不同年龄患儿顺式阿曲库铵药代动力学的比较

目的 比较不同年龄患儿顺式阿曲库铵的药代动力学.方法 择期行唇腭裂修复术的患儿24例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄＜5岁,体重9～ 26 kg.根据年龄将患儿分为2组(n=12),A组:年龄＜2岁;B组:2岁≤年龄＜5岁.麻醉诱导后经10 s静脉注射顺式阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg.于顺式阿曲库铵给药后2、4、6、8、10、15、20、30、45、60、90和120 min时取桡动脉血样,采用高效液相色谱法检测血浆顺式阿曲库铵浓度,将所得时间-血药浓度数据应用3P97计算机软件处理,得到各项药代动力学参数:消除半衰期、系数常数(A,B)、分布速率常数、消除速率常数、中央分布容积、血浆清除率、表观分布容积、速率常数(K10、K12、K21).结果 顺式阿曲库铵药代动力学过程符合二室模型;与B组比较,A组中央分布容积、表观分布容积和血浆清除率升高(P＜0.05),其余药代动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 患儿顺式阿曲库铵药代动力学过程符合二室模型,2岁以下患儿顺式阿曲库铵中央室分布容积、表观分布容积、血浆清除率明显高于2～5岁患儿.     

大鼠无肝状态下丙泊酚药代动力学的变化

目的 研究大鼠无肝状态下丙泊酚药代动力学的变化.方法 SPF级雄性SD大鼠10只,乙醚麻醉后,分别于肝门阻断前后经右颈深静脉注入丙泊酚10 mg/kg,注射后2、4、6、8、10、15、20、30、45、60 min采血100 μl,反相高效液相色谱法检测各时点血药浓度变化,并应用3P-87药代动力学软件测箅比较无肝期前后丙泊酚药代动力学参数的变化.结果 无肝期前后,丙泊酚单次剂量注射血药浓度变化趋势相似,药代动力学各参数中分布半衰期(T1/2α)、消除半衰期(T1/2β)与表观分布容积(Vd)无明显改变,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)明显增大(P<0.05),清除率(CL)显著减少(P<0.01).结论 无肝期丙泊酚的肝外代谢明显增强.     

丙泊酚在危重烧伤兔休克期的药代动力学变化

目的探讨丙泊酚在危重烧伤动物模型休克期的药代动力学特点。方法20只新西兰大白兔,随机均分为烧伤休克期组(S组)和对照组(C组)。将S组兔制成30%体表总面积(TB-SA)的Ⅲ度烫伤,并进行复苏,烫伤6h后单次静脉注射5·1mg/kg丙泊酚,利用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)检测注药后1、3、10、20、30、45、60、90min兔血浆丙泊酚浓度。用3P97药代动力学计算程序处理血药浓度数据,拟合房室模型,计算药代动力学参数。结果各组分别有8只兔完成实验数据采集,S组血浆丙泊酚浓度在1min时明显低于C组(P<0·01),而从30min开始直至90min,明显高于C组(P<0·01)。S组符合二室开放模型,C组符合三室开放模型;S组中央室分布容积(VC)、曲线下面积(AUC)增大(P<0·01),消除半衰期(t1/2β)延长(P<0·05),清除率(CL)降低(P<0·05)。结论丙泊酚在危重烧伤兔模型中休克期药代动力学参数变化明显,较正常兔分布半衰期(t1/2α)、t1/2β延长,VC增大,CL降低。     

