Aprotinin reduces injury of the spinal cord in transient ischemia

Objective: The protective effect of aprotinin, which is a protease inhibitor, was assessed in a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model. Design: Randomized, controlled, prospective study. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: New Zealand white rabbits (36) of both sexes. Methods: In 24 animals, ischemia was induced with midline laparotomy and clamping the aorta just distal to left renal artery and proximal to aortic bifurcation for 20 min. Aprotinin was given 30 000 KIU as a short intravenous injection after anesthesia, and was followed by 10 000 KIU/h by continuous infusion in group 1 (n=12). Similar volume of saline solution was used in control group of animals (group 2, n=12). Group 3 of animals (sham group, n=12) were anesthetized and subjected to laparotomy without aortic occlusion. Physiological parameters and somatosensory evoked-potentials (SEP) were monitored in animals before ischemia, during ischemia and in the first 60 min of reperfusion. Their neurological outcome was clinically evaluated up to 48 h postischemia. Their motor function was scored, and the intergroup differences were compared. The animals were sacrificed after two days of postischemia. Their spinal cord, abdominal aorta, and its branches were processed for histopathological examination. Results: In group 3, SEP amplitudes did not change during the procedures, and all animals recovered without neurologic deficits. At the end of ischemic period, the average amplitude was reduced to 53±7% of the baseline in all ischemic animals. This was followed by a gradual return to 89±8 and 81±13% of the initial amplitude after 60 min of reperfusion in group 1 and group 2 correspondingly (P>0.05). The average motor function score was significantly higher in group 1 than group 2 at 24 and 48 h after the ischemic insult (P<0.05). Histological observations were clearly correlated with the neurological findings. Conclusion: The results suggest that aprotinin reduces spinal cord injury and preserves neurologic function in transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.     

硫酸镁对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探讨硫酸镁对兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的保护效果。方法:27只新西兰大白兔,随机分为A组(硫酸镁处理组)、B组(生理盐水)和C组(假手术对照组)。A、B两组参照Tetik方法建立兔脊髓腰骶段缺血模型,比较三组动物不同时间点的体感诱发电位(SEP)、后肢运动功能评分及缺血再灌注后48h的病理学改变。结果:C组SEP没有明显变化,动物均完全康复。缺血30min时B组波形消失,A组波幅降为基线的(29.3±1.9)%。再灌注60min后A组、B组SEP波幅分别渐升致基线的(74.5±2.3)%和(49.2±2.1)%。A组N1、P1波峰潜伏期在缺血30min及再灌注60min时均明显优于B组(P<0.05);再灌注24h和48h后,A组的后肢运动功能评分均显著高于B组(P<0.05);再灌注48h后A组的脊髓前角神经细胞计数显著高于B组(P<0.01)。结论:硫酸镁具有减轻兔脊髓缺血再灌注损伤及保护神经功能的作用。     

急性脊髓损伤中脊髓血流量与神经功能损害的关系

目的 :观察脊髓损伤 (SCI)后伤段脊髓血流量的动态变化 ,探讨其与脊髓神经功能损害的关系。方法 :Allen′s法致伤大鼠脊髓 ,于伤前和伤后 1、4、8、2 4、72、1 6 8h和 1个月 ,采用氢清除法测量脊髓血流量 ,参照Konrad的方法记录脊髓运动诱发电位 (MEP) ,应用斜板试验评价大鼠的运动功能。结果 :SCI后伤段脊髓血流量明显下降 (P <0 0 5或 0 0 1 ) ,与脊髓MEP的变化和运动功能的损害呈显著相关关系。结论 :脊髓损伤后缺血在脊髓神经功能损害中有重要意义 ,可能是SCI后继发性损伤形成的主要因素之一。     

