胃食管反流和睡眠呼吸暂停关系的研究进展

胃食管反流病 (ｇａｓｔｒｏｅｓｏｐｈａｇｅａｌｒｅｆｌｕｘｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＧＥＲＤ)是指胃、十二指肠内容物反流入所致的食管及食管以外口咽、喉、气道等的组织损害。自从新的诊断技术 ,如食管测压和食管内 2 4ｈ ｐＨ监测开展以来 ,明显提高了对该病认识。ＧＥＲＤ在西方国家很常见 ,国外流行病学调查发现 ,人群中烧心的发生率为 2 1%～ 44 % [1] ,ＧＥＲＤ患者中 48%～ 79%有反流性食管炎 (ｒｅｆｌｕｘｅｓｏｐｈａｇｉｔｉｓ,ＲＥ)。北京协和医院1986年对 3 0 0 0例接受胃镜检查病人的调查表明 ,反流性食管炎占 5 8% ;1991年对 5 …     

Mechanisms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux events in obstructive sleep apnea

Purpose  

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (nocturnal GER) events and symptoms. Treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) reduces nocturnal GER in patients with OSA. This study sought to determine the: (1) relationship of nocturnal GER events with apnea/hypopnea and arousal, (2) effect of upper airway obstruction on the barrier function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), (3) mechanism of LES failure for each nocturnal GER event and (4) effect of CPAP on LES function during sleep.     

CPAP compliance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repeated cessations of breathing during sleep. Major symptoms of this disease are excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring, and witnessed apnea. Most of the patients are treated with CPAP. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the factors affecting adherence to the CPAP treatment. Seventy-one patients were enrolled to this study. Patients were divided into three groups according to CPAP usage. Group I consisted of patients who had never used CPAP, group II consisted of patients who had used CPAP occasionally, and group-III patients had used CPAP treatment regularly. Group-III patients had higher apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) than groups I and II (respectively, 56.6 ± 27.7, 26.3 ± 7.5, and 32.3 ± 7.06; p < 0.000 for both). Oxygen desaturation index was significantly higher in group-III patients comparing to groups I and II (44.6 ± 22.3, 15.9 ± 8.3, and 25.6 ± 9.5; p < 0.000 for all). Our findings have shown that only very severe patients use the CPAP device regularly (mean AHI 56.6 ± 27.7). Compliance to CPAP treatment seemed to be poor in patients with moderate to severe, AHI about 30, OSAS. Considering the well-established benefits of CPAP treatment in patients with true indications, patients should be encouraged to use CPAP regularly, and complications of OSAS should be keynoted.     

The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea

There has been an accumulating body of research concerning the extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease over the past decade. Given the cardiological, pulmonological, laryngeal, and dental aspects of such complications, an interdisciplinary approach is required. The most recognized manifestations are noncardiac chest pain, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, and posterior laryngitis, as well as the acidic damage of dental enamel. This article focuses on the potential relationship between reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea, which has been raised only more recently. Because of the decrease of primary peristalsis and the reduced production of saliva, as well as the diminished acid and volume clearance of the esophagus, sleeping can be considered as a risk factor of the reflux event by itself. Moreover, it should also be taken into account that the transdiphragmatic pressure increases in parallel with the growing intrathoracic pressure generated during obstructive apnea episodes. This has a non-negligible effect on the phrenoesophageal ligament, which is connected to the lower esophageal sphincter. Repetition of the pressure changes results in insufficiency of the cardia. While this pressure change produces a considerable suction effect, further reducing the clearing mechanism of the gastric volume, lower esophageal sphincter insufficiency can directly lead to reflux disease. The challenge for gastroenterologists is to gain further insight into this relationship and to play a more active role in the complex therapy of the disease, as well as to develop a new diagnostic approach towards the severe forms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.     

The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis

Sleep and Breathing - Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) means apnea and hypopnea caused by partial or complete obstruction of upper airway collapse during sleep. Gastroesophageal...     

CPAP adherence reduces cardiovascular risk among older adults with obstructive sleep apnea

Study objectives

To examine (1) the impact of adherence to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on risk for cardiovascular (CVD) events among a nationally representative sample of older adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and (2) the heterogeneity of this effect across subgroups defined by race, sex, and socioeconomic status.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥?65 years with OSA (2009–2013). Monthly indicators of CPAP adherence (charges for machines, masks, or supplies) were summed over 25 months to create a CPAP adherence variable. New CVD events (ischemic heart disease, cardiac and peripheral procedures) were modeled as a function of CPAP adherence using generalized estimating equations. Heterogeneity of the effect of CPAP on new CVD events was evaluated based on race, sex, and socioeconomic status.

