产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌遗传标记和耐药基因的研究

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的遗传标记基因（整合子qacE△1、转座子tnpU）、氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码aac（6′）-Ib基因和喹诺酮类药物耐药qnrA基因分布状况,为临床使用药物治疗感染和消毒灭菌工作提供参考。方法收集本院的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共60株,采用PCR方法检测这些菌株中qacE△1、tnpU、aac（6′）-Ib和qnrA基因,MIC法药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药性。结果 60株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中qacEΔ1基因检出率61.7%,tnpU基因检出率7.6%,aac（6′）-Ib检出率为11.7%,qnrA基因检出率3.3%。60株菌中有38株含1种或以上基因,其药敏敏感度最高的是亚胺培南、厄它培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,敏感率均为97.4%,而对氨苄西林和头孢唑啉完全耐药。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药与耐药基因传递机制整合子和转座子系统密切相关,分离株携带qacE△1、tnpU、aac（6′）-Ib和qnrA基因是细菌呈多重耐药的主要原因,提示临床应慎重用药。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床防治提供科学依据。方法整理分析我院ICU2003年1月至2007年12月下呼吸道感染患者痰培养的1146株病原菌．采用CLSI推荐的K．B法进行药敏试验。并对其耐药性进行分析。结果分离出的1146株病原菌中。革兰阴性杆菌占64．1％,革兰阳性球菌占28．4％。前5位病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为37．8％、10．6％,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率分别是68．5％、83．7％,肠杆菌科菌对亚胺培南全部敏感。未检出耐万古霉素的革兰阳性球菌。结论ICU下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌耐药性严重。临床治疗应根据药敏试验结果。合理应用抗生素。     

60株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药基因携带情况分析

目的研究临床分离的60株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药谱及Ⅰ型整合子和β-内酰胺酶等基因携带情况。方法用微量肉汤稀释法测定16种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度;PCR检测β-内酰胺酶、Ⅰ型整合子和外排泵基因,对阳性基因进行序列分析。结果60株菌中,多重耐药株53株,占88.3%;6株携带OXA-23基因,均对包括碳青霉烯在内的5类以上抗菌药耐药,并具有高耐药特性;38株携带PER-1基因,对头孢菌素类耐药率显著高于PER-1基因阴性菌株(P<0.01);45株检出Ⅰ型整合子结构基因,多重耐药率明显高于Ⅰ型整合子阴性菌株(P<0.01);Ⅰ型整合子和PER-1基因同时阳性25株,与7株两者同为阴性菌株相比,多重耐药率增高(P<0.01),但耐药程度无显著差别。结论Ⅰ型整合子基因及β-内酰胺酶类基因的作用是导致鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的重要原因;OXA-23基因阳性菌株多为泛耐药和高耐药株,有必要采取有效措施控制其传播。     

头孢美唑和头孢西丁对产与不产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株体外抗菌活性比较

目的：测定头孢羡唑和头孢西丁对产与不产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株的体外抗菌活性。方法：收集2004年1月到2004年12月从华西医院各临床科室分离出的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌520株,采用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行体外药敏试验并用表型确证试验检测ESBLs。结果：筛选出产ESBLs菌226株,ESBLs阳性检出率为43．5％,其中大肠埃希菌的ESBLs检出率为45．8％．肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs检出率为39．6％。头孢美唑对我院ESBLs阳性菌株体外抗菌活性优于头孢西丁。结论：头霉素类抗生素可作为治疗ESBLs菌株引起的重症感染的可选药物,且对我院分离的产ESBLS犬肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,头孢美唑体外活性略优于头孢西丁。     

新生儿重症监护室内细菌感染及其耐药性分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护室（NICU）病原菌的感染及其耐药性变化。方法分析2007年3月-2008年6月150例培养阳性的新生儿所感染的致病菌及其对抗生素的耐药性。结果共检出病原菌155株,革兰阴性杆菌59株（占38．1％）,革兰阳性球菌94株（60．6％）。白色念珠菌2株（占1．29％）。而革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希氏菌最常见,产ESBL菌株比例高,占50．847％（30／59）。肺炎克雷伯杆菌产ESBL株占10．17％（6／59）。革兰阴性杆菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率均高（44．6％～79．5％）,显著高于添加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的抗生素、碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类（P〈0．05）。产ESBL菌株对碳青霉烯和喹诺酮类耐药率显著低于青霉素类、头孢菌素（P〈0．05）。结论革兰阴性杆菌特别是大肠埃希氏菌是新生儿感染的主要病原菌,其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌,应引起高度重视。碳青霉烯、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦可作为新生儿严重感染时的经验用药,应尽量根据药敏试验来调整抗生素。     

