PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌中的治疗进展

程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1,PD-1)抑制剂Pembrolizumab进入一线正式标志着免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗体系中占据了重要地位.临床试验结果证实PD-1/程序性死亡配体1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)抑制剂在晚期NSCLC的一线、二线和多药耐药后治疗的疗效均要优于传统的化疗.一线使用Pembrolizumab联合化疗的客观有效率(objective response rate,ORR)最高可达80%;单药Pembrolizumab的无疾病进展时间(progression-free survival,PFS)接近1年(10.3个月),死亡风险比含铂双药化疗下降40%.单药Pembrolizumab、Nivolumab和Atezolizumab用于二线的疗效同样突出,总生存时间(overall survival,OS)可至1年左右.PD-L1的表达是PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的预测因子,在晚期NSCLC中阳性(≥1%)的比例约为60%左右,组织类型间差异不大,但是目前并无检测的金标准.     

程序性死亡受体1及其配体1抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌免疫治疗中的研究进展

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)是肺癌最常见的病理类型。近年来, 免疫治疗迅速发展, 免疫检查点抑制剂特别是程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)抑制剂已经在NSCLC的治疗中取得突破性进展, 打破了传统放、化疗有效率低、靶向治疗耐药广泛的格局, 为患者带来生存获益。文章针对PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在晚期NSCLC中的临床研究进展进行综述。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌PD-1/PD-L1单抗治疗临床转化现状

随着对肿瘤免疫逃逸机制研究的不断深入,通过阻断程序性死亡因子1（programmed cell death 1,PD-1）及其配体l （PD-1 ligand,PD-L1）构成的 PD-1/PD-L1 通路,证实了 PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌（non small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者生存的相关性,以及PD-L1作为疗效预测标志物的价值。在NSCLC的局部晚期维持治疗、二线治疗及部分一线治 疗的临床试验中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗均获得了较好的治疗效果;PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合放化疗、联合细胞因子与其他免疫 抑制剂及联合细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracel lular regulated protein kinase,ERK)通路靶向治疗也有一定获益。本文就PD-1/PD-L1 抑制剂用于NSCLC治疗现状及其影响因素作一综述。     

PD-1信号通路在非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

免疫治疗是目前除手术、化疗、放疗及靶向治疗外,另一种能够有效改善肺癌预后的治疗方法。在各种免疫治疗方法中,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)在近年来发展迅速,已成为肿瘤治疗领域的新兴疗法及研究热点。其中,程序性死亡受体1(programmed death receptor 1,PD 1)及其配体程序性死亡配体 1(programmed death receptor ligand1,PD L1)的抑制剂在多种恶性肿瘤的治疗中均取得了显著疗效,部分药物已被美国FDA批准应用于临床。该文对PD 1／PD L1抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌(non small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者治疗中的临床研究现状进行综述,探讨其在晚期NSCLC治疗中的临床应用价值、前景及面临的问题与挑战。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌一线靶向治疗的研究进展

肺癌是世界上发病率和病死率最高的恶性肿瘤,其中非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)占85％以上.随着精准医疗的出现和高通量测序技术的进步,晚期NSCLC可治疗的靶点明显增多,再加上新药上市速度的不断加快,靶向治疗己成为一线治疗方式.应用针对EGFR、ALK和ROS1的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂已经将晚期NSCLC的PFS突破了18个月;抗PD1的单克隆抗体一线治疗的PFS也达到了10.3个月,联合化疗后PFS可延长至13个月.一些临床较少应用的靶点,如BRAF、MET、RET和HER2在指南中也建议检测,并推荐了相应的靶向药物.本文将晚期NSCLC一线靶向治疗药物(免疫检查点抑制剂、间变淋巴瘤激酶抑制剂、表皮生长因子受体抑制剂、ROS1抑制剂、血管生成抑制剂等)应用的相关临床研究进展进行综述.     

晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs治疗疗效关系的真实世界研究

背景与目的 晚期表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR）阳性非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）患者的一线治疗首选EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR-TKIs）。晚期驱动基因阴性，程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)阳性或高表达的NSCLC患者一线治疗推荐免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs）单药治疗或ICIs联合化疗。所以不同PD-L1表达水平的EGFR阳性晚期NSCLC患者的一线治疗策略值得进一步探究。既往众多研究提示PD-L1的表达明显受EGFR突变情况的影响，PD-L1表达很有可能与EGFR-TKIs耐药机制相关。本研究旨在分析晚期EGFR阳性NSCLC患者PD-L1表达特点及其与EGFR-TKIs疗效的关系。方法 以159例EGFR阳性初治晚期NSC...     

免疫检查点抑制剂在EGFR突变非小细胞肺癌治疗应用的研究进展

目前,表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI)是表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因敏感突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的一线治疗标准,但大多数患者最终出现获得性耐药。而针对免疫检查点程序性死亡受体(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(PD-1 ligand,PD-L1)的抑制剂取得突破性进展,改变了NSCLC的治疗模式。多项研究显示,EGFR敏感突变NSCLC患者免疫检查点抑制剂疗效不佳,其可能机制主要包括EGFR敏感突变患者PD-L1的低表达、抑制性免疫微环境、低肿瘤突变负荷等等。通过对EGFR突变NSCLC患者特殊人群的选择,免疫检查点抑制剂与其他药物的联合应用,可能为EGFR敏感突变NSCLC患者的治疗带来希望。本文将对此进行综述,以期为表皮生长因子受体突变的非小细胞肺癌患者的治疗带来新的希望。     

程序性死亡蛋白1/程序性死亡蛋白配体1抑制剂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及疗效和预后预测标志物的真实世界研究

目的探讨程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)/程序性死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)抑制剂治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效, 并探索疗效和预后预测的标志物。方法 2016年1月至2019年12月, 在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂单药治疗或PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合其他全身药物治疗的晚期转移性NSCLC患者174例, 收集患者的人口学、临床病理及生存资料, 评估疗效并进行生存分析, 主要终点为无进展生存时间(PFS), 次要终点包括客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)及总生存时间(OS)。结果 174例患者接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗后ORR为28.7%, DCR为79.3%。23例(13.2%)出现免疫相关不良反应。脑转移、治疗线数、治疗模式与晚期转移性NSCLC患者免疫治疗的客观疗效有关(均P<0.05)。中位随访18.8个月, 174例患者的中位PFS为10.5个月, 中位OS未达到, 2年生存率为63.0%。病理类型与晚期转移性NSCLC患者免疫治疗的PFS有关(P=0.028), 性别、年龄、脑转移、自身免疫性疾病与OS有关(均P<...     

免疫抑制剂治疗肺癌同时出现肿瘤超进展和免疫相关性肺炎1例报道并文献复习

<正>近年来,随着免疫治疗在黑色素瘤、肾癌、非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)中的广泛应用,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)受到越来越多的关注,ICIs广泛应用于驱动基因阴性的晚期NSCLC的一线治疗。ICIs包括程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death protein-1,PD-1)抑制剂、     

中国非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗专家共识(2020年版)

非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)是肺癌最常见的病理类型.晚期NSCLC的系统性抗肿瘤治疗经历了化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗的变革,患者总体生存时间不断延长.免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs),尤其是程序性死亡分子-1(pr...     

Combination Strategies on the Basis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Where Do We Stand?

The era of immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies in the treatment of advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is coming. Because of the lack of the definite biomarkers to select the optimal responders, only approximately 20% of patients with advanced NSCLC would respond to single checkpoint inhibitors-based immunotherapy. Moreover, primary or acquired resistance to conventional therapies is inevitable in most cases. Thus, combinations are pushed to move forward to be an alternative strategy and surely, it would be a future direction. Combination approaches on the basis of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are currently designed to re-energize the immune system with complementary/synergetic mechanisms and could achieve durable antineoplastic effects in NSCLC. Herein, we highlight the potential combinations on the basis of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in NSCLC, with other immunotherapies, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy in this current review.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂与化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效的Meta分析