Results

Among 5024 beneficiaries diagnosed with OSA who initiated CPAP, 1678 (33%) demonstrated new CVD events. Following adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics, CPAP adherence was associated with reduced risk of new CVD events (hazard ratio 0.95; 95% confidence interval 0.94, 0.96) over 25 months. When analyses were stratified by time since the first CPAP charge, the protective effect remained significant for the 12- and 6-month, but not 3-month, outcome models. No significant differences were observed in the protective effect of CPAP based on race, sex, or socioeconomic status.

Conclusions

In this national study of older adult Medicare beneficiaries with OSA, CPAP adherence was associated with greatly reduced risk for CVD events. This risk reduction was consistent across race, sex, and socioeconomic subgroups.

     

Nasal CPAP therapy, upper airway muscle activation, and obstructive sleep apnea

In treating obstructive sleep apnea, positive pressure applied through the nose (CPAP) might cause a reflex increase in upper airway muscle activity or might enlarge the airway passively. We studied the effect of CPAP applied by a nasal mask on the electromyographic (EMG) activation of the alae nasi and genioglossal muscles in 8 patients with obstructive apneas during sleep, and correlated EMG activity with concentrations of oxygenation by ear oximeter, and with the end-expiratory position of the rib cage and abdomen by DC-coupled inductance plethysmography. One to 3 cm H2O of CPAP did not eliminate the cyclic occurrence of obstructive apneas. The greatest tonic and phasic EMG activity occurred at apnea termination; the least occurred at apnea onset. With 13 to 15 cm H2O CPAP, apneas were eliminated; mean oxygen saturation rose from 84 +/- 6% (mean +/- SD) to 92 +/- 2%, and EMG activity was reduced or eliminated. With abrupt lowering of CPAP, end-expiratory positions fell, and an obstructive apnea ensued; however, EMG activity did not immediately return. We conclude that the elimination of apneas with CPAP is not attributed to increased EMG activity in the upper airway. The reduction in EMG activity observed with nasal CPAP was closely related to the improvement in hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Therefore, CPAP may act as a pneumatic splint and passively open the upper airway to prevent obstructive apnea.     

Associations between obstructive sleep apnea severity and endoscopically proven gastroesophageal reflux disease

Purpose

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is believed to be an important risk factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the association between OSA and GERD is not straightforward and has been incompletely characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between OSA and GERD by performing both polysomnography (PSG) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).

Methods

The enrolled patients underwent both PSG and EGD from October 2003 to July 2015 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. All patients were checked for the presence of mucosal injury in the EGD findings and divided into a no-GERD group and a GERD group according to the Los Angeles (LA) classification. In addition, the GERD symptoms of heartburn, acid regurgitation, and reflux-related cough were recorded.

Results

A total of 216 patients were enrolled. Ninety-nine patients (45.8%) were in the GERD group, 68 (31.5%) were the minimal-change GERD group, and 49 (22.7%) were in the GERD LA-A/B group. The OSA-related findings were worse in the GERD LA-A/B group than in the no-GERD group: the apnea-hypopnea index was 33.6 ± 25.5 versus 22.0 ± 17.2 (p = 0.01), the longest apnea duration was 50.7 ± 24.0 versus 41.6 ± 23.3 s (p = 0.03), the lowest oxygen saturation was 80.2 ± 7.9 versus 83.2 ± 7.5% (p = 0.02), and the oxygen desaturation index was 25.1 ± 22.4 versus 16.1 ± 15.5 (p = 0.01), respectively. Sleep efficiency was significantly worse in patients with GERD symptoms (81.2 ± 10.8%) than in those without GERD symptoms (85.1 ± 11.4%) (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Endoscopically proven GERD was associated with more severe OSA. GERD symptoms were also associated with deteriorated sleep quality.

