不同气候模式下我国长角血蜱潜在适生区预测

［摘要］　目的　分析环境和气候因子对我国长角血蜱适生区分布的影响,并预测不同气候模式下长角血蜱的潜在分布区。方法　从文献中获取我国长角血蜱分布点信息,结合环境和气候因子数据,运用MaxEnt最大熵模型,分析年均温、昼夜温差日均值、等温性、温度季节性变化标准差、最暖月最高温、最冷月最低温、年均温变化范围、最湿季度平均温度、最干季度平均温度、最暖季度平均温度、最冷季度平均温度、年均降水量、最湿月降水量、最干月降水量、降水量变异系数、最湿季度降水量、最干季度降水量、最暖季度降水量、最冷季度降水量等19个气候因子及海拔、坡度、坡向、植被覆盖率等4个环境因子对长角血蜱潜在分布的影响,并预测当前和未来不同气候模式下（RCP 2.6和RCP 8.5）长角血蜱潜在地理分布区。结果　在影响我国长角血蜱地理分布的环境和气候因子中,贡献率均超过10%的因子主要包括最干月降水量（26.0%）、年均温（11.2%）、年均降水量（10.0%）和海拔（24.2%）。当前气候模式下,我国长角血蜱高、中、低适生区面积分别为123.19万、169.62万、185.44万km2。在RCP 2.6气候模式下,2050和2070年我国长角血蜱分布区面积分别增加33.61万km2和36.73万km2;在RCP 8.5气候模式下,2050年和2070年我国长角血蜱分布区面积分别增加38.10万km2 和35.80万km2。结论　降水、温度和海拔等气候和环境因子对我国长角血蜱分布区影响较大;在未来不同气候模式下,我国长角血蜱适生区面积均可能增加。     

长三角城市群蜱媒分布及适生区分析

目的　了解目前长三角城市群蜱媒分布,并对2070年该地区蜱媒适生区进行预测,为该地区蜱媒控制和蜱传疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　检索国内外公开发表的有关长三角城市群蜱媒及病原体分布的文献,提取蜱媒分布地理位置信息,采用刀切法分析最湿季平均温度、最冷季降水量、最干季平均温度、最热月最高温度、最干月降水量、最冷月最低温度、年降水量、平均日间温度范围、降水量季节变化、温度年度范围、温度季节性、年均温度、最暖季平均温度、最湿季降水量、等温性、最冷季平均温度、最湿月降水量、最干季降水量和最暖季降水量等19种气候因子对蜱媒分布的影响。采用最大熵模型分析2020年该地区蜱媒分布,并结合气候因子对2070年蜱媒适生区变化进行预测。结果　共检索中英文文献380篇,累计提取蜱媒分布点148个,并筛选出135个分布点进行研究。长三角城市群存在包括血蜱、扇头蜱、硬蜱、革蜱、牛蜱、璃眼蜱、花蜱在内的7属27种蜱。影响长三角城市群蜱媒分布的气候因子主要为最湿季平均温度和最冷季降水量,其贡献率分别为26.1%和23.6%。2020年,长三角城市群蜱媒高、中、低适生区面积分别为20 337.08、40 017.38、74 931.43 km2。受气候变化影响,2070年蜱媒适生区呈向南部扩大趋势,适生区总面积将增加1.81万km2,高、中、低适生区面积分别扩大至24 317.84、45 283.02、83 766.38 km2。结论　长三角城市群蜱媒种类繁多、分布广泛,未来气候变化可能导致该地区蜱媒分布区域扩大。     

内蒙古奇乾地区媒介蜱携带伯氏疏螺旋体的调查研究

目的了解内蒙古奇乾地区媒介蜱携带伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferii,B.b)的感染情况。方法用布旗法采集游离蜱,利用PCR和基因测序法对媒介蜱标本中B.b的感染进行检测和基因分型。结果采集媒介蜱共320只,其中全沟硬蜱293只(91.56%),森林革蜱22只(6.88%),嗜群血蜱5只(1.56%)。媒介蜱B.b阳性携带率为26.88%,可携带B.garinii、B.afzelii和B.miyamotoi 3种基因型。其中全沟硬蜱、森林革蜱和嗜群血蜱B.b阳性携带率分别为29.01%(85/293)、4.55%(1/22)、0(0/5)。结论内蒙古奇乾地区全沟硬蜱为优势蜱种,携带B.b基因型存在多样性,应引起公共卫生部门的高度重视。     

