分期切开复位内固定治疗胫骨pilon骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨分阶段延期切开复位内固定治疗胫骨pilon骨折的临床疗效.方法 2003年8月至2008年5月共收治22例胫骨pilon骨折患者,男17例,女5例;年龄24～ 56岁,平均38.6岁.骨折根据Rüedi-Allg(o)wer分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型8例.开放性骨折4例,闭合性骨折18例.受伤至手术时间为7～15 d,平均10.2d.18例合并腓骨骨折的患者急诊行腓骨钢板内固定术.所有pilon骨折均先行外固定支架临时固定,待局部软组织损伤恢复后再行切开复位内固定术治疗.结果 22例患者术后获17 ～28个月(平均24.3个月)随访.所有患者骨折均获愈合,愈合时间为4～6个月,平均4.9个月.按美国足踝外科协会踝与后足功能评分标准评定疗效:优6例,良11例,可3例,差2例,优良率为77.3％.2例患者术后出现局部软组织并发症,通过换药等局部处理后均治愈.本组患者术后未出现内固定物松动、断裂等并发症.结论 分阶段延期切开复位内固定治疗胫骨pilon骨折可有效减少局部并发症,并能获得较好的踝关节功能.     

延期手术治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的体会

目的探讨采用延期切开复位内固定的方法治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法1996年3月～2003年10月利用石膏固定、跟骨牵引或外固定支架行骨折临时固定，待局部软组织损伤恢复后再行切开复位内固定术的方法治疗胫骨Pilon骨折19例。男17例，女2例；年龄15～62岁，平均34．6岁；坠落伤9例，交通伤7例，运动伤3例；开放性骨折4例，闭合性骨折15例，其中14例合并有腓骨骨折。采用Ruedi—Allgower分型：Ⅰ型3例，Ⅱ型7例，Ⅲ型9例。从踝关节功能评分和影像学两方面进行疗效评价。结果全部病例均获得随访，随访时间1．5～3．5年，平均2．4年。骨折愈合时间10～32周，平均14．8周，优良率78．9％，2例内翻畸形，1例发生骨髓炎。结论伤后在局部软组织损伤恢复后，根据不同骨折类型采取切开复位内固定方法恢复踝关节的解剖关系，使骨折部得到可靠的固定，恢复踝关节功能，是提高胫骨Pilon骨折手术疗效、减少局部并发症的有效措施。     

胫骨pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响胫骨pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素．方法1997年1月～1999年12月．手术治疗32例单侧胫骨pilon骨折．术后16例出现伤口并发症．关节退行性变及关节强直．男13例．女3例；年龄25～55岁，平均36．5岁；坠落伤7例，交通伤5例．砸伤3例．其它损伤1例，开放性骨折6例．均行急诊手术；闭合性骨折10例．伤后至手术时间为2～25d．平均8.1d、根据Ruedi-A1lgower分型．Ⅱ型7例，Ⅲ型9例。7例行切开复位钢板内固定．9例行有限切开固定并辅以石膏托外固定，结果术后随访12～36个月，平均24个月．采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效．可6例．其中Ⅱ型4例，Ⅲ型2例：差10例，其中Ⅱ型3例．Ⅲ型7倒术后发生创面不能闭合1例；切口感染4例，2例开放性骨折出现表浅感染．2例闭合性骨折出现深部感染；关节退行性变9例．其中2例出现较严重的踝关节内翻；关节强直11例，结论影响胫骨pilon骨折手术疗效的相关因素有骨折类型、胫骨关节面的复位质量和手术时机的选择、腓目骨折的复位和固定移植骨的填充及钢板支撑固定等因素。     

分阶段延期切开复位内固定治疗严重pilon骨折

目的 评估分阶段延期切开复位内固定治疗严重pilon骨折的临床疗效. 方法 2003年12月至2008年2月收治23例高能量损伤pilon骨折患者,根据Rüedi-Allgower分型:Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型14例.所有患者急诊行腓骨切开复位内固定,内侧超踝关节支架临时外固定.7～10 d(平均8 d)后拆除外固定支架,行胫骨远端骨折切开复位内固定. 结果 所有患者均获得随访,时间13～34个月,平均25个月.骨折愈合时间8～30周,平均18周,按照Teeny和Wiss等踝关节功能评分系统评分:优13例,良7例,可2例,差1例,优良率为86.9%.2例术后出现局部软组织并发症,包括1例皮肤坏死,1例切口浅表感染,通过换药后治愈. 结论 分阶段治疗严重pilon骨折能有效降低软组织并发症,提高关节面的复位质量.     

