儿科重症监护室单一和多重呼吸道病毒感染对比分析

目的 探讨儿科重症监护室(PICU)患儿单一和多重呼吸道病毒感染情况的差异.方法 收集406例入住汕头大学医学院第二附属医院PICU合并有呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子样本,采用多重PCR及常规PCR对咽拭子行16种呼吸道病毒检测,分析阳性病例的病毒感染情况及与患儿临床特征的关系.结果 406例样本中病毒检测阳性者252例,阳性率62.1％.阳性样本中,以其中鼻病毒(HRV)检出率最高,为105例(41.7％),其次为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)[63例(25.0％)]和腺病毒(HADV)[48例(19.0％)];单一病毒感染177例(70.2％),多重病毒感染75例(29.8％),包括66例双重病毒感染,9例三重病毒感染.多重病毒感染最多的病毒组合是HRV+RSV(16例).单一病毒感染和多重病毒感染的患儿中存在基础疾病的病例数分别为46例和6例,两者差异有统计学意义(x2=10.409,P＜0.01);而二者在性别、年龄、住院时间、上下呼吸道感染人数及小儿危重症评分上差异均无统计学意义(x2=3.430,Z=0.315,Z=0.336,x2=0.041,P均＞0.05).结论 呼吸道病毒是PICU中呼吸道感染性疾病的主要病原体之一;存在基础疾病的患儿以单一病毒感染为主,多重病毒与单一病毒感染对于疾病严重程度的影响没有明显差异.     

Lower respiratory tract illness in the first two years of life: epidemiologic patterns and costs in a suburban pediatric practice.

The epidemiologic patterns and the economic impact of acute lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children under age two were studied using data collected from November 1, 1971-August 30, 1975 in a suburban pediatric practice in Monroe County, New York. LRTI was responsible for 23 illness episodes per 100 child-years among children in their first two years of life. This indicates that a cohort of 100 children might be anticipated to have 46 LRTI episodes from birth until their second birthday. The majority of episodes correlated with the presence of four viruses in the community, most commonly respiratory syncytial virus. The minimal, estimated direct cost of LRTI in the first two years of life based on 1984 cost data was equivalent to $35.14 for every child and was comprised of hospitalization cost ($19.68) and ambulatory care cost ($15.46). Hospitalization costs attributable to LRTI comprised at least 2.5 per cent of all hospitalization costs in this age group. Immunization against the four most common respiratory viruses, at a reasonable cost per child immunized, would appear to be cost beneficial.     

The viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in Uganda.

The role of viruses in respiratory diseases of young children in Uganda was studied. A viral etiology was established in 36% of the infections investigated. The most important pathogens were found to be respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses, which were responsible for 26% of infections investigated. They caused both upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. There was little or no seasonal variation in the etiology of these infections. Adenoviruses were found to be less important and were etiologically related to only 4% of respiratory disease cases. Influenza viruses and enteroviruses were also found to be associated with respiratory infections. However, they were less frequent and their role was insignificant. The role of multiple virus infections was also insignificant.     

长春地区冬季儿童上呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测结果分析

目的了解长春地区冬春季急性上呼吸道感染患儿6种呼吸道病毒感染情况。方法采集门诊119例患儿咽拭子,应用(RT)-PCR方法检测甲型流感病毒(IVA)、A亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSVA)、副流感病毒(PIV)3型、腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV)以及人偏肺病毒(hMPV)等6种常见呼吸道病毒。结果检测出阳性标本53例,阳性率44.54%,以流感病毒最高(19.33%)。经χ2检验,病毒总检出率在性别间差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.96,P<0.05)。结论流感病毒是长春地区2008年冬季患儿急性上呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,男性患儿较女性患儿对呼吸道病毒易感。     

成都地区儿童上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况及流行病学特征

目的了解成都地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况,并分析其流行病学特征。方法将2018年4月至2020年4月医院收治住院治疗的1324例急性上呼吸道感染患儿纳入研究。对咽拭子标本进行病原体培养、分离与鉴定。结果1324份标本中,检出阳性1012份,阳性率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为50.40%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%。1324份标本中,细菌和病毒总检出率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为47.13%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%;细菌类型以流感嗜血杆菌为主,病毒类型以呼吸道合胞病毒A为主;不同年龄儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同季节儿童上呼吸道细菌和病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同地区儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成都地区儿童上呼吸道感染以病毒感染为主,流感嗜血杆菌和呼吸道合胞病毒A为儿童上呼吸道感染的主要病原体,0~1岁为上呼吸道细菌感染高发年龄,1~4岁为上呼吸道病毒感染高发年龄,冬季和城区儿童上呼吸道感染阳性率较高。     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染常见病毒的流行状态分析

