发性室性期前收缩安全有效,掌握体表心电图特点有助于消融前初步判定其起源部位。     

Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia originating from the mitral annulus

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) can eliminate most idiopathic repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardias (RMVTs) originating from the right and left ventricular outflow tracts (RVOT, LVOT). Here, we describe the electrophysiological (EP) findings of a new variant of RMVT originating from the mitral annulus (MAVT). METHODS AND RESULTS: MAVT was identified in 35 patients out of 72 consecutive left ventricular RMVTs from May 2000 to June 2004. All patients underwent an EP study and RFCA. The sites of origin of the MAVT were grouped into four groups according to the successful ablation sites around the mitral annulus. Group I included the anterior sites (n = 11), group II the anterolateral sites (n = 9), group III the lateral sites (n = 6), and group IV the posterior sites (n = 9). The MAVTs were a wide QRS tachycardia with a delta wave-like beginning of the QRS complex. The transitional zone of the R wave occurred between V1-V2 in all cases. The 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern might reflect the site of the origin of MAVTs around the mitral annulus. We proposed an algorithm for predicting the site of the focus and the tactics needed for successful RFCA of the MAVT. CONCLUSIONS: We described the EP findings of the new variant of RMVT, MAVT. Most MAVTs could be eliminated by RF applications to the endocardial mitral annulus using our proposed tactics.     

心腔内单极电图旁道定位和消融靶点的图形特征

采用冠状窦和二尖瓣环单极记录标测左侧显性旁道和确定消融靶点指导射频消融治疗20例预激综合征。同步记录多部位冠状窦单极电图均清楚显示房波(UP)和室波(UR),其旁道定位点表现为 UP 降支和 UR 起始几乎融合构成特征性的复合波——PQS 波,而远离旁道的单极电图显示 UP 和 UR 分离构成 P—QS 或 P—rS 波。二尖瓣环单极记录时其图形变化类同冠状窦。比较冠状窦标测点和二尖瓣环单极电图的图形特征能迅速、直观地确定消融靶点。     

射频导管消融治疗起源于左心室游离壁的频发室性早搏

目的报道1组起源于左心室游离壁的无器质心脏病基础的频发室性早搏（室早）射频消融结果。方法共11例特发性室早患者,男性7例,女性4例,平均年龄（47．2±14．4）岁。均接受常规电生理检查及射频消融治疗,所有病例室早体表心电图均呈右束支阻滞图型。消融术中采用激动标测和起搏标测相结合的方法。结果11例室早均消融成功（2例复发经再消融成功）,所有室早被证实均起源于左心室游离壁,6例起源于前外侧游离壁中、高段,4例起源于后下侧游离壁中段,1例起源于游离壁低段近心尖部。术中成功消融部位局部V波较体表心电图QRS波起点提前24～41（27±9）ms。其中9例成功消融部位起搏心电图与室早图形基本相同。结论起源于左心室游离壁的室早是特发性室早的一个亚组,射频消融治疗可取得良好效果。     

Catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from left ventricular epicardium adjacent to the transitional area from the great cardiac vein to the anterior interventricular vein

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate electrocardiographic characteristics and effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for patients with symptomatic premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) and idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (IVTs), originating from the different portions of the left coronary veins.

Background

Inadequate distinction was made in the past for the PVC/IVTs located in the different portions of the left coronary veins, especially the distal great cardiac vein (DGCV) and the proximal portion of the anterior interventricular vein (PAIV) and the extended tributary of DGCV located distal to the origin of AIV (EDGCV).

Methods

Characteristics of body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrophysiologic recordings were analyzed in 12 patients with symptomatic PVCs/IVTs originating from the vicinity of the left coronary veins.

Results

Among 490 patients with PVCs/IVTs, the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias originating from the left ventricular epicardium adjacent to the transitional area from the GCV to the AIV was 2.45%. Four had PVCs/IVTs from DGCV, 5 from PAIV, and 3 from EDGCV. There were different characteristics of ECG of PVCs/VT originating from the DGCV and PAIV and EDGCV. Successful RFCA in all 12 patients could be achieved (100% acute procedural success). No complications were observed. During a median follow up of 17 months (range 6–45 months), 2 had recurrent ventricular arrhythmia (recurrence rate: 16.67%).

