The effects of ideal-real self discrepancy and irrational belief on self acceptance]

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of positive ideal-real self discrepancy, negative ideal-real self discrepancy, and irrational belief on self acceptance. A total of 464 university and vocational school students, an average of 21.1 years old, participated. Results confirmed the prediction that the smaller the positive ideal-real discrepancy, and the larger negative ideal-real discrepancy, the higher is the self acceptance score. It was also found that the effects of the positive ideal-real self discrepancy depended on the intensity of irrational belief, and the belief was thus a moderator of the effect. On the other hand, the intensity of irrational belief did not moderate the effect of negative ideal-real self discrepancy. Finally, the findings were discussed in relation to the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic and counseling efforts to enhance self acceptance.     

Effects of discrepancy between imagined and perceived sounds on the N2 component of the event‐related potential

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether the N2 component of the event‐related potential (ERP), typically elicited in a S1‐S2 matching task and considered to reflect mismatch process, can still be elicited when the S1 was imagined instead of perceived and to investigate how N2 amplitude varied with the degree of S1‐S2 discrepancy. Three levels of discrepancy were defined by the degree of separation between the heard (S2) and imagined (S1) sounds. It was found that the N2 was reliably elicited when the perceived S2 differed from the imagined S1, but whether N2 amplitude increased with the degree of discrepancy depended in part on the S1‐S2 discriminability (as evidenced by reaction time). Specifically, the effect of increasing discrepancy was attenuated as discriminability increased from hard to easy. These results, together with the dynamic ERP topography observed within the N2 window, suggest that the N2 effect reflects two sequential but overlapping processes: automatic mismatch and controlled detection.     

Dimensionality of the perceived self: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale

The 12 indices of self-perception in the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, together with the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were factor analysed using data obtained from psychiatric day-care patients (n = 131). Separate item- and scale-level factor analyses revealed that: (1) the five external and three internal domains of self-concept, hypothesized as distinct, may be accurately viewed as lying in one-dimensional space; (2) the conflict, variability and distribution scores are unrelated to subtype of self-esteem; (3) extraversion and neuroticism form a bipolar factor that is orthogonal to self-concept; and (4) the emergence of 30 item-factors with a 30 per cent factorial overlap implies a good deal of spuriously shared variance, low inter-scale homogeneity and sizable redundancy in the TSCS scales. Owing to these results, the construct and factorial validity of the TSCS is seriously questioned. It is suggested that future researchers develop more sensitive, treatment-oriented (or idiographic) measures to compare man's less conspicuous and more private 'self-image feelings and cognitions' against his public self-disclosure in the interests of facilitating more rapid behavioural change.     

The discrepancy between emotional vs. rational estimates of body size, actual size, and ideal body ratings: theoretical and clinical implications

Thirty-two asymptomatic college females were assessed on multiple aspects of body image. Subjects' estimation of the size of three body sites (waist, hips, thighs) was affected by instructional protocol. Emotional ratings, based on how they "felt" about their body, elicited ratings that were larger than actual and ideal size measures. Size ratings based on rational instructions were no different from actual sizes, but were larger than ideal ratings. There were no differences between actual and ideal sizes. The results are discussed with regard to methodological issues involved in body image research. In addition, a working hypothesis that differentiates affective/emotional from cognitive/rational aspects of body size estimation is offered to complement current theories of body image. Implications of the findings for the understanding of body image and its relationship to eating disorders are discussed.     

The discrepancy between thermometry and calorimetry during exercise

Summary During prolonged exercise in a hot and dry environment one may observe that a man seems to maintain a caloric equilibrium for about one hour. When the man dehydrates, however, a continuous rise in rectal temperature may be observed simultaneously. This discrepancy between calorimetry and thermometry was investigated by measuring calorimetrically the body heat storage during exercise. In a series of experiments work and heat load were kept constant throughout (M=7.5 kcal/min; 35°C; RH 15%), but the exposure time was increased in steps of 18 min up to 144 min. The heat storage did not alter between the 54th and the 108th min. In the same period the rectal temperature rose steadily.This article was prepared while holding a research fellowship from the Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa.     