目的分析长沙地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ALRTI）常见病毒的流行状态。方法对2007年9月至2008年8月本院儿科医学中心住院临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿1165例,采集患儿鼻咽部分泌物,应用RT—PCR进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括RSV、HRV、PIV1～3、和IFA、IFB,PCR方法检测ADV,分析急性下呼吸道感染患儿病毒检出率及病毒感染与年龄、季节的关系。结果1165例患儿中,783例检出至少1种病毒,检出率为67．2％。其中RSV检出率27％,其次是HRV（17．4％）和PIV3（13．9％）。病毒感染的高峰在秋冬季节。不同年龄组病毒的总检出率比较差异有统计学意义,≤12个月组病毒检出率较高为67．5％,〉60个月组病毒检出率最低为42．9％。783例中2种或2种以上病毒混合感染检出率为36．3％,≤12个月组混合感染检出率最高为63．7％,〉36个月组混合感染检出率仅为8．5％。结论ALRTI患儿中常见病毒感染的高峰在秋冬季节;检出的呼吸道病毒中RSV感染检出率最高,其次为HRV和PIV3;≤12个月患儿病毒感染检出率及混合感染率最高;最常见的混合感染类型是RSV和HRV两种病毒混合感染。     

深圳地区2011年流感样病例的病毒病原学调查

目的:了解深圳地区流感样病例的病毒病原学现况,为呼吸道传染病的诊断和预防控制提供病原学依据。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR法,对269份咽拭子样本同时检测流感病毒、腺病毒、鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、冠状病毒和人偏肺病毒共7种15个亚型常见呼吸道病毒。结果:2011年深圳流感样病例的病毒阳性检出率为50.2%(135/269),在检出的呼吸道病毒中鼻病毒检出最多,其次是流感病毒、冠状病毒和腺病毒。夏季和秋季都是鼻病毒占优势,分别为57.6%(19/33)和52.6%(20/38);冬季则以流感病毒为优势,占60.5%(23/38)。儿童中鼻病毒检出率最高,青少年和成人中流感病毒检出率最高。结论:鼻病毒、流感病毒、冠状病毒和腺病毒是深圳地区流感样病例的主要病原体,随着季节、月份的不同和年龄的不同而具有一定的流行规律。     

小儿急性呼吸道感染中常见呼吸道病毒的检测情况分析

目的分析急性呼吸道感染患儿中常见呼吸道病毒的检测情况,为防治小儿急性呼吸道感染提供参考。方法收集2019年6—9月我院收治的330例急性呼吸道感染患儿血样并采用ELISA法对血清副流感病毒(parainfluenza virus,PIV)、腺病毒(adenovirus,ADV)和呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)抗体进行检测,对上述各种病毒在不同病种、性别、年龄等患儿中的分布特征进行比较分析。结果330份血样中,三种常见呼吸道病毒抗体总检出212份,总检出率为64.2%;其中PIV-1型抗体检出50份(占15.2%,未检出其他型PIV抗体)、ADV抗体检出44份(13.3%)、RSV抗体检出118份(35.7%)。330例患儿中,急性下呼吸道感染者3类呼吸道病毒抗体检出率均高于急性上呼吸道感染患儿(P<0.05);女性患儿3类呼吸道病毒抗体总检出率高于男性患儿(P<0.05);年龄<3岁患儿血清病毒抗体总检出率、RSV抗体检出率高于年龄≥3岁患儿(P<0.05)。结论本地区小儿急性呼吸道感染病例中,PIV感染以1型为主,3岁以下幼儿易感染RSV,下呼吸道感染患儿常见呼吸道病毒检出率高于上呼吸道感染患儿。     

A two year prospective study of hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection on paediatric wards.

Over a 24 month period on six paediatric wards of different designs 169 cases of possible hospital-acquired respiratory virus infection were investigated. A variety of viruses was isolated from 82 cases, the most common being respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenoviruses and rhinoviruses. A further 73 children developed respiratory symptoms between 3 and 300 days after administration but viruses were not demonstrable by the techniques used. These children were thought to have hospital-acquired infection nonetheless. Thirteen children were shown not to have acquired infection as the cause of their intercurrent illness. Most acquired infections occurred where toddlers were in cots in open wards. Children with trauma, including non-accidental injury, congenital malformations, mental retardation, failure to thrive or neoplasia were most likely to become infected. Almost 20% of children suffered from croup or lower respiratory tract illness as a result of their acquired infection. The figure was 41% if those less than 12 months old were considered alone. Most episodes settled quickly but in a few children investigations or surgery were delayed for a few days.     

