额叶癫痫的手术治疗

目的总结并分析顽固性额叶癫痫患者手术治疗的效果、手术方式和经验。方法回顾性分析2003年3月至2009年4月在我院接受手术治疗的116例顽固性额叶癫痫患者的临床及脑电图特征、手术方式和疗效。结果随访1～6年,平均2.6年。疗效根据Engel的标准进行评定,其中I级（癫痫发作消失）49例（42.2%）;Ⅱ级（癫痫发作频率减少≥90%）36例（31.0%）;Ⅲ级（癫痫发作频率减少≥75%）19例（16.4%）;Ⅳ级（癫痫发作频率减少〈75%或与术前相近）12例（10.3%）。本组总有效（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级）率为89.7%;效果优良（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）率为73.3%。此外,患者术前所伴有的精神和行为异常在术后多数患者有所改善。术后无严重并发症及手术死亡。结论对于顽固性额叶癫痫,准确定位原发致痫灶并采用合理的手术方式彻底处理痫灶是手术成功的关键。必要时应采用颅内埋藏电极来寻找原发致痫灶。     

额叶癫癎的临床特征和脑电图分析

目的　分析和总结额叶癫的临床特征、脑电图特点及临床意义。方法　对 94例额叶癫患者的临床和脑电图资料进行分析 ,并对 42例患者进行 6个月至 4年的随访观察。结果　 94例患者中 ,无明确病因者 61例 ,有明确病因者 33例 ,头颅外伤、脑炎、肿瘤是最常见的因素。额叶癫临床发作形式复杂多样 ,有局灶性运动发作、不对称强直以及伴过度运动的额叶发作等 ,睡眠中发作多见 ,脑电图也表现为多在睡眠中出现的异常放电。 42例随访的病人 ,30例临床得到很好控制 ,1 2例有难治性趋势。结论　额叶癫是一组临床表现复杂多样具有特征性的综合征 ,正确认识临床特征和脑电图特点是诊断和治疗的关键     

Factors predictive of the outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery

PURPOSE: To identify factors that predict the outcome in seizure control after frontal lobe epilepsy surgery (FLES). FLES is the second most frequent type of epilepsy surgery, but the results are generally not as good as those after anterior temporal lobectomy. METHODS: Our cohort consisted of 68 consecutive patients whose first epilepsy surgery involving the frontal lobe occurred between 1987 and 1994. Clinical history and results of imaging and electroencephalographic studies were reviewed in detail. Excellent outcome was defined as being seizure free or having only nondisabling seizures at last follow up. RESULTS: Forty of the 68 patients (58.8%) had an excellent outcome; none of the patients with a history of childhood febrile seizures had an excellent outcome, whereas outcome was excellent in 63% of those without that history (p 相似文献   

Visual neglect associated with frontal lobe infarction

Five patients with left-sided visual neglect following focal infarction of the right frontal lobe are presented. Lesion location was assessed using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The common area of lesion overlap was small, being confined to the dorsal aspect of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 44) and the immediate underlying white matter. This cortical region is part of the homologue of Broca's area in the right hemisphere and is considered to be part of human premotor cortex. The association of neglect with injury to this area suggests it may play an important role in directing attention in visual space.     

Acute postoperative seizures after frontal lobe cortical resection for intractable partial epilepsy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and prognostic importance of acute postoperative seizures (APOSs) occurring in the first week after a focal corticectomy in patients with partial epilepsy of frontal lobe origin. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 65 patients who underwent a frontal lobe cortical resection for intractable partial epilepsy between April 1987 and December 2000. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: APOSs occurred in 17 (26%) patients. None of the following factors was shown to be significantly associated with the occurrence of APOSs: gender, duration of epilepsy, etiology for seizure disorder, use of subdural or depth electrodes, surgical pathology, or postoperative risk factor for seizures. Patients with APOSs were older at seizure onset and at the time of surgery (p = 0.003 and p = 0.05, respectively). At last follow-up, patients who had APOSs had a seizure-free outcome similar to that of individuals without APOSs (47.1% vs. 50.0%; p = 0.77). Patients with APOSs appeared less likely to have a favorable outcome [i.e., fewer than three seizures per year and >95% decrease in seizure activity (58.8 vs. 70.8%; p = 0.35)]. This result may not have reached statistical significance because of the sample size. No evidence suggested that precipitating factors or the timing of APOSs was an important prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of APOSs after frontal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy does not preclude a significant reduction in seizure tendency. These findings may be useful in counseling patients who undergo surgical treatment for frontal lobe epilepsy.     