To categories of discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnoses

The paper continues the discussion started by I. A. Kazantseva and deals with that whether it is expedient to identify 3 categories of discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnoses (Ark. Pat., 2007, No. 6, p. 56-57). The author considers it untimely to deny the mentioned categories that are generally accepted and popular. His viewpoint is supported by the leading pathologists of Saint Petersburg. The paper also contains concise data on the frequency of hospital autopsies in Europe and the U.S.A. and knowledge on L. Goldman's classification considering the discrepancies in ante- and postmortem diagnosis.     

Advisability of identifying the categories of discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnoses

In the paper the author tries to explain the formality and frequently groundlessness of categorization into three groups of divergence between clinical and postmortem diagnoses. She believes that such an assessment valuation is inadequate for the judgment about the quality of a therapeutic-and-diagnostic quality and that the clinical diagnosis should be made in due time.     

Influence of the age on self regulation of static grip forces from perceived exertion values

The investigation of self-regulation of grip force provides indirect cues about the developmental neurobiology of the subject. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of subjects of different ages to produce different forces based on their perceived exertion during a grip force task by using a test and a randomised re-test procedure. Eighteen young children (aged 6.5 years), 18 adolescents (13.5 years) and 18 adults (28.5 years) performed a graded hand grip strength test (GST) at four intensities. Perceived exertion (RPE-C) was recorded at the end of each load level. Then, subjects were scheduled for a randomised grip strength test performed in the same experimental conditions than GST. Statistical analysis revealed no significant effect in grip strength for test in the three groups. However, a significant main effect for intensities was obtained in the three groups (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were observed between GST and RPE-C (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.51, P < 0.0001), in the children, adolescent and adult groups, respectively. However at low grip force intensities, it appears that children have some difficulties to rate their perceived exertion. The results of this study suggest that the neurodevelopmental level of 6-year-old children do not affect the ability to produce reliably moderate to intense forces from perceived exertion during a grip force task.     

TRT virus serology: discrepancy between ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence

The results of a survey for antibody to TRT virus in turkeys and chickens from Northern Ireland and turkeys from England, sampled prior to the emergence of TRT infection is reported. All the sera were negative using a streptavidin/ biotin based ELISA, but 16.7% of turkey and 12.6% of chicken sera from Northern Ireland and 7% of turkey sera from England were positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Those sera positive by IIF did not react with other avian myxoviruses by immunofluorescence. Double staining of TRT virus-infected cell cultures with a monoclonal antibody to TRT virus and purified IgG fractions of IIF positive sera confirmed the specificity of this reaction for TRT virus epitopes. These results strongly suggest the presence of an antigenically related virus to TRT virus in the poultry population in Northern Ireland and England.     

大学生自我和谐与人格特征的关系研究

大学阶段是青少年学生人格形成的关键时期,大学生的自我和谐水平对于他们健全人格的形成有重要影响,本研究采用自我和谐量表和艾森克人格问卷成人版,对139名大学生进行了调查,结果表明大学生的自我和谐程度一般,人格发展状况较好;自我和谐各分量表及总分与艾森克人格问卷成人版各分量表有相关性;性格外向、情绪稳定、态度温和的大学生自我和谐性高于性格内向、情绪起伏大、倔强的大学生。     

Adjustment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex gain as a function of perceived target distance in humans

The human vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was investigated during active head movements in yaw while subjects were asked to view targets located at 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, and 120 cm distance aligned with eye level. Binocular video cameras were used to study conjugate eye movements and binocular convergence. Perceived target distance was determined during head oscillation by having the subjects move a cursor to the remembered position of the previously seen targets. The changes in VOR gain with viewing distance were found to be more closely related to perceived target distance than to actual target distance or fixation distance. This result suggests that the adjustment of VOR gain with viewing distance is under stronger cognitive control than would be expected of a simple motor reflex.     