国人老年人丙泊酚的药代动力学

目的 观察老年手术病人丙泊酚单次静脉注射的药代动力学特征。方法7例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、年龄67～81岁的择期老年手术病人，经前臂静脉注射丙泊酚1mg／kg，分别于注射前和注射后1、2、4、6、10、15、30、45、60、75、90、120、150、180、240、300、360min从右颈内静脉采血3ml，肝素抗凝，离心后取上层血浆于4℃下保存。用高效液相色谱荧光法检测血浆中丙泊酚浓度，3P87软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 7例老年病人丙泊酚的药代动力学特征均符合三室开放模型，快速分布半衰期(T1／2pi)、中央室分布容积(Vc)、分布速率常数(K12、K13、K10)、全身清除率(CL)等值均与文献报道一致，缓慢分布半衰期(T1/2α)、消除半衰期(T1/2β)则较短。与文献报道中的成人值相比，Vc和CL较低。结论 丙泊酚用于老年人麻醉具有起效快、维持时间短、恢复迅速的特点，但体内Vc较小，CL减慢，故临床用药时需参考年龄因素减少剂量，减轻不良反应和防止药物蓄积。     

全麻病人静脉注射瑞芬太尼的药代动力学

目的评价全麻下成年病人瑞芬太尼的药代动力学。方法择期手术成年病人10例, ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,在全麻平稳后静脉注射瑞芬太尼5μg·kg~(-1),分别在给药前即刻、给药后1、2、3、5、7、10、 15、20、25、30、45、60、90min 分别取动脉血1.5ml。采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定法测定瑞芬太尼血药浓度。结果瑞芬太尼血药浓度-时间曲线变化符合二房室模型。分布半衰期(1.6±0.5)min,消除半衰期(22±10)min,血浆清除率(2.1±0.4)L/min 及表观分布容积(66±29)L。结论本研究瑞芬太尼的药代动力学参数中表观分布容积与国外研究结果存在明显不同,提示不同种族群体间的药代动力学变化可能存在差异。     

急性等容血液稀释对髋关节置换术病人靶控输注异丙酚药代动力学的影响

目的探讨急性等容血液稀释(ANH)状态下靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚药代动力学的变化。方法择期行髋关节置换术病人35例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,预计出血量在1 000 ml,随机分为稀释组(n= 17,ANH平稳后10 min行TCI)和对照组(n=18,未实施ANH直接行TCI)。麻醉诱导后10 min实施 ANH,目标红细胞压积(Hct)为0．26,平稳10 min后以血浆靶浓度(3μg·ml-1)输注异丙酚60 min,间断采血180 min,用气相色谱-质谱法测定异丙酚血药浓度。运用NONMEM软件估算异丙酚TCI药代动力学参数。结果两组一般情况和异丙酚输注总量差异无统计学意义(P>0．05);与对照组比较,稀释组TCI期间异丙酚血药浓度降低,各房室间分布速率常数(K21)减慢,中央室分布容积、周边室分布容积增加(P<0．05),异丙酚药代动力学特征符合二室开放型模型。结论 ANH使TCI异丙酚的中央室和周边室分布容积增加,周边室向中央室的转运速率减慢。     

靶控输注丙泊酚时的瑞芬太尼群体药代动力学

目的建立靶控输注丙泊酚时的瑞芬太尼群体药代动力学,并探索协变量的影响。方法全麻择期手术患者50例,年龄25~93岁,27例患者持续输注瑞芬太尼0.3μg.kg-1.min-1或23例患者0.6μg.kg-1.min-1。采集动脉血分析血药浓度,NONMEM分析建立群体药代动力学模型。结果瑞芬太尼药代动力学适合用三室模型描述,性别和年龄显著影响中央室容积(V1)和深外周室容积(V3),瘦体重(LBM)、体表面积(BSA)和体重指数(BMI)不影响其药代动力学。患者瑞芬太尼药代动力学参数典型值为V18.76 L(男)、5.10 L(女),浅外周室容积(V2)5.93 L,V34.90 L,系统清除率(CL1)2.86 L/min,浅外周室清除率(CL2)0.70 L/min,深外周室清除率(CL3)0.23L/min。结论瑞芬太尼的药代动力学特点与其经血液和组织酯酶迅速水解的特点一致。女性V1比男性低42%,V3与年龄有关,体重、LBM、BSA和BMI不影响瑞芬太尼的药代动力学参数。     

