原发性膀胱小细胞癌3例的诊断和治疗

目的 认识原发性膀胱小细胞癌的发病和临床特点,提高对该病的诊治水平。方法 分析3例原发性膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床资料,结合文献对该病的病理学及临床特征、诊断、治疗和预后进行讨论。结果本组原发性膀胱小细胞癌3例,其中2例经手术、1便经膀胱镜下活检病理证实为膀胱小细胞癌。1例T_4M_1经化疗三月后死亡,1例T_(3a)M_0行膀胱部分切除术,术后予以化疗,一年后死于心梗,1例T_4M_0行根治性膀胱切除术,术后予以放疗,仍在随访中,无复发及转移。结论 原发性膀胱小细胞癌系高度恶性肿瘤,其治疗方式是根治性膀胱切除术辅以术后放疗,化疗疗效尚不肯定。     

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

BackgroundSmall cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCUB) is rare. The optimal treatment for SCUB remains unclear. To address the problem of appropriate treatment for each case, we assessed single-modality and surgery-based multimodality treatments in patients with SCUB.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 12 patients with SCUB between 1990 and 2013. All patients underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and were diagnosed with SCUB. Their clinicopathological characteristics were assessed, and the outcomes were compared according to the treatment modality.ResultsThe median (range) age at diagnosis was 66 years (range, 53–85 years). T1–4N0M0 was observed in 8 patients (66%), N1–3M0 in 2 (17%), and NanyM1 in 2 (17%). After transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, 6 patients (50%) underwent cystectomy alone, and 4 (33%) underwent cystectomy and presurgical or adjuvant chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin. During the median follow-up period of 20.7 months, 6 patients (50%) died of cancer, and 2 patients (17%) died of other causes. The median overall survival period was 1.9 years. The 5-year overall survival rate in patients who underwent cystectomy and chemotherapy was 75%, whereas that in those who underwent cystectomy alone and transurethral resection alone were 22% and 0%, respectively (p = 0.012). Recurrence-free survival was significantly correlated with cause-specific survival (r = 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.81–0.99; p < 0.001).ConclusionsRadical cystectomy with chemotherapy using the etoposide and cisplatin regimen improved the prognosis of patients with SCUB and TxNxM0. The time from initial progression to death due to cancer was very short, indicating that the initial treatment strategy is crucial.     

Intravesical recurrence after bladder sparing treatment of small cell carcinoma of the bladder: Characteristics,treatment, and outcome

Introduction

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is a rare and lethal disease. Previously, we and others have reported a bladder sparing strategy with platinum-etoposide-based chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy of the bladder. Little is known on frequency and treatment of intravesical recurrence following this approach. The objective of this study is to describe the incidence of intravesical recurrences and their management.

前列腺小细胞癌诊治再分析

目的 探讨前列腺小细胞癌的组织学特性、临床表现、治疗以及预后。 方法 报告2例前列腺小细胞癌患者的临床、病理和随访资料,复习相关文献并进行讨论。 结果 2例术后病理检查均诊断为前列腺小细胞癌。术前均经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺小细胞癌,切片可见肿瘤呈弥漫性巢状结构,细胞小,胞质少,核染色深,核仁不明显,可见燕麦形小细胞,伴凝固性坏死。免疫组化示：PSA、PAP阴性;NSE阳性。例1行前列腺姑息切除术并行EP（VP-16,顺铂）方案化疗,6个月后因肿瘤复发及全身转移死亡。例2行前列腺姑息切除术并行口服比卡鲁胺治疗,3个月后因颅内病灶复发及肝转移死亡。 结论 前列腺小细胞癌具有浸润性生长的生物学特性,恶性程度高,预后不良。确诊依赖病理学检查,早期行根治术并联合放化疗是目前治疗最有效的方法。     

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Primary pure small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder is a rare condition. It is an aggressive tumor with an average five-year survival rate of less than 10% as cited by multiple case reports. We report a 48 year-old male patient with primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the bladder who was treated with TUR-T, adjuvant carboplatin-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient is free of disease at the end of 30 months with a normally functioning bladder.     