医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性监测

目的：监测我院病房分离的100株革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗生素的耐药率,以指导临床用药。方法：采用Etest药敏试验测定我院分离的100株革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：这12种抗生素中总耐药率最低的是亚胺培南（7％）,头孢吡肟（13％）,舒普深（14％）．阿米卡星（14％）;49株大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌中,超广普β-内酰胺酶的发生率为43％;大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率高达76．5％;大肠埃希菌,肠杆菌属,不动杆菌,克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南的耐药率小于等于5．0％。结论：亚胺培南,头孢吡肟,舒普深,阿米卡星对革兰阴性杆菌的耐药率最低。     

临床分离产头孢菌素酶阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性研究

目的：研究我院产头孢菌素酶（AmpC酶）阴沟肠杆菌的检出率、耐药情况厦ampC基因型。方法：收集临床分离的耐药阴沟肠杆菌15株;三维试验检测AmpC酶;NCCLS方法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）;琼脂二倍稀释法测定MIC值;PCR扩增检测ampC基因及序列测定。结果：15株菌中8株菌（53,3％）产AmpC酶,3株菌（20．0％）产ESBLs。产AmpC酶的菌株除对亚胺培南全敏感外,对其它抗菌药不同程度耐药。5株菌的ampC基因与阴沟肠杆菌ECLC074的ampC基因100％同源,3株菌与之99％同源．2株菌的AmpC酶发生了1个氨基酸残基的改变。结论：产AmpC酶是阴沟肠杆菌对口．内酰胺类抗生素耐药的主要机制之一。阴沟肠杆菌ECLC074 ampC基因是我院主要的阴沟肠杆菌ampC基因型。产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌常呈多重耐药,亚胺培南是治疗此类菌所致感染的最有效药物。     

唐山地区福氏志贺菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型和同源性的分析简

 目的 了解唐山地区福氏志贺菌的耐药特征,明确其所携带超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的基因型和菌株之间的相关性。 方法 用纸片扩散法作ESBLs确证试验;对产ESBLs的菌株用微量肉汤稀释法测定其MICs;用PCR扩增ESBLs基因并测序;通过可变数目串联重复序列（VNTR）进行同源性分析。 结果 用纸片扩散法检出具有ESLBs表型的19菌株株,经琼脂稀释法检测,同样具有ESBLs表型。菌株对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮、哌拉西林、阿莫西林-克拉维酸和环丙沙星的不敏感率为95%~100%,对其它药物敏感率均在84%以上。其型别主要为CTX-M-14、CTX-M-3、CTX-M-57和TEM-1。 同源性分析19株福氏志贺菌分为4个克隆系。结论 唐山地区儿童福氏志贺菌呈多重耐药,对第3代头孢菌素耐药性有增加趋势,所携带基因型主要为CTX-M-14,首次检出CTX-M-57基因型。唐山地区存在遗传紧密相关的福氏志贺菌流行克隆,也存在不相关克隆。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药分子机制及质粒谱分析

目的了解我院临床分离的66株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌（MDRAB）的耐药性和整合子（qacE△1-sull）、转座子（tnpU）存在状况,并对菌株质粒谱进行分析。方法采用VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定仪检测鲍曼不动杆菌对18种抗生素的药敏结果,并对该细菌进行总DNA的提取。用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测qacE△1-sull及tnpU,提取质粒进行同源性分析。结果 66株鲍曼不动杆菌中整合子qacE△1-sull基因阳性率为31.8%,转座子tnpU基因阳性率为30.3%。携带遗传标记的菌株耐药率高,特别是对头孢曲松、氨苄西林、头孢替坦、头孢唑啉、呋喃妥因的耐药率已接近或达到100%,而对丁胺卡那霉素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为5%和20%;有19株对亚胺培南耐药,其中整合子阳性率63.2%,转座子阳性率36.8%。检出质粒的46株（70%）临床分离菌出现1～3条大质粒带,大小在1～20kb间,其中出现1条带的有33株、2条带8株、3条带5株,有12株菌提取到大小相同的质粒。结论多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐亚胺培南的耐药现象严重;整合子、转座子遗传标记的携带率高,可能是鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药的主要原因。     

儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶和ESBLs的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产质粒介导的AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的情况及其耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC酶,K—B纸片法测定肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果共检出248株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中46株产AmpC酶,阳性率为18．5％;157株产ESBLs,阳性率为63．3％;同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株阳性率为18．1％。产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素高度耐药。耐药率达80％～100％;对头孢吡肟、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也在56．5％～93．5％之间：但对环丙沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率则在30％以下,对亚胺培南全部敏感。产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也较高,在50％-91．7％之间,但对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南仍高度敏感。ESBLs阴性肺炎克雷伯菌对所测抗生素的敏感率均在81．2％以上。产酶菌株耐药率明显比非产酶菌株高。结论广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的状况已十分突出：产酶菌株对常用抗生素的耐药率较高;碳青霉烯类抗生素可作为治疗产AmpC酶和／或ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的经验用药。     

革兰阴性菌对头孢替坦的耐药性分析

目的了解临床分离革兰阴性菌对头孢替坦的耐药性。方法收集2012年1月至2013年6月从医院各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性菌,使用VITEK2-compact微生物全自动分析仪进行鉴定和药敏试验,对结果进行回顾性调查。结果分离出革兰阴性菌1 045株,其中肠杆菌科细菌627株,占60.0%;非发酵菌402株,占38.5%。分离前3位的细菌分别为大肠埃希菌（27.7%）、铜绿假单胞菌（20.2%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（14.5%）。肠杆菌科细菌对头孢替坦耐药率低,53.3%的大肠埃希菌和29.6%的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢替坦耐药率均低于6.0%。非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢替坦的耐药率均高于90.0%。结论头孢替坦可以作为临床治疗产ESBLs细菌感染性疾病的一种经验性治疗方案。     

Detection and reporting of organisms producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: survey of laboratories in Connecticut

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes produced in some gram-negative bacilli that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. They are most common in Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli but are present in a variety of Enterobacteriaceae. Resistance mediated by these enzymes can be difficult to detect depending on the antimicrobial agents tested. AmpC beta-lactamases are related to the chromosomal enzymes of Enterobacter and Citrobacter spp. and also mediate resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam in addition to cephamycins, such as cefoxitin. Unlike ESBLs, however, AmpC beta-lactamases are not inhibited by clavulanic acid or other similar compounds. To assess the abilities of various antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods to detect ESBLs, we sent three ESBL-producing organisms, one AmpC-producing organism, and a control strain that was susceptible to extended-spectrum cephalosporins to 38 laboratories in Connecticut for testing. Eight (21.0%) of 38 labs failed to detect extended-spectrum cephalosporin or aztreonam resistance in any of the ESBL- or AmpC-producing isolates. Errors were encountered with both automated and disk diffusion methods. Conversely, seven (18.4%) labs categorized at least some of the four resistant isolates as potential ESBL producers and reported the results with the extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam as resistant as suggested by current National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. The percentage of laboratories that failed to detect resistance in the ESBL or AmpC isolates ranged from 23.7 to 31.6% depending on the type of enzyme present in the test organism. This survey suggests that many laboratories have difficulty detecting resistance in ESBL and AmpC-producing organisms and may be unaware of the NCCLS guidelines on modifying susceptibility testing reports for ESBL-producing strains.     

Prevalence of newer beta-lactamases in gram-negative clinical isolates collected in the United States from 2001 to 2002

Newer beta-lactamases such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), transferable AmpC beta-lactamases, and carbapenemases are associated with laboratory testing problems of false susceptibility that can lead to inappropriate therapy for infected patients. Because there appears to be a lack of awareness of these enzymes, a study was conducted during 2001 to 2002 in which 6,421 consecutive, nonduplicate clinical isolates of aerobically growing gram-negative bacilli from patients at 42 intensive care unit (ICU) and 21 non-ICU sites across the United States were tested on-site for antibiotic susceptibility. From these isolates, 746 screen-positive isolates (11.6%) were referred to a research facility and investigated to determine the prevalence of ESBLs in all gram-negative isolates, transferable AmpC beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. The investigations involved phenotypic tests, isoelectric focusing, beta-lactamase inhibitor studies, spectrophotometric assays, induction assays, and molecular analyses. ESBLs were detected only in Enterobacteriaceae (4.9% of all Enterobacteriaceae) and were found in species other than those currently recommended for ESBL testing by the CLSI (formerly NCCLS). These isolates occurred at 74% of the ICU sites and 43% of the non-ICU sites. Transferable AmpC beta-lactamases were detected in 3.3% of K. pneumoniae isolates and at 16 of the 63 sites (25%) with no difference between ICU and non-ICU sites. Three sites submitted isolates that produced class A carbapenemases. No class B or D carbapenemases were detected. In conclusion, organisms producing ESBLs and transferable AmpC beta-lactamases were widespread. Clinical laboratories must be able to detect important beta-lactamases to ensure optimal patient care and infection control.     