吉林省延边地区自然生境内蜱种类的调查

目的调查吉林省延边地区自然生境内蜱的种类和分布。方法 2014年5—7月在延边地区龙井市、珲春市、延吉市3个市的6个调查位点用布旗法采集游离蜱类样本,显微镜下依据经典蜱类形态学种属鉴定蜱的种类。结果共采集的蜱280只,隶属2属2种,其中长角血蜱占94.64%(265/280)、全沟硬蜱占5.36%(15/280)。龙井市采集的86只蜱中,长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱的比例分别为83.72%(72/86)和16.28%(14/86);珲春市采集的187只蜱中,长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱的比例分别为99.47%(186/187)和0.53%(1/187);延吉市采集的7只蜱全部是长角血蜱。结论延边地区自然生境内主要以长角血蜱和全沟硬蜱为主,长角血蜱是优势蜱。     

从新疆全沟硬蜱中分离出莱姆病病病原体的报告

1986年艾承绪等在我国东北林区居民中发现了莱姆(Lyme)病,并从全沟硬蜱(Irodes persulcatus)中分离到莱姆病病原体Borrelia burgdorferi。鉴于新疆天山林区广泛分布着全沟硬蜱,我们于1987年5月下旬在天山林区进行了有关莱姆病的初步调查。 标本和螺旋体分离:所获标本为全沟硬蜱采自新疆玛纳斯县天山北麓林间灌丛中。将标本分组在实验室进行螺旋体分离,每19只全沟硬蜱为一组,置75％酒精中浸泡10分钟,然后以灭菌的pH7.4、0.01M的PBS洗涤3次,置无菌乳钵中研磨并加1.5毫升PBS使之悬浮,自然沉降5分钟后取上清液0.3毫升,接种于2管稍加改变的选择性     

塞罕坝自然保护区硬蜱调查及分子鉴定

目的掌握河北省承德市塞罕坝自然保护区内硬蜱种类及其分子特征,明确该地区蜱类的分类地位,为相关蜱媒传染病的防控制提供参考。方法 2018年4-9月间,采用布旗法捕捉该地区森林、草地、灌丛3种生境内自由生活的蜱类;提取蜱基因组,PCR扩增2种硬蜱的线粒体16S rDNA和COⅠ基因片段,并进行同源性分析。基于邻接法和最大简约法,用Mega 7.0软件分别构建系统发生树,进行遗传进化分析。结果在植被上共采集蜱231头,分为1科2属2种,其中全沟硬蜱212头,嗜群血蜱19头。PCR扩增嗜群血蜱标本(QS11)16S rDNA和COⅠ扩增基因片段长度分别是434 bp和712 bp,全沟硬蜱标本(QG13)16S rDNA、COⅠ基因片段长度是445 bp、735 bp。嗜群血蜱标本和全沟硬蜱标本的16S rDNA序列、COⅠ序列与GenBank中已登录的2种硬蜱对应基因聚类,且在一个进化分支上;嗜群血蜱标本16S rDNA、COⅠ序列与已登录嗜群血蜱相同基因序列的同源性分别为98.2%和98.1%,遗传距离分别为0.035和0.028;全沟硬蜱2个基因与已登录基因的同源性分别为98.3%和97.4%,遗传距离分别为0.067和0.104。结论塞罕坝自然保护区内优势蜱种是全沟硬蜱且存在嗜群血蜱。两蜱种16S rDNA、COⅠ与序列存在多样性和地域差异性。     

从内蒙采集的全沟硬蜱中分离出莱姆病病原体

1989年5月在内蒙呼盟莫尔道嘎林区采集到游离的全沟硬蜱(Ixodes persulcatus)和草原革蜱(Dermacentor nuttalli)。从一组全沟硬蜱(20只)中分离出一株螺旋体,经形态及免疫学初步鉴定,为伯氏疏螺旋体。从而,在病原学上提示,内蒙可能也存在莱姆病自然疫源地。     

江苏省东台市发现寄生于人体的全沟硬蜱

全沟硬蜱(Ixodes persulcatus)文献记载我国仅分布于东北、甘肃和新疆等地。今在江苏省东台市发现,且为寄生于人体的病例。 患者:男,5岁,患儿子1988年5月4日下午洗澡时,其母发现其左腋窝有一饭粒大小异物蠕动,急送至乡卫生院就诊。经诊医生将标本送东台市卫生防疫站鉴定为全沟硬蜱。该标本长6mm,宽4.5     

