咪唑安定在清醒镇静胃镜检查时最佳剂量的探讨

目的探讨咪唑安定在清醒镇静胃镜检查时最佳剂量,并观察其对呼吸循环的影响.方法360例胃镜检查患者(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级),随机分为对照组,咪唑安定0.04mg/kg组,咪唑安定0.06g/kg组,共3组,观察其镇静分级并记录脑电图双频指数分析(BIS值)、检查过程的遗忘程度、检查后感受情况、循环MAP,HR及指脉血氧饱和度(SpO2)的变化.结果0.06mg/kg咪啶安定组用于胃镜检查是安全有效的,效果明显优于未用药组和0.04mg/kg组,镇静程度明显,遗忘程度高(P＜0.01),无任何后遗症,对呼吸循环功能影响较小.结论清醒镇静胃镜检查时咪唑安定以0.06mg/kg为最佳剂量.     

咪唑安定清醒镇静术用于超声胃镜检查的护理

目的要使咪唑安定清醒镇静术安全有效用于超声胃镜检查，我们必须健全护理措施，提高安全护理意识及护理质量。方法术前除按胃镜常规护理外，还应做好呼吸、脉搏、心率、血氧饱和度等监测，准备抢救设备，维持静脉通道，缓慢推注咪唑安定。术中严密观察病情，特别是呼吸、脉搏、心率、血氧饱和度、镇静程度以及有无误吸、躁动等情况发生。术后继续观察病情并交代注意事项。结果1617例患者均在清醒镇静状态下完成检查，其中有138例使用了追加量，有48例在用药后5～10min出现一过性血氧饱和度低于90％。检查后一般30min恢复清醒。结论咪唑安定清醒镇静术用于超声胃镜检查是一种安全、舒适的新技术，它给内镜护士提出了新的护理要求。     

咪唑安定清醒镇静用于纤支镜检查及最佳剂量的探讨

目的：研究度冷丁50mg配伍不同剂量的咪唑安定用于支纤维的镇静作用及对呼吸循环的影响，并探讨其最佳剂量。方法：120例拟行支纤镜检患者（ASAI－Ⅱ级），随机分为对照组、度冷丁50mg 咪唑安定0.04mg/kg、度冷丁50mg 咪唑安定0.06mg/kg三组，观察其镇静分级，检查过程中的感受情况、遗忘程度，检查后的满意度，并记录检查中脑电图双频指数分析（BIS值）、血压、脉搏血氧饱和率及心电图的变化。结果：与对照组相比，度冷丁50mg 咪唑安定0.06mg/kg组的效果明显优于未用药组和度冷丁50mg 咪唑安定0.04mg/kg组，其镇静程度明显，遗忘程度高，对呼吸循环功能影响较小。结论：度冷丁50mg 咪唑安定0.06mg/kg用于清醒镇静支纤维镜检是完全有效的，且为最佳剂量。     

咪唑安定清醒镇静术用于超声胃镜检查的护理

目的要使咪唑安定清醒镇静术安全有效用于超声胃镜检查,我们必须健全护理措施,提高安全护理意识及护理质量.方法术前除按胃镜常规护理外,还应做好呼吸、脉搏、心率、血氧饱和度等监测,准备抢救设备,维持静脉通道,缓慢推注咪唑安定.术中严密观察病情,特别是呼吸、脉搏、心率、血氧饱和度、镇静程度以及有无误吸、躁动等情况发生.术后继续观察病情并交代注意事项.结果1 617例患者均在清醒镇静状态下完成检查,其中有138例使用了追加量,有48例在用药后5～10 min出现一过性血氧饱和度低于90%.检查后一般30 min恢复清醒.结论咪唑安定清醒镇静术用于超声胃镜检查是一种安全、舒适的新技术,它给内镜护士提出了新的护理要求.     

咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年病人胃镜检查的可行性研究

目的 研究咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年人胃镜检查的可行性及最佳剂量。方法 120例拟行胃镜检查的患者，年龄70～85岁，ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级。静注咪唑安定20μg／kg，以后每2min追加咪唑安定10μg／kg，并进行警觉／镇静评分，直至OAA／S评分降至3分止，即行胃镜检查。同时记录患者不同(OAA／S)评分时咪唑安定的用量。观察其镇静分级，记录检查中血压、脉搏、血氧饱和度的变化，以及在检查过程中的感受情况、遗忘程度、检查后的满意度。结果 咪唑安定用于老年患者胃镜检查是安全有效的，其镇静效果好，遗忘程度高，对呼吸循环影响小，无任何后遗症。结论 咪唑安定清醒镇静用于老年患者胃镜检查是安全有效的，但检查过程中应注意加强监测。     

不同剂量咪唑安定复合异丙酚用于胃镜检查清醒的临床观察

目的探讨咪唑安定在胃镜检查中与异丙酚复合的理想剂量。方法选择72例ASA I、II级行无痛胃镜检查的病人,随机分为A、B和C 3组,每组异丙酚1.5 mg/kg,芬太尼20 μg,咪唑安定分别为0.02、0.04和0.06 mg/kg。3组均于给药完毕开始记录至清醒的时间,根据OAA/S评分判定清醒级别。同时观察血压、心率、呼吸和SpO2及各种不良反应。结果A和B两组在10 min内I级清醒的患者数明显多于C组(P <0.01)。不良反应发生率A和C组明显高于B组(P <0.01)。结论0.04 mg/kg咪唑安定与异丙酚复合行胃镜检查较理想,检查过程平稳,能快速清醒,不良反应少。     

咪唑安定清醒镇静用于胃镜检查剂量与年龄相关性的探讨

目的探讨咪唑安定清醒镇静用于胃镜检查所需的剂量与年龄、性别的相关性,并观察其镇静效果及对呼吸循环的影响.方法210例胃镜检查患者,先给予咪唑安定0.02mg/kg,以后追加0.01mg/kg至OAA/S评分达3分止.记录所需咪唑定安剂量,并记录检查过程中MAP,HR,SpO2和BIS的变化及检查后患者的遗忘度、满意度.结果咪唑安定用于胃镜检查是安全有效的,其所需剂量与年龄呈明显负相关(男性γ=-0.784,女性γ=-0.762,P＜0.01),而与性别无相关性.结论咪唑安定清醒镇静用于胃镜检查所需剂量与年龄成负相关.     

舒芬太尼-咪唑安定静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞对血流动力学及麻醉后清醒的影响

目的:观察舒芬太尼-咪唑安定静脉全麻及复合硬膜外阻滞对血流动力学、静脉麻醉药用量及麻醉后清醒的影响。方法:32例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,择期行腹部、胸部手术病人随机分成Ⅰ组,舒芬太尼-咪唑安定静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(n=16);Ⅱ组,舒芬太尼-咪唑安定静脉全麻组(n=16)。观察血流动力学变化,比较静脉麻醉药用量、停静脉麻醉药后苏醒时间及术毕拔管时间、基本清醒时间。结果:两组气管插管前HR、SP、DP较诱导前明显下降(P<0.05),其它观察时点差异无显著性;静脉麻醉药用量,Ⅰ组少于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);停静脉麻醉药后苏醒时间及术毕拔管时间、基本清醒时间,Ⅰ组短于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼-咪唑安定静脉全麻及复合硬膜外阻滞,血流动力学均平稳,复合硬膜外阻滞能明显减少静脉麻醉药用量,缩短停静脉麻醉药后苏醒时间及术毕拔管时间、基本清醒时间。     

咪唑安定和舒芬太尼辅助局麻下输卵管结扎的应用

输卵管结扎术因其安全、可靠、简便、长效、创伤小等优点而被广大育龄妇女所接受，是目前国内外施行最为广泛的女性绝育方法。输卵管结扎一般在局部麻醉或全身麻醉下进行。与全身麻醉相比，局部麻醉费用低，不良反应小，恢复快，且手术医师在术中可通过牵拉输卵管反应而准确判断输卵管的位置，减少损伤肠管、     

舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚在老年患者无痛胃镜检查中的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚在老年患者无痛胃镜检查中的麻醉效果.方法 选择该院2008年1月～2010年1月行胃镜检查的患者160例,所有患者随机分为舒芬太尼+丙泊酚组(观察组)与芬太尼+丙泊酚组(对照组)各80例.观察组:10～15 s内缓慢静脉注射舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg,再于15 s内匀速泵注丙泊酚1mg/kg.患者入睡,睫毛反射消失,呼吸平稳后即行胃镜检查.对照组:10～15 s内缓慢静脉注射芬太尼0.5μg/kg,再于15 s内匀速泵注丙泊酚1 mg/kg诱导与维持麻醉.两组患者出现入镜时有呛咳以及明显体动反应时每次追加丙泊酚0.5 mg/kg以加深和维持麻醉.观察并记录两组检查前、检查中、检查后的血压(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SPO2)的变化及操作时间.结果 两组患者检查过程中HR、BP多在正常范围内下降(P＜0.05),两组SPO2变化组内、组间比较差异无显著性(p＞0.05).结论 舒芬太尼联合丙泊酚应用于老年患者无痛胃镜检查中镇痛效果好,安全舒适,无痛苦,在临床上应得到广泛推广.     

Safety and Clinical Effectiveness of Midazolam versus Propofol for Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review

Objectives:  To synthesize the evidence comparing the adverse event (AE) profile and clinical effectiveness of midazolam and propofol for procedural sedation (PS) in adults in the emergency care setting.
Methods:  The authors conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reporting the use of either midazolam and/or propofol for adult PS in the emergency department (ED). A systematic search strategy was developed and applied to six bibliographic reference databases. Three emergency medicine journals, the Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Newsletter, and conference proceedings were hand-searched. Retrieved articles were reviewed and data were abstracted using standardized data collection. Trial quality was assessed using the Jadad score. The outcomes assessed were the proportion of patients with AEs and the pooled mean difference in the proportion of patients with successful PS.
Results:  Of 229 articles identified, 28 met the inclusion criteria for the analysis of AEs. Only one major AE to PS was found, resulting in no statistically significant difference in the proportion of major AEs between agents. Four studies were RCTs that met the inclusion criteria for the analysis of clinical effectiveness. Two trials met criteria for good quality. The RCTs enrolled between 32 and 86 patients, and the most common indications for PS were orthopedic reductions and cardioversions. There was a nonsignificant difference in the proportion of patients with successful PS in favor of propofol (effect difference 2.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = –6.5 to 15.2).
Conclusions:  The authors found no significant difference in the safety profile and the proportion of successful PS between midazolam and propofol for adults in the ED.     

咪唑安定对机械通气患者长程镇静的疗效观察

目的 :观察咪唑安定在机械通气患者中的应用 ,评价其长程镇静效果。方法 :2 0例符合纳入和排除标准的长程机械通气患者 ,给予咪唑安定静脉注射泵持续泵入 ,负荷剂量 0 1～ 0 15mg/kg ,维持量 0 0 5～0 15mg/kg/h ,观察镇静评分 (Ramsayscore,RS)、血压、脉搏、脉搏血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )及呼吸频率的变化。结果 :所有对象在给予咪唑安定负荷剂量后 ,RS从 1级下降至 3～ 5级 ,达到很好的镇静要求 ,且在维持量下能保持镇静水平的稳定 ,总有效率 10 0 % ,患者循环系统各指标在用药前后和维持过程中均无明显差异 (P >0 0 1) ,自主呼吸频率用药后 (平均 18 0± 6 7次 /分 )与用药前 (平均 2 5 4± 10 7次 /分 )相比有明显改善 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :咪唑安定静脉持续注射对机械通气患者有很好的长程镇静效果 ,循环影响小 ,能很好地保持患者的自主呼吸与机械通气协调 ,减少人机对抗。     

