Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve despite the sliding leaflet technique for repair of the mitral valve

We report a systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet despite employing the sliding leaflet technique for repair of mitral valve regurgitation. A 65-year-old man with chronic, symptomatic mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae underwent mitral valve repair by quadrangular resection of the posterior leaflet and sliding leaflet technique with ring annuloplasty. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, left ventricular outflow obstruction developed and transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and severe mitral regurgitation. Non-operative treatment resolved the outflow tract obstruction, systolic anterior motion and mitral regurgitation. We conclude that post-repair systolic anterior motion can still occur after the sliding plasty procedure and that medical treatment can successfully resolve systolic anterior motion and outflow tract obstruction in most patients.     

Leaflet folding plasty combined with annular plication for mitral valve repair

We describe a new technique of mitral valve repair based on two reconstructive techniques: (1) the folding leaflet method, and (2) the classic annular plication. This combination appears to be useful in cases with a large prolapsing posterior mitral leaflet with excessive leaflet height or in cases with commissural prolapse involving both the anterior and posterior leaflets.     

二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术在二尖瓣成形中的运用

目的 总结二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术的手术方法和临床效果.方法 对62例各种病因导致二尖瓣后叶脱垂伴关闭不全患者行二尖瓣后叶矩形切除、人工瓣环植入术.术中通过注水试验、经食管超声检查成形效果,术后通过心功能改善情况和心脏彩超复查结果来判断二尖瓣成形手术的效果.结果 全组无死亡,术中注水试验效果良好,经食管超声心动图检查二尖瓣反流消失或微量反流.术后平均随访14.5个月(6～24个月),左心房、左心室径缩小(P＜0.05),二尖瓣反流0～Ⅰ级27例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级3例,无明显收缩期前向移动.心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级58例,Ⅱ～Ⅲ级4例.无患者再次行二尖瓣置换术.结论 二尖瓣后叶矩形切除术是治疗二尖瓣后叶脱垂的首选手术方法,掌握正确的手术方法,结合术中多次注水试验及经食管超声心动图检查成形效果,可以取得较好的手术效果.     

On-pump beating-heart mitral valve plasty without aortic cross-clamping

Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy often have mitral regurgitation, which should be corrected for better long-term survival. Mitral valve surgery is usually performed during cardiopulmonary bypass under the arrested heart condition. The ascending aorta is cross-clamped and the heart is arrested using a cardioplegic solution. However, because ischemic cardiomyopathy patients often have a severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta and low cardiac function, aortic cross-clamping and cardiac arrest increase the risk of postoperative thromboemboli and low cardiac output syndrome. Under the on-pump beating-heart condition, we performed mitral valve plasty concomitant with coronary artery bypass grafting, tricuspid annuloplasty, left ventricular aneurysmectomy, and the maze procedure without aortic cross-clamping for a patient with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and bradycardial atrial fibrillation. The patient had no postoperative complications and recovered rapidly. Thus, to prevent serious postoperative complications, on-pump beating-heart mitral valve surgery without aortic cross-clamping may be a suitable surgical option for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.     

Edge-to-edge technique to repair mitral commissural prolapse

Objective Repair for mitral commissural prolapse can represent a challenging surgical problem. Although there are various reports of repair for mitral commissural prolapse, the technique is not necessarily simple. There are few reports of repair by the edge-to-edge suture for commissural prolapse, and the results are not entirely clarified. We report the application and early and intermediate outcome of this technique for mitral commissural prolapse. Methods From January 1999 to April 2005, a total of 12 patients with commissural prolapse due to degenerative disease were operated on using the edge-to-edge technique. The patients were seven men and five women with a mean age of 48.5 years. The mechanism of the regurgitation was chordal rupture in nine patients and chordal elongation in three patients. Results There were no in-hospital deaths or complications. Postoperative echocardiography demonstrated that regurgitation had disappeared in nine patients, was trivial in two patients, and was mild in one patient. During the follow-up period (mean 49.8 ± 22.0 months) all patients lived vigorously, and no recurrence or aggravation of regurgitation or valve-related complications were observed. Conclusions It seems that the edge-to-edge technique for mitral commissural prolapse due to degenerative disease is a technically simple, highly effective procedure.     