Surgery of children with frontal lobe lesional epilepsy: Neuropsychological study

Aim of the study was to provide new data about the evolution of neuropsychological findings in patients with lesional frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) operated on with lesion excision. Patients and methods Twelve patients with lesional FLE underwent full clinical examination including neurological, neuropsychological and developmental assessments, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ictal and interictal prolonged EEG monitoring and evaluation of seizure semeiology before and after surgery. The mean follow-up duration was 2 years and 10 months (range = 14 months-7 years). Another group of lesional temporal lobe epilepsy, matched for the age at surgery and side of surgery, was likewise studied in order to compare neuropsychological patterns and to try to find out specific features in frontal lobe epilepsy evolution. Results All patients resulted seizure free at outcome except one belonging to Engel’s class II. Before surgery general intelligence was similar in FLE as well as in TLE group. Executive functions and motor coordination were frequently affected in FLE whereas patients with TLE often presented with deficits in naming, visual memory and visuo-spatial attention. After surgery there was a frequent decline of IQ in FLE group together with a slight deterioration, especially of executive functions in some patients. An improvement of behaviour was often observed in both groups. Conclusions As already reported in literature, neuropsychological pre-surgical data confirms the involvement of attention and executive functions in lesional FLE. No significant neuropsychological improvement was produced by surgery that determined in some cases a slight decline of general intelligence and specific frontal abilities. Yet, generally behaviour improved and seizures were controlled.     

Deficit of preparatory attention in children with frontal lobe epilepsy

We compared the performance of a sustained attention task by children with epilepsy in either the frontal or temporal lobe. In a new simple task that specifically measures preparatory attention, developed recently by LaBerge, Auclair, and Siéroff [LaBerge, D., Auclair, L., & Siéroff, E. (2000). Preparatory attention: Experiment and theory. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 396-434], patients responded to a target presented in the centre of the display and ignored a distracter presented at locations to the right or the left side of the target. The distracter was presented prior to the onset of the target and the relative frequency of the distracter to target was varied within a block of trials (from 0% to 67%). Children with frontal lobe epilepsy showed a higher mean slope of response time to the target as a function of distracter probability compared to children with temporal lobe epilepsy or compared to the response time slope of control subjects. The response time slope of children with temporal lobe epilepsy did not differ from that of control subjects. These results indicate that the presence of frontal lobe epilepsy selectively affects the capacity of these patients to resist the interference a distracter.     

额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫

目的 探讨额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫的可行性、有效性、并发症及适应证.方法 2006年6月至2012年1月解放军第153医院全军神经外科中心对12例无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫患者,采用额叶离断术治疗,对手术适应证的选择、手术方法、离断范围、额叶功能区的保护方法、手术效果以及并发症进行总结分析.12例患者中,10例行单纯额叶离断,2例一侧额叶离断后皮质脑电图(ECoG)监测发现离断部位后缘仍有癫痫波,加行胼胝体前部切开术.结果 5例术后出现短暂精神、记忆及性格改变,2例出现一侧肢体轻度偏瘫,均于1个月内恢复正常.无颅内出血、感染及严重并发症.随访1.0～5.5年,Engel Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级3例.结论 在术中直接皮层电刺激技术及ECoG监测下,采用额叶离断术治疗无影像学异常的难治性额叶癫痫,是一种安全有效的手术方法.     