吉林省桦甸与磐石两市蜱类调查

在桦甸、磐石两市捕获蜱类均为森林革蜱、全沟硬蜱和日本血蜱。每年游离蜱出现时间在3月下旬至4月上旬，随青草出芽而活动，4月中旬至5月下旬达到活动高峰。     

新疆博尔塔拉和伊犁地区蜱类区系考察

本文报道了1990年4月3日至5月9日在博尔塔拉自治州的博乐、温泉和伊犁地区的察布查尔、新源、巩留、特克斯和昭苏等7县15个点,在北纬42°30′～45°15′,东经79°55′～84°35′,之间蜱类区系的考察结果。在此期间共获蜱类2700余只,结合既往的标本和资料,共记述该地区已知蜱类7属23种的采集地点、宿主及与疾病的关系。其中全沟硬蜱、边缘革蜱、森林革蜱、草原革蜱和残缘璃眼蜱的数量占优势,分布亦较广。业已证实,全沟硬蜱是森林脑炎和莱姆病的重要传播媒介,从边缘革蜱和草原革蜱体内已分离到土拉伦斯菌和蜱媒斑点热的病原体。     

气候变化对我国微小扇头蜱分布区的影响

目的 分析影响我国微小扇头蜱地理分布的环境因子及微小扇头蜱在我国的潜在适生区,分析气候变化对我国微小扇头蜱分布的影响.方法 检索我国微小扇头蜱地理分布相关的国内外公开发表文献,提取地理位置信息.结合环境因子,应用ArcGIS 10.7软件和最大熵模型,对微小扇头蜱在我国的适生区分布和影响其分布的主导环境因子进行预测.结...     

环境因子对我国卵形硬蜱适生区分布的影响研究

目的 探索影响卵形硬蜱适生区分布的环境因子及未来环境变化对卵形硬蜱适生区分布的影响.方法 通过文献检索获取我国已知卵形硬蜱分布点数据,结合环境因子数据,运用最大熵模型对卵形硬蜱适生区分布进行模拟,并根据2050、2070年环境数据对卵形硬蜱适生区分布变化进行预测.结果 目前我国卵形硬蜱适生区面积为311.0万km2,占...     

Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in northwestern China

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), has a wide distribution in China with its northwestern limits among seven provinces. During 2006-2008, distribution information was collected in 33 urban and rural areas in those boundary provinces by collecting larvae or adult mosquito from different breeding sites. Additional information of seven sites was gathered from local health authorities. Three generally accepted climatic delineations affecting distribution of the species were studied for the northwestern distribution using a geographic information system software (ArcGIS). Climatic analysis showed that the annual mean temperature higher than 11°C, the mean temperature of the coldest month, January, higher than -5°C, and the annual precipitation above 500 mm covered almost all the confirmed areas and the seasonal expansion reached areas with nearly -10°C of the mean January temperature. As a main vector of dengue fever virus in a large part of China, where Aedes aegypti is absent, Ae. albopictus is also responsible for the risk for future epidemic of dengue fever and other viral diseases in China.     

Environmental Determinants of the Distribution of Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma dimidiata in Colombia

Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a secondary vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Colombia and represents an important epidemiological risk mainly in the central and oriental regions of the country where it occupies sylvatic, peridomestic, and intradomestic ecotopes, and because of this complex distribution, its distribution and abundance could be conditioned by environmental factors. In this work, we explored the relationship between T. dimidiata distribution and environmental factors in the northwest, northeast, and central zones of Colombia and developed predictive models of infestation in the country. The associations between the presence of T. dimidiata and environmental variables were studied using logistic regression models and ecological niche modeling for a sample of villages in Colombia. The analysis was based on the information collected in field about the presence of T. dimidiata and the environmental data for each village extracted from remote sensing images. The presence of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811) was found to be significantly associated with the maximum vegetation index, minimum land surface temperature (LST), and the digital elevation for the statistical model. Temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and vegetation index were the variables that most influenced the ecological niche model of T. dimidiata distribution. The logistic regression model showed a good fit and predicted suitable habitats in the Andean and Caribbean regions, which agrees with the known distribution of the species, but predicted suitable habitats in the Pacific and Orinoco regions proposing new areas of research. Improved models to predict suitable habitats for T. dimidiata hold promise for spatial targeting of integrated vector management.     