二尖瓣前叶脱垂个性化成形67例临床分析

目的分析二尖瓣成形术矫治二尖瓣前叶脱垂的近、远期疗效,总结其临床经验。方法2002年1至2013年6月北京安贞医院心脏外科应用“缘对缘”成形、人工腱索、腱索缩短、“缘对缘”腱索转移法等各种成形击治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂共67例,其中男41例、女26例,年龄18～71（46．34±7．68）岁,体重43～91（65．30±18．60）．术前心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级27例,Ⅳ级35例。腱索断裂46例,腱索延长21例。二尖瓣反流面（15．36±4．53）cm^2,术前左心室射血分数29％～71％。所有患者出院前、术后6个月及以后每1～2年再次行超声心动图检查,以观察二尖瓣成形术矫治二尖瓣前叶脱垂的近、远期疗效。结果 围术期无死亡。除1例患者术后第3d出现瓣膜穿孔,1例术后6个月因成形环撕脱导致血红蛋白尿,再次行心瓣膜成形术外,其余患者均无需二次手术。随访67例,随访率100％,随访时间2～138（65．6±17.3）个月。随访期间无死亡,术后心功能分级（NYHA）全部恢复至Ⅰ级。术后复查超声心动图二尖瓣瓣口面积2_3～4：8（3．63±0．79）cm^2,均无明显反流,反移积（O．574±0．37）cm^2,术后左心房内径[（38．23±11．56）mm vs．（49．26±10．36）mm,P〈0．05]、左心室舒张期末p[（43．35±13．74）mm vs．（64．29±12．54）mm,P〈0．05]较术前明显缩小。结论几乎所有二尖瓣前叶脱垂患{可以通过个性化二尖瓣成形手术治疗获得良好的手术效果。     

Posterior mitral annuloplasty using autologous pericardium in the repair of posterior leaflet prolapse

Objective: Mitral valve repair is frequently performed now because it produces a favorable postoperative quality of life, as well as improved cardiac function. For the treatment of posterior leaflet prolapse, we perform a posterior mitral annuloplasty using an autologous pericardium. The present study assessed the efficacy of this operation. Methods: From April 1999 to October 2003, 42 patients underwent a posterior mitral annuloplasty using autologous pericardium for the treatment of posterior leaflet prolapse. There were 15 men and 27 women with an average age of 63.9 ±11.8 years. The length of the autologous pericardium matched the length of the posterior leaflet annulus as measured with Carpentier-Edwards ring sizer that was chosen based on the area of the anterior leaflet. Results: The average size of the Carpentier-Edwards ring sizer that was used to determine the length of the autologous pericardium was 27.7±1.3 mm, and the absolute length of the pericardium was 50.9±1.8 mm, and the average intra-operative jet area, as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography, was 0.36±0.47 cm². The five-year freedom from reoperation was 97.1%, while the freedom from significant residual mitral regurgitation (≥3+/4+) was 92.0%. Two patients (4.8%) developed systolic anterior motion, and one patient (2.4%) had a cerebral infarction. None of the patients died after surgery, and no patients developed complications such as hemolysis or ring detachment. Conclusions: Posterior mitral annuloplasty using an autologous pericardium was shown to be a superior technique because it allows a sufficient annular repair with no complications such as hemolysis or ring detachment. Read at the Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, Symposium, Tokyo, November 19–21, 2003.     

Late results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2000, 301 patients with mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve repair. There were 167 men and 134 women whose mean age was 56 +/- 14 years. The patients were comprised of 7 patients in Carpentier's type I, 277 patients in type II, and 17 patients in type III. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures had been prospectively applied to repair the anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Ring annuloplasty was performed in 230 patients (76%). The follow-up was complete and mean follow-up was 67 +/- 33 months, for a cumulative follow-up of 1,624 patient-years. RESULTS: There were 5 hospital deaths and 11 late deaths (2 cardiac and 9 noncardiac). All survivors except those with stroke were in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. At 10 years, the actuarial survival was 90 +/- 3%, the freedom from embolism was 86 +/- 4%, the freedom from reoperation was 96 +/- 2%, and the freedom from valve-related events was 77 +/- 4%. At 10 years, the freedom from reoperation in the patients with anterior leaflet prolapse was 90 +/- 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral valve repair is feasible in most patients with mitral regurgitation and is associated with low mortality and low rates of valve related events. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures is effective, safe, and durable at long-term follow-up for patients with anterior leaflet prolapse.     

瓣叶折叠在小儿二尖瓣成形中的应用

目的 提供一种基于儿童先天性二尖瓣反流(mitral regurgitation,MR)解剖异常特点的,相对简单化、可重复性高的标准化二尖瓣成形(mitral valvuloplasty,MVP)策略,并报道单中心的近期结果.方法 回顾性分析2016～2018年在本中心接受标准化MVP策略手术74例患者的临床资料,其中...     