A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Propofol versus Midazolam for Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department

Objectives:  To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of using propofol versus midazolam for procedural sedation (PS) in adults in the emergency department (ED).
Methods:  The authors conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the health care provider. The primary outcome was the incremental cost (or savings) to achieve one additional successful sedation with propofol compared to midazolam. A decision model was developed in which the clinical effectiveness and cost of a PS strategy using either agent was estimated. The authors derived estimates of clinical effectiveness and risk of adverse events (AEs) from a systematic review. The cost of each clinical outcome was determined by incorporating the baseline cost of the ED visit, the cost of the drug, the cost of labor of physicians and nurses, the cost and probability of an AE, and the cost and probability of a PS failure. A standard meta-analytic technique was used to calculate the weighted mean difference in recovery times and obtain mean drug doses from patient-level data from a randomized controlled trial. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the uncertainty around the estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using Monte Carlo simulation.
Results:  Choosing a sedation strategy with propofol resulted in average savings of $17.33 (95% confidence interval [CI] = $24.13 to $10.44) per sedation performed. This resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of –$597.03 (95% credibility interval –$6,434.03 to $6,113.57) indicating savings of $597.03 per additional successful sedation performed with propofol. This result was driven by shorter recovery times and was robust to all sensitivity analyses performed.
Conclusions:  These results indicate that using propofol for PS in the ED is a cost-saving strategy.     

右美托咪定对局麻下甲状腺手术患者清醒镇静的效果评价

目的:评价右美托咪定用于局麻下甲状腺手术患者清醒镇静的效果。方法:择期拟行甲状腺手术患者80例随机分为对照组(n=40)和研究组(n=40),研究组静脉注射右美托咪定,负荷量0.5μg/kg,再以0.6μg·kg-1·h-1的速率持续静脉输注,对照组给予同容量的生理盐水。手术开始时由术者以1%普鲁卡因术野局部浸润麻醉。术中两组患者每20 min间断追加芬太尼0.5μg/kg,必要时重复。记录两组手术时间、术中BP、HR和Sp O2的变化情况及辅助使用芬太尼的剂量。记录入室时(T1)、手术开始时(T2)、手术开始后30 min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)测定血糖的变化。以Ramsay镇静评分法评价患者的镇静程度。结果:两组患者均无呼吸抑制,术中研究组患者Ramsay镇静评分为3-4分,对照组患者Ramsay镇静评分为2分,两组患者均能呼之则应,保持发声。与对照组比较,研究组在T2、T3、T4等时间点血糖明显降低(P0.05);研究组术中心动过速及高血压发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05),术中芬太尼使用量明显降低(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定用于局麻下甲状腺手术患者清醒镇静的效果良好。     

Comparing Diazepam Plus Fentanyl With Midazolam Plus Fentanyl in the Moderate Procedural Sedation of Anterior Shoulder Dislocations: A Randomized Clinical Trial

BackgroundThe reduction of shoulder dislocation requires adequate procedural sedation and analgesia. The mixture of midazolam and fentanyl is reported in the literature, but long-acting benzodiazepines in conjunction with fentanyl are lacking.Study ObjectiveOur aim was to compar e IV diazepam with IV midazolam in moderate procedural sedation (based on the classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists) for the reduction of shoulder dislocation.MethodsThis was a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted from April 2019 to December 2019 in the emergency department of a university-affiliated hospital in Tehran, Iran. Participants were adult patients (aged 18–65 years) with anterior shoulder dislocation. Group A (n = 42) received diazepam 0.1 mg/kg plus fentanyl 1 μg/kg IV and group B received midazolam 0.1 mg/kg plus fentanyl 1 μg g/kg IV. Main outcomes measured were onset of muscle relaxation, time taken to reduction, total procedure time, number of the reduction attempts, patient recovery time, the occurrence of the adverse effects, amount of the pain reported by the patients using visual analog scale, and patients and physicians overall satisfaction with the procedure using a Likert scale question.ResultsEighty-one patients were included. The mean ± standard deviation time of the onset of the muscle relaxation and time taken to reduction was shorter in the diazepam plus fentanyl group (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively). Adverse effects and pain relief were not statistically different between the two groups. Patient recovery time and total procedure time was shorter in the midazolam plus fentanyl group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.02, respectively). The overall satisfaction of patients and physicians was higher in the diazepam plus fentanyl group.ConclusionsAs compared with midazolam plus fentanyl, diazepam plus fentanyl was superior in terms of the onset of the muscle relaxation, patient and physician satisfaction, and time taken to reduction.     