膀胱小细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床特点及诊治疗效。方法：对6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：6例患者,男4例,女2例,平均年龄63岁（51～71岁）。肿瘤分期T2N0M02例,T3N0M0 1例,T4N0M0 2例,T4N2M1 1例。肿瘤电切加化疗1例,根治性膀胱全切2例,姑息膀胱切除加化疗2例,肿瘤电切、髂动脉栓塞及全身化疗1例。4例死于肿瘤复发或转移,平均存活时间7个月（2～15个月）,2例分别随访18个月及21个月仍存活。结论：膀胱小细胞癌预后差,治疗应以手术结合放化疗。     

前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌一例报告

分析1例前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌临床资料。患者60岁,因排尿困难1个月入院,直肠指检发现前列腺质硬肿块。前列腺穿刺活检病理诊断为小细胞神经内分泌癌。行化疗和放疗联合治疗有效,患者症状明显改善,患者确诊后15个月死亡。前列腺小细胞神经内分泌癌预后差,化疗在治疗中占有重要地位。     

原发性膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床及病理特点.方法 回顾性分析9例膀胱小细胞癌的基本资料.男6例,女3例.年龄45～79岁,平均62岁.临床表现为肉眼血尿7例,排尿困难及下腹部疼痛2例.肿瘤直径0.5～7.0 cm,平均2.0 cm;多发2例,单发5例,全膀胱弥漫性生长2例.7例行尿脱落细胞学检查,阳性4例.9例均行手术治疗,其中4例术前诊断为浅表性者行TURBt,术后均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗3个周期;膀胱部分切除2例,均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗2个周期;根治性膀胱全切3例,静脉化疗2例.结果 术后病理检查:肿瘤细胞体积小,呈圆形,胞质稀少,核浓染,缺乏巢状结构.免疫组化染色:嗜铬素A(+)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(+).诊断为小细胞癌,其中1例含移行细胞癌成分,1例合并前列腺癌.1例术前检查显示高血钙(3.15 mmol/L)和低血磷(0.61 mmol/L),术后1个月血钙及血磷恢复正常.保留膀胱者随访4例,3例分别于术后4、9、25个月死于转移,1例术后化疗者随访24个月未见复发及转移.膀胱全切3例中2例分别于术后2、28个月死亡,1例术后随访32个月未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论膀胱小细胞癌恶性程度高,预后差,根治性膀胱全切加全身化疗是主要的治疗方法,保留膀胱的手术应配合全身化疗.决定预后的是肿瘤的临床分期及治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Methods The pathological and clinical data of 9 cases of small cell carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 males and 3 females, ages 45 to 79 years (mean age, 62 years). Clinical manifestations of 7 cases included gross hematuria and dysuria, the other 2 cases experienced lower abdominal pain. The mean tumor size was 2.0 cm (ranged, 0.5 to 7.0 cm). Two cases had multiple tumors and 5 cases had single tumors. The growth pattern in 2 cases was diffuse growth in the whole bladder. In 4 cases tumor cells were found in urine cytology. All 9 patients underwent surgical treatment, including TURBt. Four patients were diagnosed as superficial tumors before operation. All the patients underwent regular theprubicine irrigation in the bladder. One case underwent additional intravenous chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Partial cystectomy was performed in 2 cases, with regular theprubicine irrigation in bladder and 1 case underwent intravenous chemotherapy for 2 cycles. Radical cystectomy was performed in 3 cases, with 2 cases undergoing intravenous chemotherapy after operation. Results Pathological findings showed that tumor cells were small and round in shape. These hyperchromatic nuclei showed limited cytoplasm with lack of nesting characters. CgA and NSE were positive in immunohistochemistry. The final diagnosis was small cell carcinoma, with 1 case accompanied with transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case accompanied with prostate cancer. One case showed high preoperative serum calcium (3.15 mmol/L) and low serum phosphate (0.61 mmol/L), which returned to normal 1 month after operation. Four cases who′s bladder was preserved were followed up, 3 cases were alive for 4, 9 and 25 months after operation. The 1 case who underwent intravenous chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months and there was no sign of relapse or metastasis. In all the 3 cases with radical cystectomy, 2 cases died 2 and 28 months postoperativly. Another case with adjuvant chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is highly malignant with poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy in combination with systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy. Retained bladder surgery with systemic chemotherapy is an alternative choice. The most important factors which influence the prognosis of the tumor are clinical stage and therapeutic methods.     