Sick leave in workers with asthma and COPD: the role of attitudes, perceived social norms and self efficacy

We investigated associations of sick leave in 165 workers with asthma and COPD with three components of the Model of Planned Behavior (MPB): attitudes, social norms towards sick leave, and perceived control over sick leave and over health complaints. All participants underwent lung-function tests and completed questionnaires on sick leave, and on the MPB-components. Differences were calculated between high and low sick leave (frequency and duration) for the total group of asthma and COPD and separately for asthma and COPD. The most relevant variable within each MPB-component was selected for multivariate analysis. In the total group and in the group with asthma, low sick leave was associated with more perceived control over fatigue. In COPD, the attitude 'finding the negative consequences of sick leave more unpleasant' was associated with high sick leave. It was concluded that similarities exist in a population of asthma and COPD patients, but that different MPB-components play a role in sick leave in asthma and COPD. Perceived control over health complaints is more important in asthma than in COPD. Attitudes towards sick leave appear to be more important in COPD patients.     

The relation between the powerholders' power maintaining tendency and perceived similarity

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of perceived similarity upon the power maintaining tendency of the powerholder. In advance an aptitude test was administered to the subjects and a powerholder was to be appointed. Each subject was led to believe that he was screened and appointed as a powerholder (top-leader) from a group of five participants. Each subject was also led to believe that the subleader of the high performance group has either the similar or the dissimilar attitude toward a favorable leadership style, and was assigned to either status change condition or non status change condition. The results showed as follows. (1) Compared to the powerholders under non status change condition, the powerholders under status change condition attempted more to influence the high performance group under dissimilar condition than similar condition; (2) Regardless of the perceived similarity of the sub-leader, they evaluated highly their contributions to the high performance group, (3) exercised more coercive power, (4) gave more difficult tasks to the high performance group. These results were discussed in terms of the strength of power maintaining tendency of the powerholder and the conflicts originated in the experimental situation.     

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in the Irish population: a discrepancy between observed and expected cases

AIMS: To estimate the rate of detection of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP) in the Irish population, to investigate clinical presentation and outcome in affected infants, and to determine the extent, if any, to which this condition is underdiagnosed at present. METHODS: Cases were collected in a retrospective fashion from a review of platelet serology laboratory records from January 1992 to December 2000. Clinical data were obtained from hospital records. Testing for maternal antiplatelet antibody was by one or more of the following: the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test, a commercial antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (GTI-PakPlus), and the monoclonal antibody immobilisation of platelet antigens assay. Platelet antigen typing was by the polymerase chain reaction technique with sequence specific primers. RESULTS: Twenty seven serologically verified cases of NAITP were identified in 18 families. Maternal antibody to human platelet antigen 1a accounted for 25 of the 27 confirmed cases. Twenty one of 26 infants were born with severe thrombocytopenia. Nineteen of 27 infants had bleeding manifestations at birth. Petechiae and bruising were most commonly observed (n = 17). There were no documented cases of intracranial haemorrhage in this group but systematic cranial ultrasound was not performed. CONCLUSIONS: Screening studies in predominantly white populations have estimated the incidence of NAITP to be between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 live births. With 50 000 births each year in Ireland, these results give a clinical detection rate for NAITP of just 1 case in 16 500 live births, strongly suggesting that NAITP is currently underdiagnosed. Antenatal screening to detect women at risk of having babies with NAITP is now scientifically feasible and should be considered.     

Nucleotide sequence from the ssRNA bacteriophage JP34 resolves the discrepancy between serological and biophysical classification

The nucleotide sequence of the coat and lysis genes of the single-stranded RNA bacteriophage JP34 is presented. Serological inactivation studies classified this phage as an intermediate between groups I and II. We show that the nucleotide similarity with group I is less than 45% but more than 95% for group II, classifying JP34 as a member of group II. The altered serotype of JP34 is most likely due to the change of three critical amino acids of the coat protein to residues present in group I phage MS2 at the homologous positions. Serological characterization of RNA bacteriophages is thus not unambiguous. Phylogenetic sequence comparison between JP34, GA, and MS2 confirms the existence of a conserved helix in the coat gene of group I and group II phages. We also show that the JP34 coat and lysis genes can be expressed in cDNA clones and that the translation of the lysis gene is coupled to coat gene translation analogous to the regulation found in the group I phages.