Multifactorial etiology of interictal behavior in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: Based on discussions on the so called “epileptic personality” in patients with epilepsy, interictal behavioral impairments in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies were examined in a multivariate approach that took demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological determinants into consideration. Methods: A total of 428 patients with epilepsies originating from the temporal (TLE; 84%) or frontal (FLE; 16%) lobes were examined in regard to personality (Fragebogen zur Persönlichkeit bei zerebralen Erkrankungen [FPZ], a clinical personality questionnaire) and mood (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI I]). Prevalence of impaired behavioral domains was determined. Etiologically relevant determinants of behavioral problems were identified via multiple regression analyses. Key Findings: Elevated depression scores (BDI) were evident in 42% of the patients, and not different in TLE and FLE. In regard to personality, introversion together with low mood, sociability, and self‐determination, as well as problems with interpersonal communication were frequent. The TLE group tended to show greater neuroticism and introversion, while FLE appeared more associated with behavioral aspects of an organic psychosyndrome. Multivariate analyses revealed demographic characteristics (age, gender, education), clinical aspects (psychiatric history, affected hemisphere, mesial pathology, seizure frequency, cognitive functions), and treatment (antiepileptic drug treatment) as relevant determinants, explaining up to 30% of the behavior. Significance: Behavioral abnormalities in patients with frontal or temporal lobe epilepsy are common but on the average mostly mild. Within a multivariate etiological model, localization (mesial yes/no) and lateralization (left > right) dependent behavioral problems in TLE and FLE seem to be overshadowed by other variables, of which patients’ and their families’ psychiatric history, patient characteristics and pharmacological treatment appear of major importance. Better education and cognitive capabilities may be discussed as protective features.     

额叶癫癎的致癎灶定位与手术治疗

目的 探讨额叶癫癎的致痴灶定位和手术治疗的策略。方法 分析29例额叶癫癎患者的术前综合定位、术中皮层脑电图监测、术式选择及术后效果的临床资料。结果 影像学检查结合长程视频脑电图监测,可以为12例定位致癎灶;而结合颅内脑电图长程记录,24例可以定位致癎灶,其中包括10例影像学检查阴性的病例。随访1年以上,按照Engel’s效果分级:Ⅰ级13例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅳ级5例。结论 影像学检查、长程视频脑电图监测以及颅内脑电图长程记录和术中皮层脑电图监测相结合的综合定位方法,可以提高额叶癫癎的致癎灶定位效果和手术疗效,其中颅内电极记录尤其有助于定位影像学检查阴性病例的致癎灶。     

75例额叶癫痫的临床特点及发作期发作间期脑电图分析

目的回顾性分析额叶癫痫(FLE)的临床及发作期和发作间期脑电图特点,为临床早期识别和治疗提供依据。方法详细整理75例FLE患者的临床资料,发作期及发作间期脑电图改变和影像学表现,并进行总结分析。结果 (1)临床表现:一种发作类型25例(33%);两种或两种以上发作类型50例(67%);发作时意识清醒者20例(27%);丛集性发作27例(36%);夜间发作36例(48%)。(2)脑电图表现:1发作间期脑电:50例FLE行长程视频脑电监测中异常者47例(94%);2发作期脑电:监测到临床发作22例;3睡眠期痫性放电阳性率高于清醒期(P0.01)。(3)影像学表现:影像学检查异常且病灶位于额叶者36例(54%);非额叶病灶者5例(7.6%);神经影像学未见异常者25例(33%)。结论 FLE临床表现复杂多样,运动症状常见;意识恢复快,多无发作后状态;FLE多于夜间发作,发作时间短暂,呈丛集性发作;FLE脑电图特异性差,长程视频脑电较普通脑电易于检测出痫性放电,睡眠期脑电图阳性率高于清醒期;FLE脑电显示多无侧别提示。     

Focal ictal beta discharge on scalp EEG predicts excellent outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy surgery