牵张性脊髓损伤脊髓SCEP监护作用的实验研究

目的：探讨脊髓皮层诱发电位对牵张性脊髓损伤的监护作用。方法：选用４０只健康大白兔，随机分成对照组（Ａ组）、体感皮层诱发电位（ＳＣＥＰ）波幅下降３０％组（Ｂ组）、ＳＣＥＰ波幅下降５０％５ｍｉｎ组（Ｃ组）和１０ｍｉｎ组（Ｄ组）。通过对脊髓ＳＣＥＰ监测、动物脊髓功能评定、组织形态学观察以及脊髓微血管铸型扫描电镜观察来研究牵张性脊髓损伤。结果：随着牵开负荷增大和作用时间的延长，脊髓微血管发生充盈缺损、痉挛直至破裂出血；Ｃ组及Ｄ组脊髓功能下降，与Ａ组相比有显著性差异。结论：ＳＣＥＰ波幅变化能较客观地反映脊髓功能状况，波幅下降５０％持续１０ｍｉｎ脊髓将出现不可逆损害     

脊髓损伤后早期减压对诱发电位影响的实验研究

[目的]观察脊髓损伤后早期减压对体感诱发电位及经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位的影响，以探讨诱发电位在判断手术时机及预后中的应用价值。[方法]日本大耳兔32只随机分4组。A组为对照组，不造成脊髓损伤。B、C、D组为脊髓损伤组。对每组动物于不同时间分别检测SEP、MEP。分析波形的潜伏期、峰问波幅。用后肢的Tarlov分级法作伤后运动功能评分。取脊髓标本，行组织学观察。[结果]随着脊髓压迫时间的延长，SEP、MEP的潜伏期逐渐延长，波幅逐渐减小．波幅变化较潜伏期更为敏感。在恢复过程中，脊髓受压时间越短，诱发电位恢复越早。潜伏期恢复早于波幅，而且SEP恢复早于MEP，MEP的恢复早于功能评分。[结论]SEP与TMS-MEP对脊髓损伤十分敏感，能较早反映脊髓损伤程度，可用于指导临床手术治疗和判断预后。     

诱发电位监测脊髓缺血性损害的实验研究

目的：探索术中诱发电位对脊髓缺血性损害的监测作用。方法：12只犬,随机分为3组,分别行单纯主射造影剂、使用明胶海绵和碘油作栓塞剂栓塞单侧肋间动脉（左T8／9）造成脊髓缺血,术中应用运动诱发电位（MEPs)和体感诱发电位（SEPs)监测,观察术中,术后MEPs与SEPs的变化,比较各各组术后运动分级和病理检查结果。结果：注射造影剂或栓塞剂时SEPst MPEs潜伏期均有不同程度的延长,波幅均有不同程度的下降,但单纯造影组5min后恢复,明胶海绵组30min恢复,碘油组30min仍未见恢复。MEPs变化与运动功能分级一致,SEPs和MEPs都与病理形态相关。结论：SEPs、MEPs对脊髓缺血性损害具有良好的监测作用;MEPs 的改变与术后脊髓运动功能相关。     

Effects of deep barbiturate coma on acute spinal cord injury in the cat

The effects of barbiturate administration on experimental balloon-induced spinal cord injury were tested in cats. Somatosensory evoked potentials from sciatic nerve stimulation were obtained before trauma and every 60 minutes after it up to the sixth hour, when the animals were killed. Eight cats received no barbiturate treatment. On histologic examination the traumatic lesion was found to be extensive (mean, 72.8% of total cross section of the cord area), sparing dorsal columns only in six cats. Somatosensory evoked potentials were absent in two cats and profoundly modified (that is, the late waves were absent) in six cats at the sixth hour. Eight cats were given a continuous infusion for 1 hour of intravenous thiopental sodium (total dose, 65-90 mg/kg) starting 30 minutes after trauma. In these eight cats, the extent of the traumatic lesion was significantly reduced (8.8% of the cord area). Among them, three animals presented with unaltered somatosensory evoked potentials (that is, with the presence of both primary components and late waves) at the sixth hour. It was concluded that thiopental sodium improves the response of the spinal cord to trauma, both at an anatomic and at a functional level.     