Concomitment spread of a renal cell carcinoma beyond the kidney and a transitional cell carcinoma beyond the bladder

We report the case of a 61-year-old man, with a rare combination of two advanced urological tumors: a concomitant spread of an adenocarcinomabeyond the kidney and a urothelial carcinoma beyond the bladder. Wesimultaneously performed a primary curative prostatovesiculectomy anda nephroureterectomy on the right with ileal neobladder. To ourknowledge, a case report of concomitant spread of an adenocarcinomabeyond the kidney (pT3 pN0 M0 G3) and a urothelial carcinoma beyondthe bladder (pT3a pN0 M0 G3) with subsequent curative therapy hasthus far not been published. A combination of the two diseasesdescribed here is obviously a remarkable rarity. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宫颈癌放疗后致放射性膀胱炎与膀胱癌(附7例报告)

目的：减少宫颈癌放疗后放射性膀胱炎及膀胱癌的发生。方法：结合文献分析１９７５￣１９９７年收治的宫颈癌放疗后引起的放射性膀胱炎７例,其中并发膀胱癌５例。并就其临床表现特点及诊断与治疗应注意的问题进行讨论。结果：７例 宫颈癌放疗后发生急性放射性膀胱炎１例,停止放疗后经对症处理痊愈;发生慢性放射性膀胱炎６例,分别经对症处理、膀胱镜下冲洗清除血块、电灼止血愈。并发膀胱癌５例,死亡２例,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除     

Early stage small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

A 73-year-old man with primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent radical cystectomy. The pathological findings revealed the tumor confined to the submucosal layer (pT1) without metastasis. No adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out. He is alive with no evidence of the disease 24 months after the operation.     

膀胱小细胞癌3例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨膀胱小细胞癌(BSCC)的临床特征、病理学特征和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析3例BSCC的临床资料。3例均为男性,年龄68~82岁,2例有间断无痛性肉眼血尿,1例有尿频尿急。1例B超检查见膀胱内有1.5cm×0.9cm稍强回声区,后伴弱声影,中心回声较低;1例膀胱镜检查见膀胱颈10~12点处有1cm×1cm乳头状突起,无蒂,广基,呈地毯样生长;1例盆腔CT及加强扫描示膀胱内有类圆形团块状影,大小约2.5cm×2.6cm。2例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,1例行膀胱部分切除术。结果:术后病理检查均报告为膀胱小细胞未分化癌。免疫组织化学结果:嗜铬蛋白颗粒均( ~ ),神经特异烯醇化酶均(-~±),例1突触素(-),例2突触素( ),例3突触素( ~ )。例1术后3年复发,患者拒绝行根治性膀胱全切术,服中药治疗10个月后死亡。例2术后8个月因膀胱小细胞癌转移而死于全身衰竭。例3术后病理检查结果为膀胱移行细胞癌2~3级,部分为小细胞未分化癌,局部伴腺样分化,3个月后复发,行根治性膀胱全切加双侧输尿管皮肤乳头术,术后随访15个月无肿瘤复发。结论:BSCC是一种少见的高度恶性的膀胱肿瘤,诊断主要靠病理学检查,早期即可发生转移,预后较差。行根治性切除术加联合化疗可提高治愈率。     

后装照射对预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的　探讨膀胱部分切除术加近距离照射治疗预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效。　方法　40例T2 ～T3b膀胱癌患者随机分为两组 ,每组 2 0例 ,一组行膀胱部分切除术 术后后装放疗 ,二组行膀胱部分切除术 丝裂霉素膀胱灌注 ,对比分析两组疗效。　结果　平均随访 44个月 ,一组无瘤生存率为 94.7% (18/ 19) ,二组为 6 5 .0 % (13/ 2 0 ) ;一组的 3、4年生存率为 93 .8% (15 / 16 )、90 % (9/ 10 ) ,二组为 5 0 .0 % (8/ 16 ) ,2 2 .2 % (2 / 9)。　结论　膀胱部分切除术 后装照射预防膀胱癌术后复发效果良好 ,但远期疗效尚需观察     

Long-term survival after resection for small cell carcinoma of the esophagus

We describe the rare case of a patient with esophageal small cell carcinoma who was completely cured. A 77-year-old man had small cell carcinoma of the esophagus with extensive lymph node metastases. Treatment comprised a subtotal esophagectomy and extended lymph node dissection. He has survived for more than 7 years with no evidence of recurrent disease. We suggest that radical operations should be considered for future patients if curative resection can be expected.     

Pharyngeal angiosarcoma following multimodal treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

It is well established that angiosarcoma can develop following radiotherapy. We present an unusual case of angiosarcoma of the pharynx that developed three years after treatment with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for a T2N2bM0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. The patient was tumour free until developing dysphagia, which was found to be caused by an angiosarcoma. The patient underwent surgery of the pharyngeal angiosarcoma by laryngopharyngectomy, tongue base resection, selective neck dissection and radial forearm microvascular free flap reconstruction. Angiosarcoma following head and neck malignancy is rare but must be considered as part of the differential diagnosis in patients with new symptoms after radiotherapy.     