Natural history and epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the Middle East: Hospital surveillance for children under age two in Jordan

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide. In the Middle East and Arab countries, the burden of RSV-associated hospitalizations is not well characterized. We sought to determine the burden and clinical/epidemiological characteristics of RSV hospitalization in young children in Amman, Jordan. We investigated risk factors for severity including vitamin D levels.MethodsWe conducted viral surveillance with clinical and demographic data in children <2 years admitted with respiratory symptoms and/or fever at the Al-Bashir Government Hospital from March16, 2010 to March 31, 2013. Nasal/throat swabs were obtained and placed into lysis buffer, and frozen at −80 °C until testing by real-time RT-PCR for 11 respiratory viruses. Heel stick blood or sera samples for 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were obtained and sent to a central laboratory for mass spectrometry.ResultsOf the 3168 children, >80% testing positive for one virus, with RSV the most common virus detected (44%). The RSV-associated hospitalization rate was highest in children <6 months with an annual range of 21.1–25.9 per 1000, compared to 6.0–8.0 in 6–11-month-olds and 1.6–2.5 in 12–23-month-olds. RSV-positive children compared with RSV-negative were more likely to be previously healthy without underlying medical conditions, less likely to be born prematurely, had a higher frequency of supplemental oxygen use, and had lower median vitamin D levels. Risk factors for oxygen use in RSV-positive children included underlying medical conditions, lack of breastfeeding, younger age, and higher viral load.ConclusionRSV is a major cause of illness in hospitalized Jordanian children and is associated with increased severity compared to other respiratory viruses. Children with RSV in the Middle East would benefit from future RSV vaccines and antiviral therapy.     

Effects of Nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 Interventions on Pediatric Hospitalizations for Other Respiratory Virus Infections,Hong Kong

To determine the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for coronavirus disease on pediatric hospitalizations for infection with respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, we analyzed hospital data for 2017–2021. Compared with 2017–2019, age-specific hospitalization rates associated with respiratory viruses greatly decreased in 2020, when NPIs were in place. Also when NPIs were in place, rates of hospitalization decreased among children of all ages for infection with influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus/enterovirus. Regression models adjusted for age and seasonality indicated that hospitalization rates for acute febrile illness/respiratory symptoms of any cause were reduced by 76% and by 85%–99% for hospitalization for infection with these viruses. NPIs in Hong Kong were clearly associated with reduced pediatric hospitalizations for respiratory viruses; implementing NPIs and reopening schools were associated with only a small increase in hospitalizations for rhinovirus/enterovirus infections.     

Ambulatory Care Sensitive Hospitalization Rates in the Aged Medicare Population in Utah, 1990 to 1994: A Rural-Urban Comparison

The objective of this study is to compare the likelihood of hospitalization for conditions that are related to the adequacy and use of ambulatory health care services for Medicare beneficiaries residing in rural and urban regions in Utah. The Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) hospital discharge database (Utah hospitals: 1990 to 1994) was used to estimate hospitalization rates (with adjustment for out-of-state admissions) for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Population estimates were obtained from HCFA beneficiary files. Regional hospitalization rates were obtained through ZIP code matching of the hospital discharge and beneficiary files. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older residing in Utah during 1990 to 1994 are the subjects for the study. The main outcome measures include age and sex-adjusted hospitalization rates by region for the entire state and rate ratio estimates for nonurban regions. The results of the study show that Medicare beneficiaries residing in two rural-frontier regions were more likely than urban beneficiaries to be hospitalized for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Rate ratio estimates were greater than 1.4 for both regions during the study period. These findings suggest a pattern of an increased burden of avoidable secondary complications and disease progression among Utah Medicare beneficiaries residing in some rural regions. This increased burden may be the result of limitations in the ambulatory care system, medical care provider supply, and/or beneficiary propensity to seek care. Variation in disease prevalence or hospital use patterns for these conditions also may be responsible for all or part of the observed variation in ambulatory care sensitive admission rates.     

Coronavirus-related nosocomial viral respiratory infections in a neonatal and paediatric intensive care unit: a prospective study

The incidence of nosocomial viral respiratory infections (NVRI) in neonates and children hospitalized in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units (PNICU) is unknown. Human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been implicated in NVRI in hospitalized preterm neonates. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of HCoV-related NVRI in neonates and children hospitalized in a PNICU and the prevalence of viral respiratory tract infections in staff. All neonates (age< or =28 days) and children (age>28 days) hospitalized between November 1997 and April 1998 were included. Nasal samples were obtained by cytological brush at admission and weekly thereafter. Nasal samples were taken monthly from staff. Virological studies were performed, using indirect immunofluorescence, for HCoV strains 229E and OC43, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus types A and B, paramyxoviruses types 1, 2 and 3 and adenovirus. A total of 120 patients were enrolled (64 neonates and 56 children). Twenty-two samples from 20 patients were positive (incidence 16.7%). In neonates, seven positive samples, all for HCoV, were detected (incidence 11%). Risk factors for NVRI in neonates were: duration of hospitalization, antibiotic treatment and duration of parenteral nutrition (P<0.01). Monthly prevalence of viral infections in staff was between 0% and 10.5%, mainly with HCoV. In children, 15 samples were positive in 13 children at admission (seven RSV, five influenza and three adenovirus) but no NVRI were observed. In spite of a high rate of community-acquired infection in hospitalized children, the incidence of NVRI with common respiratory viruses appears low in neonates, HCoV being the most important pathogen of NRVI in neonates during this study period. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term impact on pulmonary function.     

