经肛肠梗阻导管加肠内营养在急性左半结肠恶性梗阻性疾病的临床研究

目的探讨肠梗阻导管加肠内营养在急性左半结肠恶性梗阻性疾病治疗中的作用。方法2006年6月至2008年6月,选择17例肠梗阻患者,按入院时间分为对照组（8例）和导管组（9例）。对照组给予常规治疗方案,导管组在此基础上应用肠梗阻导管和肠内营养治疗。结果经3～5d肠梗阻导管减压和肠内营养支持治疗,8例急性肠梗阻症状均缓解,均可限期行腹腔镜一期切除和吻合,术后随访1～9个月,中位数7个月,未见吻合口漏等并发症。结论经肛门肠梗阻导管和肠内营养用于治疗急性左半结肠恶性梗阻安全有效,同时可减少肠造口和二期手术的风险。     

结肠镜联合腹腔镜治疗左半结肠癌梗阻的临床研究

目的 评价结肠镜辅助下术前经肛门置管减压,以及在腹腔镜下左半结肠癌一期切除、吻合的疗效,探讨左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻的治疗选择.方法 2004年12月至2007年8月治疗11例左半结肠癌伴肠梗阻:(1)在结肠镜辅助和x线指引下经肛门将肠梗阻导管置入梗阻部位的近端肠管进行减压,观察患者症状缓解情况、肠鸣音、腹围、腹腔内压力、腹平片等的变化,评价肠梗阻的治疗效果;(2)肠梗阻缓解后,经常规术前准备后行择期腹腔镜左半结肠癌一期切除、吻合.结果 (1)置管减压5～14 d后,11例患者的肠梗阻症状均有缓解,避免了急诊手术;(2)11例患者均接受腹腔镜下一期切除、吻合手术;(3)11例患者均未出现吻合口漏、切口感染、腹腔内感染等手术并发症;(4)平均随访15.2个月:局部复发率为9%(1/11),切口或穿刺孔种植率为0(0/11),无瘤生存率为91%(10/11).结论 结肠镜辅助术前减压,联合腹腔镜一期切除吻合治疗左半结肠癌肠梗阻安全有效,此法可能成为治疗左半结肠癌的最合理的治疗策略.     

超细内镜联合腹腔镜在急性左半结肠恶性梗阻中的应用

目的:评价超细内镜联合腹腔镜在急性左半结肠恶性梗阻应用中的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析2013年1—9月收治的11例急性左半结肠恶性梗阻患者临床资料。先通过超细内镜引导下置入肠道支架,解除梗阻,再行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治一期吻合术。结果:11例患者均成功置入结肠支架,病变部位包括结肠脾区1例、降结肠2例、乙降结肠交界4例、乙状结肠2例、直乙状结肠交界2例。9例患者在支架置入后接受了根治性手术,2例因肝转移实施姑息性手术。术后1例切口感染,1例肺部感染,1例吻合口出血,均经保守治疗后好转。结论:术前肠道支架减压联合腹腔镜一期吻合手术是治疗急性左半结肠恶性梗阻安全有效的方法。     

生长抑素联合经肛肠梗阻导管在远端结肠恶性肠梗阻老年病人中的应用

目的评价生长抑素联合经肛肠梗阻减压导管在远端结肠恶性肠梗阻治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2010年9月至2016年11月经手术治疗的57例急性完全性远端结肠恶性梗阻老年病人(年龄均≥70岁),2013年以来济宁市第一人民医院采用经肛肠梗阻导管治疗部分肠梗阻病人,31例经生长抑素持续静脉泵入及经肛置入肠梗阻导管综合治疗4~10 d,平均(5.6±1.2)d,后行腹腔镜或剖腹探查;26例经生长抑素持续静脉泵入治疗后行手术治疗。结果 31例经生长抑素及经肛置入肠梗阻导管综合治疗的病人术前腹痛及腹胀症状均得以缓解;与入院时腹围(100%)相比,术前腹围明显缩小,为(81±2.3)%(P=0.001);综合治疗后3 d行腹部CT检查,测量近端结肠最大横径为(2.8±0.3)cm,明显小于治疗前的(6.2±0.5)cm(P=0.001);31例病人均行手术治疗,其中18例病人行腹腔镜探查手术,11例完成根治手术并行一期吻合(腹腔镜下完成7例),20例行肿瘤切除并近端结肠造口术,术后病人均无严重并发症。26例经生长抑素持续静脉泵入治疗病人中,仅5例行一期吻合,无一例在腹腔镜下完成,术后1例出现肠瘘并发症。结论生长抑素联合经肛肠梗阻导管治疗对急性远端大肠恶性肠梗阻的老年病人安全有效,有较高的腹腔镜手术完成率及一期吻合成功率,降低了围手术期风险,避免了二次手术,减轻了病人的经济负担。     