Late results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term results of mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation.Methods: Between 1991 and 2000, 301 patients with mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve repair. There were 167 men and 134 women whose mean age was 56±14 years. The patients were comprised of 7 patients in Carpentier's type I, 277 patients in type II, and 17 patients in type III. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures had been prospectively applied to repair the anterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Ring annuloplasty was performed in 230 patients (76%). The follow-up was complete and mean follow-up was 67±33 months, for a cumulative follow-up of 1,624 patient-years.Results: There were 5 hospital deaths and 11 late deaths (2 cardiac and 9 noncardiac). All survivors except those with stroke were in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II. At 10 years, the actuarial survival was 90±3%, the freedom from embolism was 86±4%, the freedom from reoperation was 96±2%, and the freedom from valve-related events was 77±4%. At 10 years, the freedom from reoperation in the patients with anterior leaflet prolapse was 90±5%.Conclusions: Mitral valve repair is feasible in most patients with mitral regurgitation and is associated with low mortality and low rates of valve related events. Chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures is effective, safe, and durable at long-term follow-up for patients with anterior leaflet prolapse. Read at the Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of The Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, Symposium, Fukuoka, October 9–11, 2002.     

二尖瓣脱垂并关闭不全的外科修补

目的：总结二尖瓣脱垂的外科修复经验,方法：对44例二尖脱垂患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。44例患者中风湿性2例,非风湿性42例（22例合并先天性心脏病）,关不全中度24例,重度20例,腱索断裂或缺如12例,腱索过长32例,其中多根腱索过长6例,治疗行腱索移植10例,健索缩短25例（多根腱索短6例）,人工腱索1例,瓣叶折叠3例,瓣叶切除5例,同时行瓣裂缝合8例,瓣环成形28例（后环缝缩14例）,结果：结果：全组无手术死亡病例,1例风湿性患者术后1个月发生左心房血栓再次手术行瓣膜替换,二尖瓣功能正常34例（77．8％）,基本正常6（13．6％）,残留轻至中度关闭不全3例（6．8％）,随访1－18例（平均6．5年）,效果良好,结论：外科修复治疗二尖瓣脱垂是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

后叶腱索转移治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂

目的总结采用后叶腱索转移术治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的临床经验和体会,探讨二尖瓣成形术的黄金时机。方法2004年10月至2008年10月治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂16例,超声心动图检查诊断：二尖瓣前叶脱垂、腱索断裂10例,腱索延长4例,断裂合并延长2例;A1区域脱垂3例,A2区域脱垂6例,A3区域脱垂3例,合并A1、A2区域脱垂2例,A2、A3区域脱垂2例;均采用后叶腱索转移技术,其中1例合并冠心病患者同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果无手术死亡。出院前超声心动图检查提示：有少量反流2例,微量反流6例,无反流8例。出院后华法林抗凝治疗3个月。随访16例（100％）,随访1～46个月（22．0±3．5个月）,超声心动图提示：有少量反流3例,微量反流7例,无反流6例,效果优良。心功能Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级4例。出院前射血分数（EF）较术前降低（53．0％±3．4％vs．65．0％±4．2％,P=0．013）,术后随访时EF与术前比较差异无统计学意义（61．0％±2．1％vs．65．0％±4．2％,P=0．110）;出院前和随访时左心室舒张期末内径较术前明显缩小（50．0±3．2mm,47．0±2．8mmvs．58．0±6．5mm,P=0．031,0．020）;随访时心功能较术前明显改善（P=0．002）。结论后叶腱索转移是治疗二尖瓣前叶脱垂的有效方法,心瓣膜成形术的最佳时期是术前EF值大于60％、左心室轻度增大、心功能在Ⅲ级以上。     

M-Y及M-V成形术在处女膜修补中的应用

目的：探讨不同处女膜修复术式的选择及应用。方法：选择月经结束后10天内患者60例，根据破裂程度和部位，对于以12点为中心的患者，笔者进行了M—Y成形术，对于以6点为中心的患者，笔者采用W—V成形术，对于以3点或9点为中心的，笔者采用直接缝合或瓦合瓣法。术后随访2周，观察处女膜外观及处女膜口径。结果：有2例因术后分泌物较多致使手术失败，1例患者因术后骑车致修补处撕裂，均进行第二次手术。其他患者术后2周随访发现恢复良好，处女膜口约纳小指尖。结论：根据不同患者采用相应的手术方法进行处女膜修补，不仅可以修复裂口，还可以同时起到缩小处女膜内口的作用，确保了手术的成功率。     

Triangular resection and folding of posterior leaflet for mitral valve repair

The conventional treatment of mitral insufficiency, due to posterior leaflet prolapse, is quadrangular resection. This technique sacrifices a great amount of valve tissue resulting in leaflet stiffness and altered annular geometry. To avoid such problems we performed a small triangular leaflet resection sparing the second-order chordae, a folding plasty, implantation of artificial chordae, and annuloplasty. Fourteen patients underwent this procedure. No hospital death and no repair failure were observed. Echocardiography at 12 months on 12 patients showed trivial incompetence in three and mild in one and an overall improvement of end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters. Our technique has the main objectives of sparing second-order chordae and subvalvular apparatus in order to preserve mobility of the posterior mitral leaflet, left ventricular geometry, and function. Preliminary results are encouraging.