Conclusions

ECG characteristics of PVCs/VTs originating from the different portions of the left coronary veins (DGCV and PAIV and EDGCV) are different, and can help regionalize the origin of these arrhythmias. RFCA within the coronary venous system was relatively effective and safe for the PVCs/IVTs and should be seen as an alternative approach, when the left-sided PVCs/IVTs could not be eliminated by RFCA from the endocardium or aortic sinus of Valsalva.     

右室流出道室性心律失常的射频导管消融体会

目的报道右室流出道(RVOT)室性心律失常的射频导管消融(RFCA)体会。方法43例RVOT室性心律失常患者男18例、女25例,年龄39.2±15.1(13～67)岁。经血液生化、胸片、心脏彩超等检查证实无器质性心脏病证据。其中室性心动过速(VT)8例,室性早搏(PVC)35例。38例采用传统的起搏与激动标测。5例VT是在非接触标测系统EnSite3000指导下进行消融治疗的。结果①间隔部起源40例,游离壁起源3例。42例成功,1例失败,成功率97.7%,9例复发,再次标测消融后成功。②RVOT起源的VT和PVC具有典型的心电图特征,表现为典型的左束支传导阻滞型伴电轴右偏。RVOT的起源点不同,其12导联心电图特征不同,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联呈RR′型,V1～V3具有深S波是游离壁起源的特征。③1例术中出现急性心包压塞,其心电图虽具有RVOT起源的特征,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联R波振幅异常增高。结论RVOT室性心律失常具有典型的心电图和电生理特征,RFCA是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。EnSite3000非接触标测系统定位快速准确,适用于血流动力学不稳定的复杂性心律失常的标测。     

起源于三尖瓣环附近的室性心律失常的射频消融及心电图特征

目的总结起源于三尖瓣环附近的室性心律失常的射频消融及心电图特征。方法 15例患者,根据心电图和/或动态心电图诊断为室性心动过速(VT)或频发室性早搏(VPC),均接受心脏电生理检查及射频消融治疗。消融成功后,结合靶点分布区域分析体表心电图。结果 15例消融均获成功,根据消融导管的X线影像特征及腔内电图判断均起源于三尖瓣环附近,不同区域起源的VT/VPC心电图表现各具特征,QRS波时限140 ms、肢体导联见切迹、V1导联可见正向起始波及胸前导联移行区间≥V4判断起源于游离壁的特异度分别为100%、100%、100%、91.7%,敏感度分别为81.8%、90.9%、81.8%、100%。结论射频消融是治疗三尖瓣环附近起源的室性心律的安全、有效方法,心电图表现具其特征。     

频发室性期前收缩并心脏扩大患者的临床特点及预测因素

目的观察频发室性期前收缩伴心脏扩大的发生率、临床特点及可能的预测因素。方法本研究对2012年1月至2013年1月来阜外医院行射频消融术的频发室性期前收缩患者共300例进行分析,术前均行N末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、心电图、动态心电图及超声心动图检查,根据超声心动图检查结果,男性左心室舒张末期内径>55 mm,女性>50 mm诊断为心脏扩大,并排除伴有器质性心脏病患者,分成心脏扩大组及心脏正常组,比较两组的临床特点,探讨心脏扩大的预测因素。结果7%(21/300)的频发室性期前收缩患者出现心脏扩大,两组间有差异的参数有男性(71.4%vs.29.6%,P=0.0035)、室性期前收缩次数[(32742±14106)次/24 h vs.(21740±10089)次/24 h,P=0.0031]、室性期前收缩负荷(27.46%±12.36%vs.20.42%±9.15%,P=0.03)、术前左心室射血分数(57.48%±6.47%vs.62.07%±3.10%,P=0.005)。术前NT-proBNP、室性期前收缩QRS宽度、室性期前收缩起源位置、室性期前收缩形态及有无间位室性期前收缩两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论男性患者更容易出现心脏扩大,心脏扩大患者室性期前收缩次数及室性期前收缩负荷心脏扩大组患者的明显升高,左心室射血分数亦明显下降。