Modification of the double-disk test for detection of enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamases

Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae is problematic. A modification of the double-disk test (MDDT) has been developed for successful detection of ESBLs in gram-negative bacilli producing well-characterized beta-lactamases as well as 212 clinical isolates of Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Citrobacter freundii. MDDT accurately differentiated between ESBL producers and derepressed chromosomal AmpC mutants. MDDT provides a cost-effective alternative approach for clinical microbiology laboratories for routine susceptibility testing with simultaneous detection of ESBLs in enterobacteriaceae.     

Utility of NCCLS guidelines for identifying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-Escherichia coli and Non-Klebsiella spp. of Enterobacteriaceae

NCCLS screening and confirmation methods for detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) apply only to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., yet ESBLs have been found in other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. We evaluated the effectiveness of NCCLS methods for detecting ESBLs in 690 gram-negative isolates of Enterobacteriaceae that excluded E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca. Isolates were collected between January 1996 and June 1999 from 53 U.S. hospitals participating in Project ICARE (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology). The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by using the NCCLS broth microdilution method (BMD), and those isolates for which the MIC of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or aztreonam was >or=2 microg/ml or the MIC of cefpodoxime was >or=8 microg/ml (positive ESBL screen test) were further tested for a clavulanic acid (CA) effect by BMD and the disk diffusion method (confirmation tests). Although 355 (51.4%) of the isolates were ESBL screen test positive, only 15 (2.2%) showed a CA effect. Since 3 of the 15 isolates were already highly resistant to the five NCCLS indicator drugs, ESBL detection would have an impact on the reporting of only 1.7% of the isolates in the study. Only 6 of the 15 isolates that showed a CA effect contained a bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), or bla(OXA) beta-lactamase gene as determined by PCR (with a corresponding isoelectric focusing pattern). Extension of the NCCLS guidelines for ESBL detection to Enterobacteriaceae other than E. coli and Klebsiella spp. does not appear to be warranted in the United States at present, since the test has poor specificity for this population and would result in changes in categorical interpretations for only 1.7% of Enterobacteriaceae tested.     

新生儿NICU病房肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市宝安区龙华医院新生儿病房产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药情况,为合理治疗提供依据。方法对该院新生儿重症监护病房2006年1月-2007年12月收治的新生儿各类标本中分离所得169株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测,采用美国DADE Micro Scan Walkaway-40全自动微生物鉴定药敏测定系统进行药敏试验。结果肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率由19%上升到32%,产ESBLs株耐药性显著高于非产ESBLs株;产ESBLs株仅对四代头孢菌素类、亚胺培南敏感。结论该院新生儿重症监护病房中产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌逐年上升,应根据药敏结果结合临床合理使用抗生素;同时应采取有效措施控制产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌在新生儿重症监护病房感染。     

Accelerated detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae

A prospective study is carried out to evaluate the performance of a protocol for the accelerated detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Gram-negative bacteria. A modified double-disc test (MDDT) is incorporated in a Gram-negative template for routine susceptibility testing. The MDDT identified accurately ESBLs in all isolates subsequently confirmed as ESBL-producers by the standard Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) combined disc method. Of 1213 isolates tested, 98 (8%) were positive for ESBLs by MDDT and 95 (7.8%) were positive by the CLSI method. ESBLs were detected in 48 (7.8%) E. coli, 21 (8%) K. pneumoniae, 12 (5.8%) Proteus mirabilis, 13 (18.8%) Providencia stuartii and four (6.8%) Enterobacter cloacae isolates. Time required for ESBL detection by the MDDT method was one day. The protocol described provides a simple, rapid and low-cost method for early detection of ESBLs in Gram-negative bacteria.