A case report of hemosuccus pancreaticus caused by a ruptured splenic aneurysm

A 65-year-old female with hematemesis due to hemosuccus pancreaticus observed by endoscopy was reported. Selective angiography demonstrated 4 aneurysms of the splenic artery ramificated from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Of these 4 aneurysms, the largest one was located at 5mm distal from the SMA ruptured into the pancreatic duct. Resection of the splenic aneurysms, splenectomy and cholecystectomy for concomitant gallstone were successfully performed and the patient had no further gastrointestinal bleeding. True aneurysms with marked arteriosclerosis were confirmed histopathologically. Of 48 cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus reported in the literature, 15 cases caused by ruptured true aneurysms were reviewed. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and surgical procedure for this rare syndrome were discussed.     

Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm with hemosuccus pancreaticus requiring multimodal treatment

Termed hemosuccus pancreaticus by Sandblom in 1970, hemorrhage from the pancreatic duct into the gastrointestinal tract represents a rare and challenging problem. Patients present with repeated upper gastrointestinal bleeding that is intermittent but often self-limited. In most cases, this pathophysiologic process is secondary to pancreatitis, chronic inflammation, and subsequent splenic artery pseudoaneurysm bleeding. Previously treated with open splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy, hemosuccus pancreaticus is now often managed with minimally invasive endovascular means. We describe an uncommon presentation of hemosuccus pancreaticus in the absence of prior pancreatitis, requiring open splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and celiac artery ligation after failed endovascular intervention.     

Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas presenting with hemosuccus pancreaticus: Report of a case

Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP) is mostly induced by a ruptured pseudoaneurysm or hemorrhage from a pseudocyst in chronic pancreatitis. We herein report a rare case with HP induced by tumor hemorrhage. The present patient is a 71-year-old woman referred to us with a diagnosis of severe progressive anemia. Endoscopy revealed hemorrhage from the papilla of Vater. Computed tomography showed a multilocular cystic tumor in the tail of the pancreas. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was carcinoma in mucinous cystadenoma. No cancer infiltration into the pancreatic duct was detected. Pancreatography of the resected specimen demonstrated an overt communication between the main pancreatic duct and the cystic cavity of the tumor, which was not demonstrated preoperatively by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Although the cause of HP is mainly acute or chronic pancreatitis, we should bear in mind that a pancreatic tumor may be a possible cause of HP and that, as such, prompt and proper treatment is mandatory.     

Successful endovascular treatment of hemosuccus pancreaticus due to splenic artery aneurysm associated with segmental arterial mediolysis

Hemosuccus pancreaticus, which is generally due to the rupture of a splenic artery aneursym into the pancreatic duct, is a rare cause of intermittent upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is a rare arteriopathy. We report a 53-year-old man with hemosuccus pancreaticus due to a splenic artery aneurysm associated with SAM. The patient, who also had a celiac artery aneurysm affected by SAM, was successfully treated by both coil embolization and aortic stent grafting for complete coverage of the celiac artery. SAM is a very rare cause of hemosuccus pancreaticus, and endovascular treatment may be favorable for hemosuccus pancreaticus.     

A case of pancreatitis associated with gastrinoma

A case is presented of a 56 year old man with a history of idiopathic pancreatitis and multiple admissions for Klebsiella sepsis from an intra-abdominal focus, who in February 1980, developed spontaneous jejunal perforations on two occasions due to multiple ulcers in the small intestine associated with multiple hepatic metastases from a gastrin-secreting islet-cell tumor (gastrinoma) of the pancreas. On searching the literature, no other record could be found of an association between pancreatitis and a gastrinoma, although in this patient the two disease processes appear to be inextricably related.     

A rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: hemosuccus pancreaticus: angiographic and endoscopic combined treatment

Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP) is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Pancreatitis are the most common cause of HP. Here, we report the case of a 48-year-old male with HP due to alcohol-induced chronic pancreatitis. Superior mesenteric angiography showed an inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient underwent coil embolization for treatment of his pseudoaneurysm. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and pancreatic stents replacement was performed for pancreatic pseudocyst drainage. In patients with HP, angiographic and endoscopic combined treatment can protect from the risks of surgery.     

A case of intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with mass forming chronic pancreatitis

A case of intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma of the pancreas associated with mass forming chronic pancreatitis without calcifications is described. Pancreatolithiasis, or calcified pancreas, is recognized as a high risk factor for pancreatic cancer. However, epidemiologic studies have found that carcinoma of the pancreas associated with chronic pancreatits was rare. The question is whether chronic pancreatitis without calcifications is actually a precancerous background lesion or not. This case suggests that hyperplasia of the pancreatic ductal epithelium may be a precancerous lesion for pancreatic cancer in some patients with chronic pancreatitis.     