西宁地区儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测分析

目的:探讨西宁市儿童常见呼吸道病毒感染的病原学特点和分布特征。方法:采集141例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的咽拭子标本,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行合胞病毒(RSV),流感病毒A、B型(IFV A、B),副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型(PIVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),腺病毒(ADV),冠状病毒(HCoV)OC43/HKU1、229E/NL63,博卡病毒(HBoV),偏肺病毒(hMPV)检测。结果:从141份鼻咽拭子样本中检测出呼吸道病毒阳性22例,阳性率为15.6%。检出4种呼吸道病毒,其构成比分别为ADV 45.5%、PIVⅡ26.1%、HCoV-229E/NL63 17.4%、IFV A 13.0%。不同性别间患儿呼吸道病毒阳性率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。<6个月组阳性率最低(6.3%),3～6岁年龄组阳性率最高(29.2%)。结论:西宁地区急性呼吸道感染病毒病原检出率低于全国水平,ADV为西宁地区急性呼吸道感染的首位病毒病原体,HCoV-229E/NL63是该地区急性呼吸道感染的病原之一。     

Role of respiratory syncytial virus in acute otitis media: implications for vaccine development

We summarize herein the results of various virologic studies of acute otitis media (AOM) conducted at our site over a 10-year period. Among 566 children with AOM, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus identified in either middle ear fluid or nasal wash; it was found in 16% of all children and 38% of virus-positive children. Seventy-one percent of the children with RSV were 1 year of age or older, which was significantly older than all other viruses combined (P=0.045). RSV infection was associated with the common bacterial pathogens causing AOM. Past efforts to develop vaccines for RSV have emphasized prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, which is a more serious problem but less common than AOM. Our results suggest that RSV vaccines that work only against infection in older children may have value in preventing AOM, the most common pediatric disease.     

6810例儿童呼吸道感染病毒病原学回顾性分析

目的 了解海安市儿童呼吸道病毒病原学特征.方法 回顾性分析南通大学附属海安医院2018年1月至2020年5月急性呼吸道感染6810例患儿临床资料,采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种常见呼吸道病毒抗原.结果 ①6810例送检标本中957例为阳性,总阳性率为14.05％.其中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)阳性例数最多,为524例(54....     

Acute respiratory infections in ambulatory malnourished children: a serological study

We studied the aetiological agents of acute respiratory infections occurring in an ambulatory population of 83 malnourished Jamaican-born children aged 6 to 32 months using serological methods for diagnosis. In 60% (38/63) of symptomatic children and in 25% (5/20) of those without reported disease the following microorganisms were observed: parainfluenza viruses in 15 children, influenza viruses in 12, adenovirus in 10, respiratory syncitial virus in 7 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 7 children. The prevalence of the viral infections apparently increased with the severity of malnutrition.     

冬春季住院患儿急性下呼吸道感染病毒学分析

目的:了解冬春季住院患儿急性下呼吸道感染(ARI)的病毒感染状况,为临床儿童急性呼吸道感染提供病毒病原学诊断依据。方法:选择2008年11月～2009年4月在九江市妇幼保健院呼吸内科住院的急性下呼吸道感染患儿,取其入院当天的静脉血,进行呼吸道病毒IgM检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、流感病毒(IV)、副流感病毒(PIV),并对检测标本阳性的病例进行统计分析。结果:在151例患儿送检标本中,阳性37例,占24.5%(37/151)。阳性标本中呼吸道合胞病毒32例(86.5%),腺病毒1例(2.7%),流感病毒2例(5.4%),副流感病毒2例(5.4%)。RSV的发病高峰在12月至次年的1、2月份,RSV感染多见于3岁以下儿童,发病高峰年龄为6个月以下儿童,男、女发病比例为1.9∶1。结论:九江市妇幼保健院2008年11月～2009年4月住院患儿中,引起急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病原体以RSV为主,IV和PIV次之。     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and respiratory syncytial virus coinfection in children

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected many people around the world. Children are considered an important target group for SARS-CoV-2, as well as other viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus infection. Both SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can affect the respiratory tract. Coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus can pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment in children. This review compares the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment of COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.