PURPOSE: To determine whether a focal beta-frequency discharge at seizure onset on scalp EEG predicts outcome of frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) surgery. METHODS: We identified 54 consecutive patients with intractable FLE who underwent epilepsy surgery between December 1987 and December 1996. A blind review of EEGs and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) was performed. Lesional epilepsy is defined as presence of an underlying structural abnormality on MRI. RESULTS: Overall, 28 (52%) patients were seizure free, with a mean follow-up of 46.5 months. Presence of a focal beta-frequency discharge at seizure onset on scalp EEG predicted seizure-free outcome in lesional (p = 0.02) and non-lesional (p = 0.01) epilepsy patients. At least 90% of patients who had either lesional or non-lesional epilepsy were seizure free if scalp EEG revealed a focal beta discharge at ictal onset. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed that focal ictal beta pattern and completeness of lesion resection were independently predictive of seizure-free outcome. Ictal onset with lateralized EEG activity of any kind and postresection electrocorticographic spikes did not predict surgical outcome (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Only about 25% of FLE surgical patients have a focal beta-frequency discharge at seizure onset on scalp EEG. However, its presence is highly predictive of excellent postsurgical seizure control in either lesional or non-lesional FLE surgical patients.     

Ictal head turning in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate the difference of ictal head turning movements between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Methods: We investigated 38 seizures of 31 patients with unilateral TLE and 22 seizures of 14 patients with unilateral FLE where head turning occurred in the seizure evolution. The head movements were defined as ipsilateral or contralateral in reference to the lateralization of the patient’s focal epilepsy syndrome. Head movements were quantified by either referencing the head position with manually placed markers or by automatic detection of infrared marked reference points. The time of onset, duration, and angular speed of the head movements were computed, and interindividual and intraindividual analyses were performed. Key Findings: All of the TLE seizures had both contralateral and ipsilateral head turning, whereas all FLE had contralateral head turning; only 6 of 22 seizures were associated with ipsilateral head turning. Ipsilateral head turning always preceded contralateral head turning in both TLE and FLE. The head turning occurred significantly sooner after clinical seizure onset in FLE than in TLE patients (ipsilateral 0.5 vs. 16.0 s, contralateral: 4.5 vs. 21.3 s; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the duration of head turning was shorter in FLE for contralateral head turning (4.1 s) than in TLE (contralateral 6.0 s, p < 0.01); the ipsilateral head turning in the two groups did not differ (3.0 vs. 2.9 s) in duration. The angular speed of head turning did not differ for ipsilateral and for contralateral head turning in FLE and TLE. Significance: Quantitative analysis of head turning demonstrates significant differences between patients with FLE and TLE. These differences likely represent differences in spread of epileptic activity. This information may be useful in the seizure evaluation of patients considered for resective epilepsy surgery.     

额叶癫痫的特点及手术治疗

目的 :分析额叶癫痫的临床特征、发作期及发作间期脑电图特点 ,探讨额叶癫痫手术治疗。方法 :应用视频脑电图对 9例额叶癫痫患者进行长程监测 ,并对其中 6例记录颅内脑电图。分析癫痫发作的临床表现及脑电图特点 ,定位致痫灶 ,行手术切除。结果 :额叶癫痫的发作特点为 :发作频繁而短暂 ,以睡眠期发作为主 ,常见过度运动 ,姿势性强直 ,发声等发作症状。发作期可见棘波节律 ,广泛低幅快活动 ,节律性慢波等特征性脑电活动。颅内电极记录可清晰显示异常脑电活动的发作起源及扩散情况 ,有助于定位致痫灶。手术切除病灶及致痫灶 ,效果满意。结论 :额叶癫痫是一组具有特征性的癫痫综合征 ,颅内电极记录有助于揭示其脑电活动变化。对于难治疗性额叶癫痫 ,准确定位致痫灶是手术成功的关键。     