胫骨pilon骨折治疗中踝关节外侧结构损伤恢复的重要性

目的 探讨踝关节外侧结构稳定性在胫骨pilon骨折治疗中的意义.方法 从2005年7月至2008年1月共收治18例胫骨pilon骨折伴踝关节外侧结构损伤患者,其中男13例,女5例,平均年龄41.3岁.闭合性骨折16例,开放性骨折2例.AO分型:B1型3例,B2型5例;C1型3例,C2型7例.对于12例闭合性胫骨pilon骨折患者,首先采用后外侧切口进行腓骨复位和内固定,接着采用改良前内侧切口进行胫骨Chaput结节的复位和固定,中间关节面以及内侧骨块参照Chaput结节进行复位.对于2例开放性骨折和4例伴有严重软组织损伤或多发伤的闭合性胫骨pilon骨折患者,采用分期手术治疗,一期腓骨切开复位钢板内固定结合内侧胫骨跨踝关节外固定支架固定,对内侧结构只做克氏针或螺钉临时复位固定,二期(平均14 d后)拆除胫骨外固定支架或行胫骨切开复位钢板内固定. 结果 14例患者术后获8～30个月(平均18.4个月)随访,4例失访.14例骨折均获骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为5.4个月.关节面复位评价:解剖复位9例,一般4例,差1例.临床功能评价:优6例,良3例,可4例,差1例.1例开放性胫骨pilon骨折外固定后出现感染,在抗感染治疗后7周更换内固定,同时放置庆大霉素珠链,术后30周骨折愈合. 结论踝关节外侧结构稳定性的恢复在胫骨pilon骨折治疗中极其重要.     

延期切开复位内固定治疗复杂Pilon骨折

目的 探讨采用延期切开复位内固定术治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法 对47例HI型Pilon骨折采用延期切开复位内固定治疗。术后注重早期活动，晚期负重。结果 骨折愈合时间12～38周，平均14．2周。按照Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统进行评估：优16例，良21例，可8例，差2例，优良率78．7％。结论 采用延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折，能有效地减少局部并发症并获得较好的踝关节功能。     

交锁髓内钉固定治疗胫骨骨折

目的探讨交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折治疗效果及经验。方法对48例胫骨骨折采用交锁髓内钉内固定治疗，其中闭合性骨折31例，开放性17例，闭合性骨折均行小切口切开复位。48例平均随访6个月(6～24个月)。结果根据Johner—wruh评分标准，优39例，良7例，差2例。优良率95．8％。交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折创伤小，固定可靠，并发症少，是一种理想的方法。     

分步延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折

目的探讨分步延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 2010年2月至2013年2月,20例Pilon骨折均急诊行腓骨骨折切开复位内固定、早期结合内侧胫骨跨踝关节外固定架临时固定术;二期(平均10 d)待局部软组织损伤恢复后,再进行胫骨切开复位钢板内固定术治疗。结果所有患者均获13~25个月随访,平均19个月。骨折愈合时间4~6个月,平均4.9个月。按照Mazur评价标准进行疗效评定,优8例,良9例,可3例,总优良率85%。结论分步延期切开复位内固定治疗Ⅲ型Pilon骨折,具有固定牢靠、愈合率高、切口并发症少、功能恢复满意等优点。     

胫骨下段骨折切开与闭合复位内固定术疗效比较

目的比较闭合性胫骨下段骨折切开复位与闭合复位内固定术的疗效,以期寻找更合适的治疗手段。方法对50例胫腓骨下段骨折行内固定术,随机分为2组:A组25例(闭合复位、经皮锁定加压接骨板内固定)、B组25例(切开复位、锁定加压接骨板内固定)。结果 A组平均手术时间较B组长、术中透视次数多、解剖复位率低,但平均术中出血量少、切口长度短、住院时间短、骨折临床愈合时间短、下地负重时间短、术后并发症发生率低、术后Johner-Wruhs评分优良率高,两组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于胫骨下段闭合性骨折,采用闭合复位、经皮胫骨内侧锁定加压接骨板内固定术总体疗效优于切开复位、胫骨内侧锁定加压接骨板内固定术,可以推广使用。     

二期锁定板外置治疗胫骨中下段骨折

[目的]探讨胫骨中下段开放性骨折外固定术后,二期行锁定板外固定治疗的临床疗效。[方法]对2015年10月～2018年12月本院收治的32列胫骨中下段开放性骨折患者进行回顾性研究。根据手术方法不同分为锁定板外置组(二期锁定板外置)和切开复位内固定组(二期传统切开复位内固定),其中锁定板外置组17例,切开复位内固定组15例。对两组患者手术时间、术中失血量、踝关节Mazur评分及术后并发症进行临床评估。[结果]锁定板外置组所有患者切口均一期愈合,1例患者出现螺钉松动,但未影响骨折愈合;切开复位内固定组1例患者切口出现红肿渗出,经反复清创后延迟愈合,1例患者出现骨折延迟愈合。32列患者随访12～36个月,平均(29.82±8.76)个月。末次随访时,锁定板外置组踝关节功能Mazur评分(89.45±7.21)分,切开复位内固定组为(87.61±5.21)分,两者差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]二期采取锁定板外置治疗胫骨中下段开放性骨折能有效固定骨折,促进骨折愈合,预防切口感染,术后关节功能恢复良好,降低术后并发症,临床效果满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.