     

Nasal CPAP effect on patterns of sleep apnea

To evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure via nasal mask (nasal CPAP) on occlusive, mixed, and central apneas (OA, MA, and CA, respectively), we performed nocturnal polysomnography without and with nasal CPAP on 21 patients with sleep apnea. Three patients were unable to tolerate nasal CPAP. The remaining 18 patients had significant reductions in the overall apnea frequency when using nasal CPAP (52.9 +/- 5 per hour slept vs 3.3 +/- 1 per hour slept, mean +/- SE, p less than 0.001). The use of nasal CPAP significantly reduced the frequency of OAs during both nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep (p less than 0.001). It also reduced the frequency of MAs during both non-REM and REM sleep (p less than 0.05). Nasal CPAP did not increase the frequency of CAs in patients who had MAs when sleeping without nasal CPAP indicating that both the "central" and obstructive portions of MA were eliminated. In those patients who had CAs while sleeping without nasal CPAP, the CA frequency was unchanged by nasal CPAP although there was a good deal of interindividual variability. We conclude that nasal CPAP is well tolerated and effective in reducing the frequency of OAs and MAs. The variability of the response of CA to nasal CPAP suggests that the pathogenesis of CA may not be homogeneous.     

Breathing during sleep in patients treated for obstructive sleep apnea. Nasal CPAP for only part of the night

To determine whether long-term NCPAP therapy influences severity of sleep disordered breathing during the second part of a night when NCPAP is applied for only the first four hours of sleep, we studied 21 patients with OSA receiving NCPAP therapy for 253 +/- 41.6 days. Results from polysomnography for the period after withdrawal from NCPAP (night B) were compared to the corresponding period of sleep prior to initiation of NCPAP therapy (night A). There was no significant change in RDI from night A (53.9 +/- 8.6) to night B (28.7 +/- 3.3), but maximal apnea length diminished from 55 +/- 2.9 s to 40 +/- 2.9 s (p less than 0.05). Whereas daytime Po2 and the amplitude of desaturations during sleep remained equal, overall oxygenation during sleep improved slightly (mean SaO2 night A = 90.6 +/- 0.9 percent; night B = 92.8 +/- 0.5 percent; p less than 0.05). Differences between nights A and B were more prominent the more severe sleep apnea had been prior to treatment and could not be explained by weight loss. There was strong correlation between improvements in oxygenation measurements and the daily time of NCPAP use. In conclusion, we found a subgroup of OSA patients receiving long-term NCPAP therapy with less disturbed ventilation during sleep following use of NCPAP for only the first part of the night, but in the majority of patients, sleep disordered breathing off NCPAP remained unchanged.     

Alternatives to CPAP in the treatment of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) results in excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired quality of life, and is associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents and cardiovascular disease. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the standard treatment for OSAS provides immediate relief of symptoms and has only minor side effects. Nevertheless, an alternative treatment is needed if CPAP is not feasible for medical or psychological reasons. Removable oral appliances that advance the mandible when fitted to the teeth during sleep also improve nocturnal breathing disturbances, symptoms, quality of life, vigilance and blood pressure in OSAS patients. Their long-term effectiveness and side effects require further study. In morbidly obese patients suffering from OSAS bariatric surgery should be considered as a treatment that reduces obesity and at the same time improves OSAS. In selected patients including those with adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy, and cranio-facial malformations various surgical techniques that enlarge the upper airway may be a treatment option for OSAS.     

Adherence to CPAP therapy improves quality of life and reduces symptoms among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients

Purpose  

The aim of the study was to asses quality of life and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients after adhering to 6 months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment.     

Nasal CPAP improves the quality of life and lessens the depressive symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in response to nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) concerning excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), depressive state, and quality of life (QOL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed for EDS using the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), for mood using The Zung self-depression scale (SDS), and for QOL using Short-Form 36 (SF-36) in 132 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and control subjects. Patients had severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index, 59.4+/-23.8/h) and were more hypersomnolent and depressed, and had poorer QOL than 38 age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS: Before treatment most QOL domains in the SF-36 were significantly associated with patients' SDS scores. With nasal CPAP, ESS and SDS scores were respectively decreased from 9.7+/-4.5 to 4.0+/-2.4 (p<0.0001) and from 49.2+/-10.4 to 45.1+/-9.6 (p<0.0005). Total SF-36 score and scores for seven of eight domains were increased significantly with treatment. Thus, nasal CPAP lessens EDS and depression, and improves QOL, in patients with severe OSAS. Further, magnitudes of changes in total SF-36 scores and in five of eight domains correlated significantly with magnitude of change in SDS score upon nasal CPAP treatment. No relationship was evident between treatment-associated score changes in SF-36 domains and ESS score change. CONCLUSION: Although patients with severe OSAS have poorer QOL than control subjects, nasal CPAP appears to improve QOL by alleviating depression.     