TRH对大鼠脊髓损伤后SCBF和SEP的影响

脊髓损伤（ＳＣＩ）后内源性阿片肽释放，并参与脊髓的继发损伤机制。ＴＲＨ可阻断阿片肽的自主神经效应，而不影响痛觉。本实验探讨大剂量ＴＲＨ（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ／ｈ）治疗对大鼠脊髓打击伤（Ａｌｌｅｎｓ法１０ｇｘ５ｃｍ）后脊髓血流量（ＳＣＢＦ）和脊髓诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）的影响。脊髓损伤后１ｈ，ＳＣＢＦ开始显著下降，持续至伤后２４ｈ，ＳＥＰ峰潜时呈进行性延长趋势；伤后即刻静脉注射ＴＲＨ（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ／ｈ，共５次），可使伤后即刻和２４ｈ的ＳＣＢＦ显著升高，并使伤后ＳＣＢＦ下降时间延迟３ｈ，同时ＳＥＰ峰潜时有不同程度改善。结果表明，ＴＲＨ对受伤脊髓早期有一定的防治作用，并具有一定的后发效应；同时也可促进脊髓的神经传导功能。本文亦对ＴＲＨ治疗ＳＣＩ的病理生物学机制进行了讨论。     

经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位在脊柱脊髓损伤的临床应用研究

目的评价经颅磁刺激运动诱发电位（ＴＭＳＭＥＰ）在脊柱脊髓损伤诊断中的作用。方法测定２１例完全性脊髓损伤患者、３５例不完全性脊髓损伤患者双侧胫前肌与腓肠肌的ＴＭＳＭＥＰ,随访６个月～２年,以２０例正常成人ＴＭＳＭＥＰ作对照。结果２１例完全性脊髓损伤患者中,１９例双侧胫前肌及腓肠肌ＴＭＳＭＥＰ消失,随访截瘫无恢复;２例圆锥损伤有异常ＴＭＳＭＥＰ,截瘫及ＴＭＳＭＥＰ基本恢复。３５例不完全性脊髓损伤患者中,每例均可记录到１块以上靶肌的ＴＭＳＭＥＰ,随访３３例,截瘫及ＴＭＳＭＥＰ均有不同程度的恢复,其中术前２５块靶肌肌力０级而有异常ＴＭＳＭＥＰ,术后肌力除２块无恢复外,其余均有明显恢复或正常。术后ＴＭＳＭＥＰ的恢复时间和程度均较体检所见早且明显。结论ＴＭＳＭＥＰ测定对于脊髓损伤的诊断和预后的估计,有重要的临床应用价值     

Effect of combined treatment with melatonin and methylprednisolone on neurological recovery after experimental spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the loss of function below the lesion. Secondary injury following the primary impact includes a number of biochemical and cellular alterations leading to tissue necrosis and cell death. Methylprednisolone (MP), by reducing edema and protecting the cell membrane against peroxidation, is the only pharmacological agent with a proven clinically beneficial effect on SCI. Melatonin, known as a free radical scavenger, has been shown to have an effect on lipid peroxidation following experimental SCI. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of MP and melatonin on neurological, ultrastructural, and electrophysiological recovery. Female albino rats weighing 200–250 g were randomized into five groups of 18 rats each and six rats for the control group. Weight-drop trauma was performed for each group and a 30-mg/kg single dose of MP for rats in group 1, a 10-mg/kg single dose of melatonin for rats in group 2, and MP and melatonin in the same doses for rats in group 3 were administered immediately after trauma. The rats in group 4 were the vehicle group (treated with ethanol) and group 5 was the trauma group. The motor and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded at the 4th hour, the 24th hour, and on the 10th day of the study for six rats in each group. Posttraumatic neurological recovery was recorded for 10 days using motor function score and inclined plane test. After electrophysiological study the rats were terminated for an analysis of lipid peroxidation level of the injured site of the spinal cord. Electron microscopic studies were performed to determine the effects of melatonin, MP, and the combined treatment with MP and melatonin on axons, neurons, myelin, nucleus, and intracytoplasmic edema. The groups treated with MP, melatonin, and a combination of both had significantly enhanced electrophysiological, biochemical, and neurological recovery and also showed better ultrastructural findings than the trauma and vehicle groups. Although combined treatment was significantly more effective on lipid peroxidation than melatonin or MP treatments alone, at the 10th day, neurobehavioral, electrophysiological, and ultrastructural recovery were at the same level. In conclusion, MP, melatonin, and MP and melatonin combined treatment modalities improved functional recovery at the same level. Future studies involving different doses of melatonin and different dose combinations with MP could promise better results since each drug has a different anti-oxidative mechanism of action.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at The number of references, figures of waveforms obtained from CSEP and MEP tests, and electron micrographs of the samples obtained from trauma and all treatment groups at the 10th day postinjury have been reduced in the printed version. The complete version of the article will be published in the web version of the Journal     

脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中运动诱发电位的监测作用

目的　探讨运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤中神经功能的监测作用。　方法　对２６ 只大鼠腰骶段脊髓缺血前、缺血１５、２５ 、４０ 分钟及再灌注后５、１５、３０ 分钟、１、２ 和２４ 小时ＭＥＰ变化进行监测。　结果　在缺血１５ 分钟时ＭＥＰ潜伏期明显延长（Ｐ＜ ０．０１） ,波幅在缺血２５ 分钟时明显减小（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,缺血４０ 分钟时波形消失;再灌注后５ 分钟时波形恢复,但潜伏期大于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１） ,波幅小于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１）;再灌注后１５ 分钟至２ 小时波幅恢复正常（Ｐ＞ ０－０５）,潜伏期无恢复;再灌注后２４ 小时潜伏期虽然呈恢复趋势,但与再灌注早期相比,差异无显著性意义,此时波幅又明显下降低于正常（Ｐ＜０－０１） ,再灌注后２４ 小时双下肢运动功能比再灌注早明显降低（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。　结论ＭＥＰ能够准确监测脊髓神经功能在缺血再灌注损伤中的变化     

TNF-α拮抗剂(Etanercept)治疗脊髓损伤作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨TNF-α拮抗剂Etanercept(依那西普)对继发性脊髓损伤的治疗作用和可能机制。方法建立大鼠脊髓挫伤模型,损伤后1 h对大鼠行腹腔注射5 mg/kg Etanercept或生理盐水(损伤对照组);假手术组(20只大鼠)仅行椎板切除术而无脊髓损伤,1 h后给予腹腔注射1 ml生理盐水。结果在脊髓损伤急性期(12 h、1 d、3 d),Etanercept治疗组TNF-α的蛋白表达强度明显弱于损伤对照组。与对照组相比,Etanercept治疗组TNFR1的表达在损伤后6、12 h均下降,TNFR2仅在损伤后6 h下降。损伤对照组大鼠在脊髓损伤后后肢运动功能明显受限,而Etanercept治疗组大鼠在脊髓损伤后2、4、8周,后肢BBB评分显著升高。结论 Etanercept可能通过抑制TNF-α/TNFR通路,减轻了脱髓鞘变性,促进了运动功能的恢复。     

Neuroprotective assessment of prolonged local hypothermia post contusive spinal cord injury in rodent model

Background Context

Although general hypothermia is recognized as a clinically applicable neuroprotective intervention, acute moderate local hypothermia post contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is being considered a more effective approach. Previously, we have investigated the feasibility and safety of inducing prolonged local hypothermia in the central nervous system of a rodent model.

