糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度与血清胆红素关系的研究

目的 探讨糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度与血清胆红素水平的关系.方法 选取住院的2型糖尿病患者1062例,根据眼底检查结果分为无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组457例、非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组484例、增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组121例.比较三组患者血清胆红素水平的差异.结果 PDR组患者血清总胆红素为(9.96±3.84)μmol/L,NPDR组患者血清总胆红素为(11.41±3.82)μmol/L,NDR组患者血清总胆红素为(13.38±3.98)μmol/L,三组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).多因素有序Logistic回归分析显示,血清总胆红素水平下降是糖尿病视网膜病变加重的独立危险因素.结论 胆红素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的发生、发展相关,应重视胆红素的抗氧化及抗炎作用.     

老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变与尿白蛋白排泄率等关系探讨

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素。方法55例老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变增殖期（C组）与55例老年2型糖尿病视网膜病变单纯期（B组）及55例老年2型糖尿病无视网膜病变（A组）进行临床和生化等指标的检测。结果C组与A组相比,SBP、UAER、病程、BMI、UA高于A组（P〈0.05）,Fc-p、HDL-ch、ApoA低于A组（P〈0.05）;C组与B组相比,CR、UAER、年龄、病程,UA高于B组（P〈0.05）;B组与A组相比,UAER高于A组（P〈0.05）,年龄、病程,ApoA低于A组（P〈0.05）。logistic回归分析发现尿白蛋白排泄率升高是糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素。影响力度依次为尿白蛋白排泄率〉BUN〉年龄〉病程。结论为预防糖尿病视网膜病变的发生,必须严格控制血压、血糖、血脂、降低尿白蛋白排泄率。     

糖尿病肾病与糖尿病视网膜病变关系的研究

目的 研究糖尿病肾病(DN)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生的相关关系.方法 选取2型糖尿病患者154例,散瞳后行眼底检查.同日测定血尿素氮、肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血清白蛋白,同时留取8h尿液测定尿微量白蛋白,MDRD公式计算肾功能估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR).结果 DN各组之间,DR各期的发病例数比较差异有统计学意义.对DR的相关分析结果表明,DR的损害程度与糖尿病病程、尿白蛋白排泄率、TC呈正相关(P<0.01或<0.05),与eGFR呈负相关(P<0.01).结论 DR与DN二者的发病有高度正相关性,其损害程度有一定平行关系.     

糖尿病肾病与糖尿病视网膜病变关系的研究

目的研究糖尿病肾病（DN）与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）发生的相关关系。方法选取2型糖尿病患者154例，散瞳后行眼底检查。同日测定血尿素氮、肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、血清白蛋白，同时留取8h尿液测定尿微量白蛋白，MDRD公式计算肾功能估算的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）。结果DN各组之间，DR各期的发病例数比较差异有统计学意义。对DR的相关分析结果表明，DR的损害程度与糖尿病病程、尿白蛋白排泄率、TC呈正相关（P〈0．01或〈0．05），与eGFR呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论DR与DN二者的发病有高度正相关性，其损害程度有一定平行关系。     

Telepaediatrics and diabetic retinopathy screening of young people with diabetes in Queensland

We have examined the feasibility of a telemedicine-enabled screening service for children and adolescents with diabetes in Queensland. There are approximately 1400 young people with diabetes in Queensland and only about two-thirds of them are screened in accordance with international guidelines. A regional retinal screening service was established using a nonmydriatic digital retinal camera. Seven centres volunteered to participate in the study. During a five-month pilot trial, 83 of the young people with diabetes who attend these centres underwent digital retinal screening (3.7%). Retinal images were sent via email to a paediatric ophthalmologist for review and results were returned via email. A copy of each participant's results was forwarded by mail to the referring diabetes doctor and the participant and family. The majority of the image files (96%) were rated as excellent or good. Only one participant was identified as having an abnormal result. Participants and their families expressed satisfaction with the digital retinal screening process.     

The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial functioning: a systematic review

Quality of Life Research - Previous work has reported a link between diabetic retinopathy/diabetic macular edema (DR/DME) and psychosocial functioning, although the extent and direction of the...     