Rectal bleeding associated with chronic pancreatitis

Pseudocyst formation, with its attendant complications of compression, rupture, bleeding and fistula formation, is a well known complication of chronic pancreatitis. In 1966 Berne and Edmondson drew attention to the often fatal outcome of pancreatico-colonic fistula complicated by hemorrhage. We present two cases of this rare complication of chronic pancreatitis as defined by the Marseille classification.     

Two cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus in which hemostasis was achieved by transcatheter arterial embolization

Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. We report two cases of hemosuccus pancreaticus in which hemostasis was achieved by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The first patient was a 47-year-old man with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. He presented with upper abdominal pain and hematemesis. Upper GI endoscopy failed to detect the source of bleeding, but computed tomography (CT) showed a hypervascular area about 3cm in diameter in a pseudocyst at the pancreatic tail. Angiography revealed a pseudoaneurysm in the caudal pancreatic artery. Hematemesis was considered to be due to rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. TAE of the splenic artery was performed selectively, and this successfully stopped the bleeding. The second patient was a 52-year-old man with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. He presented with hematemesis. Upper GI endoscopy detected bleeding from the papilla of Vater. CT showed hemorrhage in a pseudocyst at the pancreatic body. Angiography revealed angiogenesis around the pseudocyst. Hematemesis was considered to result from rupture of the pseudoaneurysm. TAE of the dorsal pancreatic artery and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery was performed and hemostasis was achieved. We conclude that TAE is a minimally invasive and highly effective treatment for hemosuccus pancreaticus.     

Hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating chronic pancreatitis: an obscure cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Background: Hemosuccus pancreaticus, a rare form of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, may complicate chronic pancreatitis and pose a significant diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Aim: To present our experience with this potentially life-threatening complication of chronic pancreatitis. Methods: We reviewed our experience with management (both operative as well as angiographic embolization) of patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus complicating histologically documented chronic pancreatitis between 1976 and 1997. Diagnosis of hemosuccus pancreaticus was based on clinical presentation, preoperative endoscopic and radiographic imaging, operative findings, and pathologic evaluation. Results: During the period, we managed eight patients with hemosuccus pancreaticus (1.5% of all patients with chronic pancreatitis treated surgically). Gastrointestinal bleeding presented as hematemesis in three and hematochezia in three, but all had recent melena and were anemic; three of these patients were hemodynamically unstable. Abdominal pain was present in six. When performed, angiography (n=6) was diagnostic of a pseudoaneurysm; computed tomography (n=7) showed a pseudoaneurysm in two and a pseudocyst in five. Endoscopy (n=8) revealed blood issuing from the ampullary papilla in two patients. Operative management (n=6) involved distal pancreatectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, or total pancreatectomy in two patients each. Angiographic embolization was successful in one patient, but the other died from uncontrollable hemorrhage. Conclusions: Hemosuccus pancreaticus is rare, but should be considered in patients with chronic pancreatitis and gastrointestinal bleeding. In the absence of pancreatitis-related indications for surgery, angiographic embolization can be definitive treatment. If there are pancreatitis-related indications for operation, angiographic embolization may allow an elective operative procedure based on structural changes of the pancreas. If embolization fails, pancreatic resection is usually required, often on an emergent basis. Received: 23 August 1999 Accepted: 27 December 1999     

Familial chronic pancreatitis associated with pancreatic lithiasis

Three members of one family who had pancreatic lithiasis are reported on. Pancreatic lithiasis in each patient was confirmed at operation and was favorably treated by side to side pancreaticojejunostomy. The symptoms and the histologic features of the pancreas in these patients were similar to those of the usual form of chronic pancreatitis, but the mechanism of occurrence of the disease on a familial basis could not be identified.     

Common bile duct strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis

Common bile duct (CBD) strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis may cause significant hepatobiliary disease. Nine patients with chronic alcohol-related pancreatitis and CBD obstruction requiring operative biliary or pancreatobiliary decompression are reported. Alkaline phosphatase was the most specific biochemical indicator of cholestasis. Abnormal CBD anatomy was delinated accurately in 89 per cent of cases with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All strictures were localized to the intrapancreatic portion of the distal CBD. Pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) were identified in six (67%) cases. All nine patients underwent biliary decompression. Simultaneous PPC drainage or pancreatic duct decompression (Peustow procedure) was performed in eight cases (89%). No perioperative mortality occurred, and all patients reported subjective improvement in symptoms. Biliary tract strictures sufficient to cause clinical or biochemical cholestasis are a poorly recognized complication of chronic pancreatitis. Cholangiography (PTC or ERCP) should be obtained in order to delineate radiographic features, and extent and severity of the biliary stricture because there is no predictable correlation between levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and liver histopathology. A percutaneous biopsy is requisite to document changes in hepatic morphology. In order to prevent potential hepatobiliary complications such as cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis, biliary strictures should be managed surgically even in anicteric and otherwise asymptomatic patients. Simultaneous treatment of associated pancreatic pathology can be performed if necessary with little added morbidity.     