左旋布比卡因臂丛神经阻滞的药代动力学

目的研究左旋布比卡因用于臂丛神经阻滞的临床药代动力学特性。方法10例择期上肢手术患者,0.375%左旋布比卡因0.4ml/kg行肌间沟入路臂丛神经阻滞。于注药前及注药后10、20、30、45、60、90、120、180、240、360、480和720min采血2ml,分离血浆,高效液相色谱法测定左旋布比卡因血药浓度。所得数据经3P97药代动力学软件处理,选择最佳房室模型,绘出血药浓度-时间曲线,求得药代动力学参数。结果左旋布比卡因血药浓度-时间数据符合二房室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数:分布半衰期(t1/2α)(0.46±0.21)h、消除半衰期(t1/2β)(4.58±0.66)h、达峰时间(Tmax)(0.31±0.19)h、峰值浓度(Cmax)(0.95±0.31)mg/L、曲线下面积(AUC)(3.76±0.52)mg.h-1.L-1、清除率(CL)(0.42±0.07)L/h和表观分布容积(Vd)(1.34±0.44)L/kg。结论0.375%左旋布比卡因可安全用于臂丛神经阻滞,其临床药代动力学符合二房室开放模型。     

不同年龄患儿异丙酚的药代动力学

目的比较不同年龄患儿异丙酚的药代动力学。方法35例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级患儿根据年龄不同分为3组,A组:<3岁;B组:≥3岁且<5岁;C组:≥5岁且<10岁。单次静脉注射异丙酚3 mg·kg-1后2、4、6、8、10、20、30、45、60、90、120、180 min抽取桡动脉血1 ml,高效液相色谱法检测血浆异丙酚浓度,经计算机软件拟合,得到各项药代动力学参数。结果三组患儿单次静脉注射异丙酚3 mg ·kg-1后血浆浓度下降迅速。与C组相比,A组的消除项指数常数较小,消除半衰期较长(P<0.01)。三组患儿的中央室分布容积分别为0.55、0.60、0.58 L·kg-1;总体清除率分别为0.015、0.016、0.020 L·kg-1·min-1;总体分布容积分别为8.0、6.5、6.2 L·kg-1,分布半衰期和速率常数(K12、K21、K10),组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论小于3岁患儿单次静脉注射3 mg·kg-1异丙酚后其药代动力学过程符合三室开放模型,除消除时间有所延长外,其余药代动力学参数与较大患儿一致。     

老年患者硬膜外注射罗哌卡因的药效动力学和药代动力学

目的 评价老年患者硬膜外注射罗哌卡因的药效动力学和药代动力学.方法 20例择期行疝修补术的老年患者为老年组,年龄65～84岁,体重52～75 kg;20例择期行疝修补术的成年患者为青年组,年龄20～加岁,体重49～77kg.于k2,3椎间隙行硬膜外穿刺,头端置管3～5 cm,于15min内注射0.5%罗哌卡因1.5 mg/kg.评价感觉阻滞程度,于给药后30 min评价运动阻滞程度,并分别于硬膜外给药前、给药后5、10、20、30、45、60、75、90、120、150 min时抽取足背动脉血样3 ml,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆罗哌卡因浓度,计算罗哌卡因的药代动力学参数.结果 与青年组比较,老年组罗哌卡因的起效时间缩短,感觉阻滞平面固定时间及感觉阻滞消退时间延长,最高感觉阻滞平面及运动阻滞程度升高(P<0,05).两组罗哌卡因的血药浓度一时间曲线符合二室开放模型,并按一级动力学进行消除.与青年组比较,老年组罗哌卡因的浅室分布半衰期、深室分布半衰期、药峰时间、AUC0→150min、AUC0→Inf差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),罗哌卡因的消除半衰期延长,药峰浓度升高,清除率和表观分布容积减小(P<0.05).结论 老年患者罗哌卡因的血药浓度-时间曲线均符合二室开放模型,与成年患者比较,老年患者硬膜外注射罗哌卡因的总吸收无变化,清除率和表观分布容积减小,药峰浓度升高,消除半衰期延长,感觉阻滞平面和运动阻滞程度升高,感觉阻滞时间延长.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.