目的:本文旨在系统评价PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂对比化疗治疗非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的有效性和安全性,采用Meta分析方法.方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、EM-Base、CNKI、万方数据库、VIP数据库,两名评价者独立评价纳入研究的质量、提取资料并交叉核对,运用Co-chrane量表评价纳入文献的方法学质量同质研究采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析.结果:共纳入5个随机对照试验,包括3042例病例.Meta分析结果显示:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相比较于对照组在总有效率[OR=1.58,95%CI(1.27,1.97),P<0.0001]、总生存期[HR=0.68,95%CI(0.62,0.75),P<0.00001]、无进展生存期[HR=0.79,95%CI(0.72,0.86),P<0.00001]高于对照组.在亚组分析中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂相比较于对照组在EGFR突变型的肺癌[HR=0.91,95%CI(0.76,1.11),P=0.35]中无明显差异,在EGFR野生型的肺癌[HR=0.67,95%CI(0.60,0.76),P<0.00001]中有差异.任何级别不良反应事件[OR=0.32,95%CI(0.27,0.39),P<0.00001]和3、4、5级不良反应事件[OR=0.18,95%CI(0.11,0.30),P<0.00001]低于对照组.结论:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂方案治疗晚期NSCLC患者的疗效高于以多西他赛为主的化疗方案,且安全性优于后者.     

晚期非小细胞肺癌化疗联合免疫治疗进展

化疗在晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer，NSCLC）的治疗中发挥着重要的作用，但近年来免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期NSCLC的治疗中也表现出了良好的效果，因此两者联合治疗能否产生更佳的治疗效果成为了人们关注的焦点。本文综述总结了程序性死亡受体1（programmed death 1，PD-1/PD-L1）抑制剂、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白（cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associat? ed protein 4，CTLA4）抑制剂等不同免疫治疗方案分别联合不同化疗方案治疗晚期NSCLC的疗效及安全性，并阐述联合治疗方案疗效增加可能的机制，同时对晚期NSCLC未来的治疗模式做出了展望。      

Emerging therapeutic strategies for enhancing sensitivity and countering resistance to programmed cell death protein 1 or programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in non–small cell lung cancer

The availability of agents targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint has transformed treatment of advanced and/or metastatic non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a substantial proportion of patients treated with these agents do not respond or experience only a brief period of clinical benefit. Even among those whose disease responds, many subsequently experience disease progression. Consequently, novel approaches are needed that enhance antitumor immunity and counter resistance to PD-(L)1 inhibitors, thereby improving and/or prolonging responses and patient outcomes, in both PD-(L)1 inhibitor-sensitive and inhibitor-resistant NSCLC. Mechanisms contributing to sensitivity and/or resistance to PD-(L)1 inhibitors in NSCLC include upregulation of other immune checkpoints and/or the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which represent potential targets for new therapies. This review explores novel therapeutic regimens under investigation for enhancing responses to PD-(L)1 inhibitors and countering resistance, and summarizes the latest clinical evidence in NSCLC.     

非小细胞肺癌的联合免疫治疗现状

对于晚期非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC）的患者来说,化疗、放疗、靶向治疗及抗血管生成治疗虽然可以改善其预后,但经相关研究发现,NSCLC患者的5年生存率仍不尽人意。近年来以程序性死亡蛋白1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）/程序性死亡蛋白配体1（programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1）抑制剂为代表免疫检查点抑制剂的出现为晚期NSCLC患者的治疗带来了新的希望。探索免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗、抗血管生成药物、放疗的各项治疗策略是目前肿瘤界的热门话题,本文将对NSCLC联合免疫治疗的现状进行总结与讨论。     

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in EGFR-Mutated NSCLC: Dusk or Dawn?

