西安市"三凉食品"卫生标准修订报告

目的 修订西安市“三凉食品”卫生标准。方法 在卫生状况较好的饮食单位采集了：199份“三凉食品”，通过对样品的检验分析重新验证pH值、细菌总数、大肠菌群这3项指标的可行性。结果 原标准中制定的细菌总数≤30000个／g、大肠菌群≤30MPN／100g两项指标可行性差；经检验细菌总数与pH值无直线相关关系，r=0．1877。结论 建议把“三凉食品”卫生标准中细菌总数定为≤50000个／g，大肠菌群定为≤100MPN／100g安全可行；建议取消pH值指标。     

广东省色拉类食品微生物污染情况调查分析

目的调查广东省色拉类食品卫生质量及微生物污染情况,为制定色拉类食品的卫生标准提供参考依据。方法2004年6月至2005年7月,以现场抽查方式对广东省4个城市共37家宾馆、酒楼、西餐厅、西式快餐连锁店、歌舞厅、咖啡厅的色拉食品、色拉酱、制作用具共298份样品,按国家标准方法(GB/T4789-2003)进行菌落总数、酵母计数、大肠菌群、致病菌检测及对现场制作环境进行卫生学调查分析。结果219份色拉食品的菌落总数、大肠菌群和酵母菌的几何均数分别为3.2×103cfu/g、370MPN/100 g和920 cfu/g,检出6株单增李斯特菌和2株金黄色葡萄球菌;68份色拉制作用品用具的菌落总数和酵母菌的几何均数分别为270 cfu/cm2、74 cfu/cm2,大肠菌群的阳性率为55.9%;11份色拉酱的菌落总数、大肠菌群和酵母菌的几何均数分别为320 cfu/g、<30MPN/100 g和1.3×104cfu/g。结论色拉类食品受微生物污染极为严重,污染主要来自原料和厨房的二次污染。色拉食品、色拉酱和制作用品用具的酵母菌污染情况严重,建议卫生标准增加单增李斯特菌和酵母计数两个项目。     

市售桶装矿泉水和纯净水微生物学指标检测结果

为了解鄂尔多斯市售桶装矿泉水和纯净水微生物指标的卫生质量,笔者于2004—2006年采集该市桶装水厂家生产的桶装矿泉水、纯净水共312件。依据GB8538—1995和GB4789—1994进行检验。依据瓶(桶)装饮用矿泉水、纯净水卫生标准进行评价,矿泉水菌落总数:≤50 cfu/ml;纯净水菌落总数:≤20 cfu/ml;瓶(桶)装纯净水总大肠菌群:<3 MPN/100 ml,每100 ml桶装矿泉水不得检出总大肠菌群,其中1项不合格者为不合格产品。     

成都市串串香即食辣椒面的微生物污染状况调查

目的 调查并获得成都市中心城区串串香即食辣椒面的微生物污染现状最新资料,为即食辣椒面卫生政策的制定提供依据。 方法 采用多重（整群分层）抽样方法,于不同季节采集成都中心城区不同档次“串串香”餐馆的即食辣椒面70份,依据GB 4789标准检测其细菌菌落总数、霉菌菌落总数、大肠菌群数量及常见致病菌（志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌）。 结果 即食辣椒面的细菌菌落总数在3.00×102～8.70×106 cfu/g之间,霉菌菌落总数在1.50×102～3.20×105 cfu/g之间,大肠菌群数≥3×104 MPN/100 g者占42.86%,致病菌未检出。不同季节所采样品的细菌菌落总数间差异有统计学意义（F=3.175,P=0.03）,不同餐馆档次所采样品的霉菌菌落总数间差异有统计学意义（F=8.319,P=0.005）;各季节辣椒面样品的细菌与霉菌带菌量显著相关（r=0.340,P=0.006）。 结论 即食辣椒面受细菌、霉菌、大肠菌群污染情况不容乐观,应加大对成都特色小吃餐饮业的卫生监管力度。     

3M微生物测试片检测入境船舶压舱水卫生学指标的探讨

[目的]探讨快速、便捷的船舶压舱水卫生学指标检测方法,为制定有效的入境船舶压舱水卫生监管措施,保护我国水域卫生安全提供可靠的依据。[方法]用3Mpetrifilm~[TM]细菌总数测试片和大肠菌群测试片对入境船舶压舱水样品进行检测。用国家标准《大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群证实实验》(GB/T 4789．3—2003)进行验证。[结果] 52份来自韩国和日本入境船舶压舱水中细菌总数超过2 000个/ml的14份,占检测总数的26．9％；大肠菌群阳性的2份,阳性率3．9％。[结论]用3M微生物测试片对入境压舱水进行检测,细菌总数测试片使用方便,易于计数,能反应每毫升压舱水中真实的细菌总数；普通大肠菌群测试片,大肠菌群易于辨认和计数,但与我国现行方法比较,其加样量小,可能存在较多的漏检情况,建议使用滤膜过滤方法。     