经肛肠梗阻导管在左半结直肠肿瘤切除中的应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜联合经肛肠梗阻导管在左半结直肠肿瘤急性梗阻中的治疗价值。方法：将126例左半结直肠肿瘤急性梗阻病例随机分为2组,治疗组应用经肛肠梗阻导管行梗阻近段结肠减压、灌洗等治疗后,行腹腔镜手术并一期切除吻合;对照组按常规准备后手术治疗。结果：术后吻合口瘘发生率治疗组（1.6%）低于对照组（11.1%）,治疗组住院时间、总住院费用和术后第7 d血清白蛋白水平与对照组比较有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。结论：腹腔镜联合肠梗阻导管置入冲洗减压,在左半结直肠肿瘤急性梗阻中的应用安全、有效。     

乙状结肠梗阻32例诊治体会

目的探讨乙状结肠梗阻的治疗时机和方式。方法回顾分析收治的32例乙状结肠癌及乙状结肠扭转所致肠梗阻病人的临床资料。结果行Ⅰ期肠切除吻合24例,单纯近端结肠造瘘6例,2例经肛门插入减压管症状缓解后行Ⅰ期手术。术后切口感染6例(均为造瘘病人),无吻合口瘘,无手术死亡病例。结论乙状结肠梗阻病人,如一般情况好,无明显并发症,行Ⅰ期肠切除吻合是可行的,经肛门插入导管减压可以缓解症状,增加Ⅰ期肠切除吻合手术机会。     

左半结直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的急诊治疗策略

目的探讨左半结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的急诊治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2000-2006年哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院收治的36例左半结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的病例资料。结果行一期肠切除吻合27例,行姑息性结肠造口4例,另5例经肛门插入型肠梗阻导管减压去污后行一期手术。术后切口感染2例,无吻合口漏发生,无手术死亡病例。结论左半结、直肠癌致急性肠梗阻的急诊治疗中,对于选择性病人,一期肠切除吻合术是安全可行的;经肛门插入型肠梗阻导管结肠减压、灌洗去污是对一期肠切除吻合术的有效补充。     

经肛型肠梗阻导管在结直肠恶性梗阻中的应用

目的：探讨经肛型肠梗阻减压导管在结直肠恶性梗阻治疗中的应用价值。方法：应用经肛型肠梗阻导管对30例结肠癌伴肠梗阻患者行导管置入术,冲洗引流4～10 d后手术。结果：28例成功置入导管,成功率93.3%;2例因导丝无法通过狭窄部位,而转行急诊手术。成功的28例患者导管减压引流时间为4～10 d,平均（5.8±1.6）d。置入导管后（3.8±1.3）d患者腹痛、腹胀症状明显减轻。与入院时腹围（92.1±7.4）cm相比,手术时腹围缩小至（83.9±5.8）cm（P=0.013）。减压后96.4%（27/28）的患者行一期切除吻合,术后无吻合口瘘发生。结论：经肛型肠梗阻减压导管治疗结直肠恶性梗阻是安全、有效的,可作为治疗结直肠恶性梗阻的首选措施。     

左半结肠急性梗阻一期手术的探讨

目的　探讨左半结肠急性梗阻一期手术的方法及并发症的预防。方法　对 42例左半结肠急性梗阻的患者 ,术前静脉使用有效抗生素 ;术中结肠减压灌洗 ,吻合口无张力 ,吻合后上端空虚 ,下端通畅 ,吻合口血供可靠 ;术后维持内环境稳定 ,加强支持治疗。结果　切口感染 10例 ,小肠不全性肠梗阻 4例 ,未出现吻合口瘘等严重并发症。结论　左半结肠急性梗阻 ,经术前、术中及术后的正确的处理 ,一期手术是安全可行的     

经肛型肠梗阻导管置入联合外科手术治疗急性左半结直肠恶性梗阻

正结直肠癌是胃肠道常见恶性肿瘤。为减少结直肠癌患者术后吻合口瘘的发生,外科手术治疗多先行一期肿瘤切除、结肠造瘘术,再择期行二期肠吻合术,增加了患者痛苦及住院费用。本院采用经肛型肠梗阻导管置入联合外科手术治疗急性左半结直肠恶性梗阻患者36例,疗效显著,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料收集2009年1月—2017年6月在我     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.