A case of renal pseudotumor associated with chronic pachymeningitis

BACKGROUND: A 56-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with a left renal mass. METHODS/RESULTS: Radiologic studies demonstrated a solitary space-occupying lesion in the left kidney and a malignant tumor was suspected. Left radical nephrectomy was then performed. Pathological examination revealed a sclerotic fibrous lesion with a rather distinct margin and no evidence of malignancy. These pathological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a renal pseudotumor. CONCLUSIONS: This patient had a history of chronic pachymeningitis that formed a thoracic epidural focus causing spinal cord compression and the histologic appearance of this focus was similar to the renal lesion. It was concluded that this was a rare case of a renal pseudotumor associated with multifocal fibrosclerosis.     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis associated with duodenal ulcer

In combination of the ulcer disease and pancreatitis with the aim to achieve simultaneous suppression of gastric hypersecretion and reduction of the secretory pancreatic activity, a method of operation--selective proximal vagotomy added by cutting the celiac branch of the right vagal trunk has been developed. In 42 patients, operated on using the suggested method, the pancreatic secretion, acid production and gastric motility were studied. At observation of up to 7 years, the excellent and good results were noted in 88.09% of patients.     

1977—2021年文献333例胰管出血病例的临床特征分析

背景与目的 胰管出血（HP）是罕见的上消化道出血的原因,目前尚无公认的诊疗标准。本研究总结近40年来文献报道的HP患者的临床特征,以期加深对HP的认识,提高早期识别与诊断的能力,为临床规范诊疗策略方面提供一定的理论依据。方法 收集1977年1月—2021年12月公开发表关于HP的相关文献,分析HP患者的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、诊断治疗及预后情况。结果 纳入文献151篇,共333例患者,其中男性267例,女性66例,男女比例约为4∶1;年龄3~94岁,平均45.9岁。病因以胰腺炎（82.3%）最常见,其中慢性胰腺炎占89.1%,其次为胰周动脉瘤（6.0%）和胰腺肿瘤（5.4%）。最常见的临床表现为黑便（74.2%）和腹痛（53.8%）。影像学诊断主要依靠上消化道内镜、腹部增强CT及腹腔相关动脉造影,282例行上消化道内镜检查,共140例（49.6%）可以经内镜检查明确诊断。204例行腹部CT检查,其中假性动脉瘤120例（58.8%）、假性囊肿46例（22.5%）、胰腺肿瘤15例（7.4%）、胰周动脉瘤13例（6.4%）、胰管结石4例（2.0%）。193例患者行腹腔相关动脉造影检查,112例（58.0%）显示阳性结果。最常见出血源是脾动脉（41.2%）,其次是胃十二指肠动脉（16.7%）、囊壁出血（9.9%）、胰十二指肠动脉（9.6%）。36例患者选择保守治疗。180例患者尝试了介入治疗,147例（81.7%）患者成功;140例患者接受手术治疗。9例患者选择其他治疗方式。218例患者的随访结果显示,197例（91.4%）无复发性出血,13例（6.0%）再出血,5例（2.3%）死亡。结论 HP确诊较为困难,应结合病史、临床表现综合判断,必要时进行重复的影像学检查以提高诊断率。治疗以针对病因为主导的综合治疗为主,同时根据疾病的临床进程选择恰当的治疗方式。     

Acute haemorrhage associated with pancreatic pseudocyst and chronic pancreatitis

The present study reports 18 patients operated on for chronic pancreatitis complicated by bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity or the retroperitoneal space. Damage to the splenic artery by a pancreatic pseudocyst was the most common reason for the bleeding (10 patients, 56%) and the most common site was the duodenum (10 patients, 56%). Eleven patients were treated by transcystic multiple suture ligations combined with external drainage of the pseudocyst, and seven by pancreatic resection or total pancreatectomy. Hospital mortality was 33% (6 patients); two patients had undergone transcystic suture ligation, and four pancreatic resection. Five patients needed a reoperation because of further bleeding, four of them having been treated initially by transcystic suture ligation. Our results suggest that haemostasis by suture ligation is a method to be recommended if the patient's condition has been exacerbated by severe haemorrhage.