Bladder preservation versus radical cystectomy in transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma muscle invasive bladder cancer

Background:Randomizing patients to bladder preservation or radical cystectomy (RC) for the treatment of bladder cancer has not been practical, due to patient and physician preferences. Therefore, continually comparing the 2 treatment modalities is needed, in order to make the proper choice for each patient.Patients and methods:The records of T1–4N0M0 bladder cancer patients, who presented to the South Egypt Cancer Institute between 2007 and 2017 and were treated by either bladder preservation or RC were reviewed.Results:Out of the 166 included patients, 81 (48.8%) patients were treated by bladder preservation and 85 (51.2%) patients had RC. For the patients treated by bladder preservation and the patients treated by RC, the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 56% and 60% (p = 0.67), the 5-year local recurrence-free survival was 69% and 73% (p = 0.69), and the 5-year disease-free survival was 45% and 53% (p = 0.16), respectively. After propensity matching analysis, the mean 5-year OS was 58% for the bladder preservation patients and 61% for the RC patients (p = 0.51). It is notable that among the bladder preservation group, 8 patients (10%) had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) pathology and refused RC. Their OS was 56% compared to 53% for the SCC patients treated by RC (p = 0.6).Conclusion:Bladder preservation is a safe alternative to cystectomy in transitional cell carcinoma stages T1–4aN0M0, and its use in SCC bladder cancer should be further studied, as it could be feasible to spare them from initial cystectomy.     

Infrequent microsatellite instability in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder in young patients

OBJECTIVE: Defects in the DNA mismatch repair result in microsatellite instability (MSI), which characterise most tumours related to the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome and some sporadic tumours. Several studies have reported the occurrence of MSI in urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder with a particularly high incidence in tumours from young patients. In this study, we have evaluated the occurrence of MSI in primary bladder UCC arising in seventeen young patients selected for being below 45 years of age at diagnosis. METHODS: Microsatellite analysis has been performed using the panel of five quasimonomorphic mononucleotide repeats (BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, NR-27) recently recommended to detect MSI tumours. The original Bethesda panel including BAT-25, BAT-26 and three dinucleotide repeats (D2S123, D5S346, D17S250) has further been studied in 10 UCC samples. RESULTS: MSI has been observed in only one of the 17 bladder UCC studied. Using the original Bethesda panel, identical results were obtained, indicating that the panel of five mononucleotide markers adequately detected MSI in UCC tumours. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that classical MSI affecting mono- or di-nucleotides are rarely involved in bladder UCC developing in young patients. Further studies using gold standard criteria would help clarifying the involvement of MSI in the pathogenesis of bladder UCC.     

Experimental rat bladder urothelial cell carcinoma models

Bladder cancer is a major public health problem. Currently available therapeutic options seem to be unable to prevent bladder cancer recurrence and progression. To enable preclinical testing of new intravesical therapeutic agents, a suitable bladder tumor model that resembles human disease is highly desirable. The aim of this topic paper was to discuss the problems associated with current in vivo animal bladder tumor models, focusing on the orthotopic syngeneic rat bladder tumor model. In the second part of the paper the development of a potential new orthotopic rat bladder tumor model is described.     

糖蛋白(MUC1与MUC7)基因在膀胱移行细胞癌的表达研究

目的 探讨糖蛋白MUC1与MUC7基因在膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）组织及细胞株中的表达及意义。方法 采用MUC1与MUC7特异性巢式逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）对分离的4种组织标本及3种细胞株的mRNA样本进行检测。结果 所有4种组织标本及3种膀胱癌细胞株的MUC1基因表达均为阳性。MUC7基因表达仅见于3种膀胱癌细胞株和侵袭性移行细胞癌标本。半定量结果显示MUC1 mRNA基因表达在正常膀胱黏膜同腺性膀胱炎及各期膀胱癌之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。浅表性膀胱癌与侵袭性膀胱癌之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。不同细胞系BIU-87与T24之间表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），耐药细胞株BIU-87／A同敏感细胞株BIU-87与T24之间表达差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。MUC7 mRNA基因表达在3种细胞株及侵袭性膀胱癌组织之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 MUC1基因的上调表达与MUC7基因的差异性表达可能影响膀胱癌细胞的生物学行为，导致相应的临床后果-恶性转变、侵袭转移、耐药。MUC7基因表达是尿路上皮恶性侵袭性转化的开始。