Gravidity and diabetic retinopathy

The relationship between gravidity and severity of diabetic retinopathy was investigated in a population-based sample of diabetic patients. All of these women had had diabetes diagnosed before 30 years of age and were taking insulin. All received their primary medical care in an 11-county region of southwestern Wisconsin (Health Service Area 1). Each participant had an ophthalmologic examination which included stereoscopic fundus photography of seven standard fields in each eye. Photos were graded according to a standard protocol. Of the 397 women, 197 had never been pregnant, 88 had been pregnant once, 56 had been pregnant twice, and 56 had been pregnant three or more times after diabetes was diagnosed. The number of pregnancies was positively associated with the severity of retinopathy. However, after controlling for duration of diabetes, this relationship was no longer apparent. Using an ordinal regression model, duration of diabetes, diastolic blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin were significant predictors of the severity of diabetic retinopathy.     

2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变的发生情况及影响因素调查

目的 探究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）发生情况及危险因素。方法 以2017年6月至2019年5月期间首次在南京市某医院门诊就诊的T2DM患者为研究对象进行基本信息及患病情况调查、体格检查、实验室指标检测及DR检查,采用描述流行病学分析方法进行分析,并采用单、多因素分析方法对T2DM患者并发DR影响因素进行分析。结果 本研究共对1 248例T2DM患者进行分析,男性占45.99%,女性占54.01%。检出DR 348例,检出率为27.88%,以中度为主（201例,57.75%）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄越大（OR_50~59=2.259、OR_60~69=2.321、OR_70~79=5.388）、T2DM病程≥5年（OR=6.372）、使用胰岛素治疗（OR=2.753）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）异常（OR=4.658）、高血压（OR=4.565）、尿微量白蛋白异常（OR=3.034）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）异常（OR=3.554）的T2DM患者发生DR风险越高。结论 T2DM患者DR发生率较高,与年龄、病程、使用胰岛素治疗、HbA1c异常、高血压等因素有关,对于存在危险因素的T2DM患者进行监测及积极开展针对性干预措施,可降低DR发生风险,提高患者生存质量。     

糖尿病及并发视网膜病变患者生命质量评价

目的 了解评价糖尿病及并发视网膜病变患者的生命质量。方法 在上海市长宁区社区居民中选取糖尿病患者、糖尿病合并视网膜病变(DR)患者及健康居民,采用生命质量量表(SF-36)与糖尿病患者生存质量特异性量表(DSQL)相结合进行生命质量评价;采用Epidata软件建立数据库,采用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果 糖尿病合并视网膜病变组在SF-36量表的躯体功能(69.74±28.88)、躯体角色(70.72±43.28)、躯体疼痛(76.09±18.15)及总健康维度(48.54±19.74)的生命质量评分均显著低于常模,但心理健康(77.89±14.54)维度评分明显高于常模;糖尿病组在SF-36量表的躯体功能(72.81±22.85)、躯体疼痛(75.32±19.32)2个维度的评分显著低于常模,而心理健康(72.82±17.9)维度评分明显高于常模;糖尿病合并视网膜病变组的躯体功能(69.03±11.07)、总健康(14.71±3.95)、心理/精神维度(54.66±6.69)、社会功能维度(26.68±2.95)及疾病治疗效果维度(12.74±1.75)等方面较普通人群显著为低,糖尿病组的躯体功能(72.19±9.26)、心理/精神维度(53.99±7.20)、社会功能(26.25±2.99)、疾病治疗效果(13.12±1.72)等方面明显低于普通人群;DR组与糖尿病组在SF-36量表总评分及DSQL量表总评分方面均差异无统计学意义,但是在DSQL量表的躯体功能维度上,DR组的评分(45.08±7.40)显著低于糖尿病组评分(47.63±7.21)。结论 糖尿病及其并发视网膜病变患者多个维度的生命质量明显下降。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者生存质量及影响因素

目的 探讨糖尿病视网膜病变患者生存质量及其影响因素,寻求有效干预措施。方法 采用视功能损害眼病患者生存质量量表、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和自编的基本情况问卷,对268例糖尿病视网膜病变患者进行问卷调查;描述患者的生存质量现状并采用广义线性回归分析筛选影响其主要的影响因素。结果 糖尿病视网膜病变患者症状与视功能领域得分最高,为(31.83±17.75)分,其次是身体机能领域,为(23.15±7.08)分,精神心理和社会活动领域得分最低,分别为(19.10±10.35)、(18.09±9.67)分,其生存质量总平均得分为(92.16±34.50)分;所有患者的积极应对方式和消极应对方式得分分别为(34.72±9.63)、(28.31±9.12)分;患者生存质量的主要影响因素有年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、医疗费用负担方式、病程、病情和特质应对方式(P<0.05)。结论 糖尿病视网膜病变患者生存质量较差,尤其是精神心理和社会活动领域;病情和特质应对方式是患者生存质量的主要影响因素。     