The comparison of recovery patterns between ischemic spinal cord injury and traumatic spinal cord injury from acute to chronic phase

Objective: To investigate the neurological and functional recovery patterns of ischemic spinal cord injury (ISCI) compared with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in the acute to chronic phase.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Settings: Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Rehabilitation Medicine at a tertiary hospital.Participants: Fifty-four patients with ISCI and 86 patients with TSCI.Interventions: Not applicable.Outcome measures: MRI findings, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Korean Spinal Cord Independence Measure (KSCIM), ambulatory status, and bladder status were reviewed. The functional outcomes were measured at admission, discharge, and >6 months after discharge.Results: AIS classification did not significantly change after 6 months in both ISCI and TSCI groups. Between admission and discharge, the proportion of patients needing a wheelchair or assistive device to ambulate decreased more in the ISCI group compared with the TSCI group [odds ratio (OR) 0.40, P = 0.04]. In addition, the proportion of catheterized voiding in the ISCI group was significantly higher than in the TSCI group at all time points (OR 5.12, P < 0.001). Lastly, both groups showed that functional improvement was the greatest between admission and discharge. In addition, the proportion of catheterized voiding decreased (Diff = −0.12, P = 0.019) and mRS score decreased (Diff=−0.48, P < 0.001) significantly in the ISCI group at >6 months post discharge.Conclusion: The ISCI group showed better recovery of mobility during inpatient rehabilitation period and worse recovery of bladder function as demonstrated by higher number of patients requiring bladder catheterization at all time points when compared with the TSCI group.     

儿童无放射学影像异常的脊髓损伤14例临床分析

目的：提高对儿童无放射学影像异常的脊髓损伤（spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality，SCIWORA）的认识。方法：对1992年1月至2005年8月北京儿童医院住院患者中诊断为“急性脊髓炎”或“脊髓损伤”的187例进行回顾性分析，发现其中14例为SCIWORA。男6例，女8例。年龄1岁3个月～15岁（15岁1例，1岁3个月～7岁13例）。均有明确外伤史。损伤水平在C6～T9，颈髓2例，胸髓12例。脊髓功能ASIA分级：A级9例，C级4例，D级1例。脊柱X线片和CT未见骨折及脱位；MRI检查示脊髓水肿9例,脊髓出血2例，脊髓挫伤3例。采用综合治疗，包括卧床、局部制动，应用激素、脱水剂、神经营养药等。结果：4例患者失访，10例患者随访6个月～5年，平均2年3个月，4例（C级3例，D级1例）患者（均为MRI显示水肿局限者）在伤后6个月运动、感觉及括约肌功能完全恢复（E级）；6例（A级）患者运动、感觉及括约肌障碍未恢复。2例（A级）病初MRI表现为脊髓弥漫水肿者，伤后4～6个月复查MRI脊髓呈萎缩样改变。结论：对怀疑SCIWORA的儿童，应首选MRI检查。脊髓水肿局限者预后好，水肿弥漫或伴有出血、挫伤者预后差。     

体感诱导电位在可逆性脊髓损伤和根性病损中的应用

为了弄清脊髓损伤的发展规律，我们对动物模型从Ａｌｌｅｎ的背侧撞击改用腹侧撞击，使其更接近于脊髓损伤的模式。在一定功率下可使动物模型产生可逆性单侧损伤，从而观察脊髓损伤后的病理变化。用０．０１５８Ｊ／ｃｍ的力，制成不全截瘫的动物模型，并用ＳＥＰ波型及其潜伏值来进行定量分析，了解伤后的发展进程，同时通过病理观察；与ＳＥＰ检查匹配，对脊髓损伤的程度和变化有一个比较清楚的概念。对脊髓损伤，完全性操作不会出现ＳＥＰ波，一旦ＳＥＰ波出现，说明脊髓功能已存在，单从波形角度考虑，不能说明可以恢复，应看其发展过程中潜伏值的变化，比较上、下肢的潜伏值系数，才具有显著的评估意义。可以看出潜伏值的变化与临床表现有密切关联。ＳＥＰ只能代表脊髓的感觉功能，而不能代表运动功能。     

脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床研究

目的：探讨脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的临床发病情况、发生机制及治疗措施。方法：回顾性分析543例急性脊柱脊髓损伤患者的临床资料。结果：543例患者中发生低钠者202例，占全部病例的37．2％。脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生率与患者脊髓损伤平面和程度有关。202例低钠者中13例出现神经精神症状。结论：脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生与钠盐摄入量减少、过量水负荷、脊髓损伤后肾脏排水保钠能力下降等原因有关。ASIA运动评分与脊柱脊髓损伤患者低钠血症的发生有相关性。     

Direct spinal versus peripheral nerve stimulation as monitoring techniques in epidurally recorded spinal cord potentials

Summary We recorded spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEPs) and spinal somatosensory evoked potentials (spinal SEPs) in 30 operations following stimulation of the epidural spinal cord and the peripheral nerve, respectively, to compare their feasibility as an intraoperative technique for spinal cord monitoring. SCEPs produced quicker responses and had larger amplitudes with simpler waveforms. SCEPs could reflect residual function of the pathological spinal cord and predict the postoperative clinical outcome, findings which are not observed with spinal SEPs. Moreover, SCEPs had a much higher sensitivity to spinal cord insult. Therefore, we conclude that the SCEPs were more appropriate indicator than the spinal SEPs as an intra-operative monitoring method for spinal cord function.     

应用大脑皮层诱发电位建立精确分级脊髓损伤模型

目的 建立脊髓损伤精确分级动物模型.方法 自行设计一种犬的运动-静止压迫型脊髓损伤模型,以大脑皮层诱发电位(CSEP)和不同压迫时间为参数,以T13横突连线为中心,安装大小为0.6 cm×1.0 cm的加压阀,以0.2 mm/min速度压迫脊髓,同时持续性CSEP监测,随压迫深度加深,CSEP波幅不断压低,当波幅下降达基础值的50%时停止下压,继续维持压迫,将20只杂种犬随机分为三组:A组(n=8):脊髓继续受压30 min;B组(n=8):脊髓继续受压180 min;C组(n=4):为对照组,脊髓显露后不损伤.观察电生理学、组织病理学、功能恢复及MRI变化.结果 两组脊髓组织学均有损害、MRI显示两组均有脊髓受压性改变,按照Aiith法计算A、B组的脊髓白质残留面积百分比和MRI脊髓变性空洞区最大横面积百分比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A组CSEP逐渐恢复达基线的76%,B组CSEP无恢复,C组一直无变化;脊髓受压早期两组均有后肢功能障碍,按照改良的Tarlov测定法和运动能力法评估A、B两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 以CSEP和不同压迫时间为参数,能够建立不同损伤程度的可重复性强的分级脊髓损伤模型.     

300例截瘫的体感诱发电位检查

对唐山市１９７６年地震所致的截瘫伤员，随机抽样做体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）检查３００例，其中完全截瘫２０９例，不全截瘫９１例，共检查腓总神经和正中神经ＳＥＰ ６００侧，发现４１６侧完全性截瘫的ＳＥＰ全部消失，不全截瘫的１６６侧，５８％的ＳＥＰ存在。研究结果表明：不全截瘫病人ＳＥＰ消失与否与脊髓损伤平面以下的肌力状况无关，而深感觉则与ＳＥＰ的存在与消失显著相关。ＳＥＰ与足趾定位觉检查呈等级相关。ＳＥＰ不能直接反映急性脊髓损伤后运动功能是否良好，仅间接与脊髓的前索状况有关。本组根据９１幅异常ＳＥＰ图形，将其归纳为６种主要表现，并试图分析其发生基础及与临床的关系。急性脊髓损伤后ＳＥＰ消失多数预后不良，但在创伤初期确定其不恢复的最终时间仍有困难。