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 axis have significantly shifted the treatment paradigm in advanced NSCLC, clinical benefits of these agents are limited in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Several predictive biomarkers (e.g., programmed cell death ligand-1 expression, tumor mutation burden), which have been validated in EGFR-wild type NSCLC, however, are not efficacious in EGFR-mutated tumors, suggesting the unique characteristics of tumor microenvironment of EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Here, we first summarized the clinical evidence on the efficacy of ICIs in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Then, the cancer immunogram features of EGFR-mutated NSCLC was depicted to visualize the state of cancer-immune system interactions, including tumor foreignness, tumor sensitivity to immune effectors, metabolism, general immune status, immune cell infiltration, cytokines, and soluble molecules. We further discussed the potential subpopulations with EGFR mutations that could benefit from ICI treatment. Lastly, we put forward future strategies to adequately maximize the efficacy of ICI treatment in patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC in the upcoming era of combination immunotherapies.     

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non–small cell lung cancer

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer has led to major changes to the therapeutic landscape of lung cancer. Improvements in overall survival relative to standard chemotherapy have been observed in the first‐line and second‐line therapy settings for patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Consequently, every patient with advanced‐stage NSCLC is now a candidate for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. However, it is clear that the benefit from therapy is not universal, and identification of biomarkers to select therapy has assumed importance. In addition to programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 expression, both tissue‐based and blood‐based markers are under evaluation to select patients. In an era of increasing costs of care and potential for toxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibition, proper patient selection is critical to the optimal use of this new class of agents. In addition, development of novel combination approaches has also emerged as an important way to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition. Studies in earlier stages of NSCLC are already underway with the hope of improving the cure rate. In this article, the authors review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Cancer 2018;124:248‐61 . © 2017 American Cancer Society.     

A Prospective Phase II Single-arm Study of Niraparib Plus Dostarlimab in Patients With Advanced Non–small-cell Lung Cancer and/or Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma,Positive for PD-L1 Expression and Germline or Somatic Mutations in the DNA Repair Genes: Rationale and Study Design

Treatment with poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)1/2 inhibitors represents a novel opportunity to selectively kill a subset of cancer cell types by exploiting their deficiencies in DNA repair, thus leading to synthetic lethality. Treatment of homologous recombination deficient (HRD)-tumors with PARP inhibitors generates significant levels of DNA damage, which has the potential to further increasing tumor mutational burden, promoting neoantigen release, and upregulating both interferons and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, suggesting a potential complementary and synergistic role with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment. Here we present the design and rationale of a prospective, phase II, single-arm study aiming to investigate the safety and antitumor activity of the combination of niraparib and dostarlimab in patients with HRD-positive and PD-L1 ≥ 1% advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and/or malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM).Considering the prevalence of pathogenetic germline mutations in DNA repair genes, reported to be around 5% to 10% in patients with MPM and NSCLC, a total of 700 to 1000 cases will be screened to identify 70 patients who are HRD-positive/PD-L1 ≥ 1% (N = 35 NSCLC; N = 35 MPM) to be included. Patients will receive the combination of niraparib orally once daily and dostarlimab intravenously. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. Secondary endpoints are objective response, duration of response, overall survival, and safety.The results of this study will provide evidence on the safety and antitumor activity of niraparib and dostarlimab combination in patients with advanced, HRD-positive and PD-L1 ≥ 1% NSCLC and/or MPM.     

PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌疗效及安全性的Meta分析

目的:运用Meta分析方法系统评价PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的疗效及安全性。方法:检索CNKI、万方、Pubmed和Cochrane图书馆数据库,提取数据并进行核对,利用RevMan5.3软件的Cochrane偏倚风险工具,对随机对照试验进行风险评估,并应用该软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入7个随机对照试验,包括3 945例患者。Meta 分析结果显示:PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在总生存期［HR=0.66,95%CI(0.61,0.72),P＜0.000 01］、无进展生存期［HR=0.72,95%CI(0.59,0.87),P=0.000 7］、总有效率［OR=1.91,95%CI(1.31,2.78),P=0.000 7］方面均高于化疗对照组;任何级别不良反应事件［OR=0.32,95%CI(0.25,0.40),P＜0.000 01］和3、4、5级不良反应事件［OR=0.23,95%CI(0.13,0.43),P＜0.000 01］低于化疗对照组。结论:在中晚期NSCLC的治疗中,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的疗效以及安全性均优于化疗药物。