Clinical seizure lateralization in frontal lobe epilepsy

PURPOSE: We systematically analyzed the lateralizing value of clinical seizure semiology in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). METHODS: We studied the incidence, positive predictive value (PPV), and the lateralizing significance of various clinical symptoms in 228 seizures (s) of 31 patients (p) with medically refractory FLE (17 with left-sided and 14 with right-sided seizure onset). Seizures recorded during prolonged video-EEG monitoring were assessed by two independent reviewers blinded for the patient's clinical data. Analysis was performed both for patients and seizures. RESULTS: Version [16 p (52%); PPV, 94%; p=0.001; 47 s (21%); PPV, 75%; p=0.001], unilateral clonic movements [16 p (52%); PPV, 81%; p=0.021; 32 s (14%); PPV, 81%; p=0.001], unilateral dystonic posturing [eight p (26%); PPV, 75%; p=0.289; 46 s (20%); PPV, 80%; p=0.001], unilateral tonic posturing [10 p (32%); PPV, 80%; p=0.109; 19 s (7.4%); PPV, 79%; p=0.019], and unilateral grimacing [10 p (32%); PPV, 100%; p=0.002; 19 s (8%); PPV, 100%; p=0.001] were of lateralizing significance, indicating a contralateral seizure onset. Asymmetric ending [five p (16%); PPV, 80%; p=0.375; nine s (4%); PPV, 89%; p=0.039] after secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures was significantly associated with an ipsilateral seizure onset. Pure ictal vocalizations occurred significantly more frequently in seizures of right hemispheric onset [13 p (42%); PPV, 62%; p=0.581; 63 s (28%); PPV, 73%; p=0. 001], whereas in individual patients, this symptom showed no lateralizing significance. The remaining clinical symptoms (figure 4 sign, unilateral hand automatisms, early head turning, postictal nose wiping, and unilateral eye blinking) were not of lateralizing significance in our patients. The results of clinical seizure lateralization corresponded with the final lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in 81% of our patients. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical seizure semiology can provide correct information on the lateralization of the seizure-onset zone in >80% of patients with medically refractory frontal lobe epilepsy.     

额叶癫痫的诊断—形态与功能定位的对比

本文对２８例额叶癫痫病人的ＥＥＧ，ＣＴ，ＳＰＥＣＴ检查定位结果进行了对比研究，结果显示：８５．７％的病人发作间期和／或发作期ＥＥＧ有额叶定位征象，两者结合可提高定位诊断阳性率及准确率。ＣＴ检查仅４２．９％发现额叶损害，仍是重要辅助诊断手段。     

常染色体显性遗传夜间额叶癫痫

常染色体显性遗传性夜间额叶癫痫（autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal epilepsy，ADNFLE）是一种常染色体显性遗传的特发性局灶性癫痫综合征，1994年首先由Scheffer等描述，夜间成串的运动症状发作为最显著的临床特征。1995年Steinlein等首先发现其致病基因，是第一个被发现由基因变异引起的特发性癫痫综合征。本文对其临床特点、遗传学及发病机制的研究进展加以综述。     

Memory in frontal lobe epilepsy: An fMRI study

Purpose: Focal epilepsies are often associated with structural and functional changes that may extend beyond the area of seizure onset. In this study we investigated the functional anatomy of memory in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), focusing on the local and remote effects of FLE on the networks supporting memory encoding. Methods: We studied 32 patients with drug‐resistant FLE and 18 controls using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) memory encoding paradigm. Key Findings: During encoding of stimuli, patients with FLE recruited more widely distributed areas than healthy controls, in particular within the frontal lobe contralateral to the seizure onset. Normal memory performance was associated with increased recruitment of frontal areas, and conversely a poor performance was associated with an absence of this increased recruitment and decreased activation in mesial temporal lobe areas. Significance: In patients with FLE, recruitment of wider areas, particularly in the contralateral frontal lobe, appears to be an effective compensatory mechanism to maintain memory function. Impaired hippocampal activation is relatively rare and, in turn, associated with poor recognition memory.