经鼻持续气道内正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是一种发病率较高并具有一定潜在危险的疾病,经鼻持续气道内正压通气(nCPAP)目前已成为治疗中、重度OSAHS患者的首选措施。本文介绍了应用nCPAP的治疗机制、对各器官的治疗作用、压力水平的调节、影响其成功的因素、以及经鼻面罩正压机械通气治疗OSAHS新模式和治疗的副作用等进行了综述。     

Is there a relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and gastroesophageal reflux disease?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The causative relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains an area of controversy. The aim of the study is to further explore the relationship between OSA and GERD in a large group of patients with OSA. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six patients referred for polysomnographic studies at the University of Arizona Sleep Center were included in this study. All patients were assessed by means of a demographic survey, the validated GERD Symptom Checklist, and the Sleep Heart Health Study Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Polysomnograms were scored for objective measures of sleep and breathing. OSA is defined as an apnea-hypopnea index > 5 with compatible symptoms. RESULTS: Of the 136 subjects, 101 (74%) were found to have OSA. Self-report of heartburn or acid regurgitation symptoms was unrelated to severity of sleep apnea. Additionally, OSA was not influenced by the severity of GERD. Objective measures of disordered sleep had stronger associations with age, smoking, and alcohol use than GERD in men and stronger associations with age and body mass index than GERD in women. Subjectively reported sleep quality was affected more strongly by GERD severity than by age, smoking, alcohol use, or the presence of OSA. Only females administered antireflux medications were less likely to report poor sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective reports of sleep quality were affected by GERD severity, but an objective correlation between OSA and GERD was lacking. This may suggest that GERD and OSA are common entities that share similar risk factors, but appear not to be causally linked.     

Nasopharyngeal symptoms in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Effect of nasal CPAP treatment

BACKGROUND: Nasal side effects are often reported during nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and may make the use of nasal CPAP difficult. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nasal CPAP on nasopharyngeal symptoms in OSAS patients. METHODS: The frequency and severity of nasopharyngeal symptoms and signs were prospectively evaluated in 49 consecutive OSAS patients (37 men, 12 women, mean (SD) age 54 (7) years, body mass index 35 (6) kg/m2) immediately before and after 6 months' treatment with nasal CPAP. RESULTS: Nasopharyngeal symptoms were common already before starting nasal CPAP: 74% of patients reported dryness, 53% sneezing, 51% mucus in the throat, 45% blocked nose, and 37% rhinorrhea. During nasal CPAP treatment, severity and frequency of sneezing (75%) and rhinorrhea (57%) increased. This increase was related to the season when nasal CPAP was applied, and was more profound in winter than in summer. Mild abnormalities on rhinoscopy and paranasal sinus X-rays were common both at baseline and at follow-up with no significant change during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Nasopharyngeal problems were found to be frequent in patients with OSAS before nasal CPAP treatment, and tended to increase during the treatment.     

持续气道正压通气治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者体内激素水平的影响

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)导致夜间低氧和正常睡眠节律的紊乱,引起体内激素分泌的改变和激素抵抗的增加。而持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗在改善夜间睡眠质量的同时也纠正了体内激素水平的紊乱,为CPAP在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)方面的应用提供了更充分的依据。     

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]

Sixteen patients (male: 14, female: 2, 41-72 yrs, mean 57.5 yrs) with OSAS were treated by nCPAP in our hospital since 1987. Respiratory disturbance index ranged from 16.5 to 83.1. The longest apnea duration was 35.0-120.5 seconds before the treatment. Two patients were treated with Sleep Easy III (Respironics Inc.) and others with a home made instruments. nCPAP was set at a pressure of 5 to 10 cm H2O. 12 patients (75%) tolerated the device but 4(25%) did not. Polysomnographic parameters before and after nCPAP therapy were compared. The longest apnea duration was 63.1 +/- 23.5 to 40.9 +/- 27.4 seconds (P less than 0.001) and the lowest saturation oxygen was 55.1 +/- 20.4% to 71.4 +/- 18.6% (P less than 0.05). The sleep structure improved but not significant statistically. One of them used nCPAP at home for more than two. years and showed a good long term effect. We concluded that nCPAP is an effective and safe treatment for OSAS. However, patients may be uncomfortable because of the wearing of the nasal mask during sleep.