糖尿病患者血清瘦素、内皮素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变不同分期的相关性研究

目的探讨血清瘦素、内皮素水平与糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。方法收集本院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者80例,将其分为增殖性视网膜病变组23例,非增殖性视网膜病变组30例,糖尿病无视网膜病变组27例,另设健康对照者30例。采用放射免疫法测定血浆瘦素水平,采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法原理（ELISA）定量测定内皮素水平,并于生化检验室检验空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、三酰甘油。结果病例组,包括增殖性视网膜病变组、非增殖性视网膜病变组、糖尿病无视网膜病变组与对照组血浆瘦素分别为（17．41±5．81）μg／L、（13．32±6．78）μg／L、（9．52±4．34）μg/L、（5．1-4-3．4）μg/L;血浆内皮素水平分别为（80．68±13．57）mg／L、（73．38±12．37）mg／L、（65．33±11．24）mg／L、（45．25±9．06）mg／L。各病例组与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;各病例组组问比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;血浆瘦素水平与年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胆固醇、三酰甘油等无相关。血浆瘦素水平与体重指数呈正相关（r=0．468,P〈0．01）。结论血浆瘦素、内皮素水平是2型糖尿病视网膜病变发病的一种独立危险因子,且随着病情的加重,血浆瘦素、内皮素水平逐渐增高。为糖尿病视网膜病变的早期干预治疗提供了新思路。     

Plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy increases with duration of diabetes and may be associated with carotenoid status. Carotenoids alter the pro-oxidation/antioxidation balance, and circulating levels depend largely on dietary intake. Lower levels have been reported in diabetes and age-related macular degeneration; however, little is known of the relationship between carotenoids and diabetic complications. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy. We assessed the carotenoid-retinopathy relationship in 111 individuals with type 2 diabetes in a community-based, cross-sectional study. We photodocumented retinal status and used HPLC to measure plasma carotenoid concentrations. Data for clinical and demographic variables and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy were obtained from 24 h urine and fasting blood samples, and an interviewer-assisted lifestyle questionnaire. We found that the combined lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin (non-pro-vitamin A (non-PVA) carotenoid) concentration when compared with the pro-vitamin A (PVA) carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) was significantly lower in the retinopathy than non-retinopathy group (OR 1.2 (95% CI 1.0, 1.4) v. 1.6 (95% CI 1.4, 1.7), respectively; P=0.009). A higher non-PVA:PVA ratio also predicted a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy, after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.12, 0.95); P=0.039). Finally, a higher concentration of PVA carotenoids was associated with greater odds of diabetic retinopathy, after adjustment for risk factors (P=0.049). We suggest synergies between carotenoids are implicated in diabetic retinopathy, independent of established risk factors. Importantly, our observations indicate dietary modulation of retinopathy risk may be possible by increasing intakes of lutein- and lycopene-rich foods.     

Multi-state models and diabetic retinopathy

This paper discusses the application of a multi-state model to diabetic retinopathy under the assumption that a continuous time Markov process determines the transition times between disease stages. The multi-state model consists of three transient states that represent the early stages of retinopathy, and one final absorbing state that represent the irreversible stage of retinopathy. By using a model with covariables, we explore the effects of factors that influence the onset, progression, and regression of diabetic retinopathy among subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We can also introduce time-dependent covariables in the model by assuming that the covariables remain constant between two observations. We can also obtain survival-type curves from each stage of the disease and for any combination of patient risk factors.     

Screening for diabetic retinopathy

Concurrent with the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy is also rising. Timely recognition with the aid of screening, followed by laser therapy, can prevent the greater part of the resulting visual impairment and blindness. However, many patients with diabetes are not screened or not screened adequately. The necessary screening frequency is annually or biannually, depending on the degree of retinopathy and the presence of risk factors, of which glycaemic control, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, lipid profile, and race are the most important. Digital 2-field fundus photography, preferably in mydriasis, is of sufficient quality for routine screening. The impact of screening programmes can be further improved by applying the optimal method and by initiating an active implementation strategy.     

Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is associated with a number of systemic risk factors, namely hyperglycaemia, elevated blood pressure and dyslipidaemia. Patients with diabetes should be vigorously treated for these modifiable risk factors to prevent the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.