丙泊酚在胃镜检查中的应用

目的:研究丙泊酚在胃镜检查中的镇静效果和安全性。方法:行两次胃镜检查(为消化性溃疡、慢性萎缩性胃炎等疾病的初查与复查)患者248例,1次予丙泊酚镇静(镇静组),1次予常规检查(对照组)。比较两次检查中患者的反应和感受、操作时间、清醒时间;观察患者检查前、中、后平均动脉压、心率和血氧饱和度的变化。结果:镇静组98.79%无不适,对照组33.06%无不适(P<0.01)。镇静组咳嗽、躁动、恶心呕吐、咽喉不适的发生率分别为1.21%、0.4%0、%、0%,明显低于对照组(分别为12.90%、14.52%、66.94%、42.34%,P<0.01)。镇静组的清醒时间为(7.2±2.3)min,检查中有血压下降、心率减慢,但检查结束后迅速恢复至检查前水平。结论:胃镜检查中应用丙泊酚镇静是一种安全有效的方法。     

Comparison of Intravenous Midazolam with Pentobarbital for Sedation for Head Computed Tomography Imaging

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) midazolam with that of IV pentobarbital when used for sedation for head computed tomography (CT) imaging in emergency department (ED) pediatric patients. METHODS: Prospective, randomized clinical trial in an urban children's hospital. During a two-and-a-half-year period, 55 patients were enrolled: 34 males and 21 females. Measurements included induction time, recovery time, efficacy, side effects, complications, and failure with each drug. Success of sedation was graded as good (GS), adequate (AS), poor (PS), or unsuccessful (US). RESULTS: Sedation for CT was used for patients with the following problems: head trauma (21/55), central nervous system pathology (17/55), ventriculoperitoneal shunt evaluation (6/55), periorbital cellulitis (6/55), and retropharyngeal abscess (5/55). Twenty-nine (53%) patients received pentobarbital (mean +/- SD dose 3.75 +/- 1. 10 mg/kg) and 26 (47%) patients received midazolam (mean +/- SD dose 0.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg). In the pentobarbital group, 28 (97%) patients were scanned and successfully sedated. Pentobarbital's mean induction time was 6 minutes and duration of sedation averaged 86 minutes. In the midazolam group, only five (19%) patients were successfully scanned with midazolam alone. Of the 21 (81%) patients given midazolam who were unsuccessfully sedated, 12 (61%) were subsequently sedated with the addition of pentobarbital for completion of CT imaging. Mild oxygen desaturation, O(2) sat >90% yet <94%, was seen in only four patients. All four patients responded to blow-by oxygen and required no other intervention. CONCLUSION: Intravenous pentobarbital is more effective than IV midazolam for sedation of children requiring CT imaging.     

力月西在机械通气中的应用

目的:观察力月西在重症监护室(ICU)机械通气患者中镇静效果及作用。方法:收集住ICU机械通气需采用力月西镇静治疗42例患者,观察镇静效果及动态监测给药前、后呼吸、循环参数的变化,并与治疗前进行比较。结果:力月西镇静治疗后,少数患者刚开始血压有所下降但很快恢复正常,所有患者心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度、氧分压、氧合指数明显改善(P<0.05)。结论:力月西在机械通气患者中根据患者情况调整给药速度和量及时间,是机械通气患者较理想的镇静剂。