骚扰阿蚊扩散 种群动态及适生区分析

目的 目的 了解骚扰阿蚊 （Armigeres subalbatus） 在我国的扩散趋势及种群变化, 同时预测其潜在适生区。 方法 方法 野外调查获得标本, 查对馆藏标本相关记录, 结合文献报道分析骚扰阿蚊扩散及种群动态趋势。整理骚扰阿蚊分布记 录, 结合20个环境相关变量, 建立生态小生境模型, 比较其潜在适生区的变化。通过ROC曲线分析检验模型准确性, 利 用刀切法逐一分析环境变量贡献值。 结果 结果 野外调查在山东潍坊及威海地区发现骚扰阿蚊新分布点。结合文献及馆 藏标本分析发现该物种正逐渐向古北界华北区扩散, 目前已接近北纬42°地区, 部分地区种群已逐渐发展为区域主要物 种。本研究收集并整理了骚扰阿蚊相关资料, 共获得294个分布记录。研究以2000年为时间分隔, 运用Maxent软件分 别构建了2000年和2016年的分布预测模型, 发现2016年的预测分布范围较2000年已明显向北推移, 即骚扰阿蚊的潜在 适生区呈向北扩大的趋势。模型检验ROC分析结果显示两个模型AUC值分别为0.980和0.982, 模型可信度极高。刀切 法分析结果表明最暖季度平均湿度、 最湿月份湿度和最湿季度湿度对预测骚扰阿蚊的分布具有重要影响。 结论 结论 骚扰 阿蚊种群分布向北逐渐扩散, 气候变暖可能是造成扩散的原因。该物种的扩散一定程度影响当地蚊种组成, 同时可能会 增加部分蚊媒疾病传播的风险。     

Seroprevalence of tularemia in rural Azerbaijan

A representative, two-stage probability sampling design was used to select 40 villages in northern Azerbaijan with populations of <500 people to screen for evidence of prior infection with Francisella tularensis. Informed consent was provided, and samples were obtained from 796 volunteers and tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. F. tularensis seropositivity was prevalent (15.5% of volunteers), but there was minimal reporting of signs and symptoms consistent with clinical tularemia, suggesting that mild or asymptomatic infection commonly occurs. Frequently seeing rodents around the home was a risk factor for seropositivity (POR?=?1.6, p?=?0.03), controlling for age and gender. Geospatial analysis identified associations between village-level tularemia prevalence and suitable tick habitats, annual rainfall, precipitation in the driest quarter, and altitude. This study contributes to the growing understanding of the geographic distribution of tularemia and provides further information on the climatic and landscape conditions that increased the potential for exposure to this pathogen. The potential occurrence of asymptomatic or mild F. tularensis infection warrants further study.     

Climate change and potential distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran: Horizon 2030 and 2050

Objective: To investigate and predict the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of the main vector and reservoir hosts of the disease in Yazd province in the future.Methods: Distribution data for vector and reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yazd province were obtained from earlier studies conducted in the area.MaxEnt ecological niche modeling was used to predict environmental suitability.BCC-CSM1-1(m) model and two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were used for horizons 2030 and 2050 climate projections.Future projections were based on data of a regional climate change model.Results: With both scenarios in 2030 and 2050, the results of jackknife test indicated that the mean temperature of wettest quarter and temperature annual range had the greatest effect on the model for the vector and the reservoir hosts, respectively.Conclusions: The climate conditions are the major determinants of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence rate in Yazd Province.These climate conditions provide favorable habitats for ease transmission of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in this endemic area.Habitats suitability for the vector and reservoir will be expanding in the coming years compared with the current conditions, such that, in horizon 2030 2050, the probability of the presence of the vector and reservoir within 38 580 and 37 949 km~2, respectively, from Yazd province is above 60%.Moreover, an increase is predicted in the presence of the vector in the western parts and the reservoir in the northern and central parts of the province in the future.Understanding the role of environmental and bioclimatic factors in zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis occurrence can provide a guide for policy-makers in the creation and implementation of more effective policies for prevention and control.     

Ecology of Amblyomma neumanni (Acari: Ixodidae)

The life cycle of Amblyomma neumanni was described studying the seasonal distribution of free-living stages and parasitic phases during two consecutive years. Development periods of engorged ticks under different photoperiod conditions were recorded. Larvae of A. neumanni have the peak of abundance in autumn. Nymphs reach the peak in winter. Females were collected on cattle from autumn to late spring. The seasonal distribution pattern of females showed a bimodal curve, with a peak in autumn and other during early and middle spring. The engorged females exposed at shortest photoperiod regimen (10 h light-14 h dark) under both laboratory and field conditions undergo morphogenetic diapause, expressed as a delay in the oviposition. It is concluded that females of A. neumanni that feed and copulate in autumn undergo morphogenetic diapause, and they will lay eggs in spring, simultaneously with the females that feed and copulate in this season. Climate niche analysis shows that adequate suitability for A. neumanni depends mainly from temperature (mean, absolute maximum and minimum, and mean temperature in wettest and driest quarters) as well as from rainfall in warmest and coldest quarters. Sequences of 16S rDNA gene belonging to different populations of A. neumanni, showed no intraspecific genetic differentiation.