2004年新乡市部分冰淇淋生产厂生产环节微生物污染状况与控制效果分析

[目的]分析冰淇淋生产的微生物污染主要环节,找出相应的控制措施。[方法]2004年6 月,在新乡市选取10家冰淇淋生产厂家,对6个环节进行整改前后细菌菌落总数、大肠菌群检测。[结果]整改前,冷却后比均质后、老化后比冷却后、灌模后比老化后、包装后比灌模后,菌落总数分别增加220、110、1 300、2 650 cfu/ml,大肠菌群分别增加30、10、70、70 MPN/100 ml;整改后灌模后比老化后、包装后比灌模后,菌落总数分别增加580、1 350 cfu/ml,大肠菌群分别增加30、60 MPN/100 ml。[结论]冷却、老化、灌模、包装是冰淇淋生产过程中微生物污染的主要环节,应加强对这4 个环节的工艺改造和消毒管理。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区部分肉和肉制品的细菌学评价

目的：对阿拉尔地区部分肉及肉制品进行细菌学评价，为消费者提供健康和安全的饮食标准。方法：对新疆阿拉尔片区部分肉制品进行随机抽样，分别进行细菌菌落总数和大肠菌群的测定，并将分离的细菌进行血清学鉴定和动物回归试验，观察所分离的大肠杆菌的致病力。结果：检测结果表明：该地区部分肉及肉制品的细菌菌落总数和大肠菌群与国标的细菌菌落总数和大肠菌群（MPN）对比得出：新鲜生肉、卤肉的细菌菌落总数合格率均为100％，大肠菌群（MPN）合格率分别为100％和80％，通过血清学鉴定和动物回归试验表明生肉和卤肉中分离的部分大肠杆菌有很强的致病力。结论：虽然该地区的肉及肉制品的细菌菌落总数和大肠菌群的合格率平均为80％，但是动物回归试验显示所分离的部分大肠杆菌仍具有很强的致病力，因此可见该地区部分肉及肉制品安全性还是令消费者担忧的。     

龙岩市某单位集中式供水水源污染后消毒处理效果动态观察

[目的]了解某单位集中式供水水源微生物污染后的消毒效果。[方法]2004年4～5月对深井水水源和供水管网进行加氯滞留消毒,然后抽排水;动态检测微生物污染指标,观察饮水人群胃肠炎发病情况。[结果]深井水水源污染后,水源水细菌总数2800cfu/ml,大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群>1600MPN/100ml,经过连续5d加氯滞留消毒,第22d细菌总数与粪大肠菌群已符合生活饮用水水质卫生要求,第34d起微生物指标全部符合卫生要求;水源污染后管网末梢水细菌总数3500cfu/ml,大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群>1600MPN/100ml),消毒后第3d就已符合卫生要求。饮用深井水的1218人中,4月1～5日先后有378人发生急性胃肠炎,4月6日开始无新发病人出现。[结论]对水源及供水管网进行有效氯加量滞留消毒,然后抽排水,连续数天,具有明显的消毒效果。     

淮河干流水体微生物指标的检测与分析

目的 了解淮河干流水体微生物污染状况以及各微生物指标的时空分布规律.方法 分别于2010年8月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)采集淮河上游(淮滨)、中游(淮南、蚌埠)和下游(小柳巷、盱眙)五个城市岸边和江心水样,对水样中总大肠菌群、细菌总数、粪大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌指标以及水温、pH值进行检测.结果 丰、枯水期总大肠菌群检出范围分别为1.45× 103～2.80× 104 cfu/100 ml和5.00×102～1.95×104 cfu/1 00 ml,细菌总数检出范围分别为3.25×104-4.85×10 cfu/100 ml和1.30×104～3.55×105 cfu/100 ml;丰水、枯水两期总大肠菌群和细菌总数的最大值均出现在淮河蚌埠段,丰水期水样检出的总大肠菌群和细菌总数均显著高于枯水期(P＜0.05).总大肠菌群数和细菌总数呈正相关(P＜0.01),总大肠菌群数和细菌总数均与水温呈正相关(P＜0.05).丰水期粪大肠菌群的检出范围为3.50×102～4.00×103cfu/100 ml,最大值出现在淮南段.丰水期肠球菌检出率显著高于枯水期(P＜0.01).结论 淮河淮南段和蚌埠段微生物污染较其他断面严重,微生物指标呈现一定的时空分布规律.     

一起水源性腹泻暴发的调查

目的 了解一起腹泻暴发事件的发生原因，以便采取控制措施，防止事态的进一步发展。方法 对事故现场供水情况进行监督检查，对住户集中询问，采集水样及病人粪便进行实验室检查。结果 发病人数68人，罹患率6．8％，小区内部管网及二次供水5份水样均超标，细菌总数、大肠菌群最高达2000cfu／ml和350MPN／100ml并检出气单胞菌。小区外围市政供水4个检测点细菌总数及大肠菌群、游离性余氯均不符合国家《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》要求。结论 此为一起气单胞菌污染供水管网所致的水源性腹泻暴发事件。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.