无创通气在治疗新生儿呼吸系统疾病中的应用进展

新生儿的机械通气分为有创机械通气及无创机械通气。为了减少有创通气的肺损伤,目前临床越来越多应用无创通气模式。经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)的早期应用已经成为目前很多新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)的主要无创通气模式,同时早期联合选择性应用肺表面活性物质可以减少慢性肺疾患的发生。文章讨论无创呼吸支持模式的使用,包括持续气道正压通气(CPAP);双水平CPAP模式,例如SiPAP及NIPPV;以及处于研究阶段的同步经鼻间歇正压通气、神经调节辅助通气,无创高频振荡通气等无创通气模式的应用现状及前景。     

早产儿经鼻间歇正压通气的专家共识

经鼻间歇正压通气（nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV）是在经鼻持续气道正压通气（nasal continuous positive airway pressure,n CPAP）的基础上给予间歇正压的一种呼吸支持模式,由于其具有避免气管插管等无创呼吸支持的优点,在早产儿领域的应用越来越多,已经成为早产儿的重要辅助通气方式[1,2]。     

三种无创通气模式在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征初始治疗中的临床应用

目的:比较3种无创通气模式在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)初始治疗中的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至12月本院新生儿科收治的RDS早产儿111例,按照呼吸支持方式,分为经鼻持续气道正压(NCPAP)通气组(35例)、双水平气道正压(BiPAP)通气组(30例)、经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)组(46例...     

经鼻间歇正压通气在新生儿机械通气中的应用

在部分可能需要气管插管的新生儿中应用经鼻间歇正压通气(neonatal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)近年来在国外得到高度重视.NIPPV是可被广泛应用的持续气道正压通气(CPAP)的增强,NIPPV也可涵盖相似或类同的称谓,包括"经鼻咽同步间歇指令通气(NP-SIMV)和经鼻双通道正压通气(N-BiPAP)[1].     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征无创通气治疗的研究进展

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)是造成新生儿死亡的重要原因.目前治疗方案以肺表面活性物质替代治疗和机械通气为主.为了避免有创通气所带来的严重并发症,目前临床医生越来越倾向于采用无创通气的模式.无创通气模式包括经鼻间歇正压通气、经鼻持续正压通气、加热加湿高流量鼻导管通气等.该文就无创通气在临床应用的研究进展作一综述.     

双水平气道正压通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)主要发生于早产儿.早产儿RDS需要呼吸支持的几率较高.为了减少有创通气带来的一系列并发症,越来越多的(特别是胎龄＞32周[1])早产儿RDS的初始治疗直接使用无创通气[2-4].随着呼吸机技术及经鼻连接界面的不断改进,无创通气模式不再只是单一的经鼻持续气道正压(NCPAP)通气.常用的无创通气模式还包括:经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)及其同步模式(SNIPPV),神经调节辅助通气(NAVA),经鼻高频通气(NHFV),加热加湿的高流量鼻导管(HHHFNC)通气等[5-10].其中NIPPV的概念还涵盖经鼻间歇指令通气(NIMV),双水平气道正压(BiPAP)通气等[4].现重点介绍BiPAP通气在早产儿RDS中的应用.     

经鼻间歇正压通气在初始治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的临床应用

目的 探讨经鼻间歇正压通气（NIPPV）在初始治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）中的临床有效性及安全性,探索NIPPV参数的初始设置。方法 采用随机对照研究方法,将100例NRDS早产儿随机分为NIPPV组（n=50）和经鼻持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）组（n=50）,比较采用NIPPV或NCPAP初始呼吸支持治疗NRDS时,在改善CO2潴留、改善氧合、减少再次气管插管率和再次使用肺表面活性物质（PS）率、减少有创呼吸支持时间,减少需氧时间以及并发肺气漏、腹胀、呼吸机相关性肺炎之间有无差异。结果 在给予无创呼吸支持1 h和6 h时,NIPPV组在减轻CO2潴留、改善氧合方面明显优于NCPAP组（P2>0.21时间（均PPP>0.05）。结论 初始即予NIPPV呼吸支持治疗早产儿NRDS,临床有效、安全,值得推广。     

经鼻间歇和持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的Meta分析

目的 评价经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)和经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的疗效.方法 检索PubMed、EMBASE、Ovid、Springer、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库和维普中文科技期刊数据库,获得NIPPV与NCPAP治疗NRDS的相关RCT文献.根据随机分配方法,分配...     

无创通气在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用进展

为了减少有创通气所带来的严重并发症,临床医生越来越多地在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的初始治疗中采用无创通气(NIV)技术.在过去的40 年中,经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)一直是治疗RDS 的主要模式,甚至是唯一的NIV 模式.近十年来,随着传感器和人机连接界面的改进,产生了不少新的NIV 模式,如经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)、双水平气道正压通气(BiPAP)等.随后的研究表明,有些新的模式在RDS 的治疗上可能较NCPAP 更为优越.为了让临床医生了解NIV 在早产儿RDS 初始治疗中应用的新进展,更好的运用NIV 技术,该文复习了近年来相关文献并作简要综述.     

新生儿无创辅助呼吸支持介绍

随着新生儿微创辅助通气时代的到来及“开肺策略”的提出,新生儿的无创通气技术理念在世界范围内的NICU得到普及。该文复习了近年来新生儿无创通气技术的有关文献并作简要综述。持续气道正压通气（CPAP）主要原理为在呼气末予以压力支持的一种通气模式,又称之为持续扩张压或呼气末正压通气,经过世界范围内多年的临床实践,CPAP已被证实是一种有效的对患有呼吸系统疾病的新生儿实施呼吸支持的辅助通气模式。由于CPAP价格相对便宜,且易于在临床应用,因此更适合于在发展中国家推广。CPAP辅助通气,除可显著地改善患儿机体的氧合外,对有不同程度气道阻塞的患儿,它可以减轻气道塌陷,因此有助于减少患儿呼吸暂停的发生。文献研究表明,对于32周以下的早产儿,早期应用CPAP可减少患儿气管插管机械通气的机率。该文将试图介绍几种不同的CPAP应用装置和几种不同的CPAP应用方法。虽然对于早期应用CPAP是否能够降低新生儿死亡率及患病率目前尚不十分清楚,但临床实践已经表明,与有创通气比较,CPAP对患儿的损伤小,是一种较为舒适的通气模式,早期应用CPAP还可减少肺泡表面活性物质的使用频率。另外,该文还介绍CPAP的应用指征、优点及其局限性,CPAP的衍生模式如经鼻间歇正压辅助通气以及infant flow CPAP装置等。     

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??With the increasing perfection of the treatment level and the management means in NICU??the spectrum of neonatal respiratory disease and severity have also changed a lot. As a result??the mechanical ventilation mode has also changed. In NICU??the use of noninvasive assisted ventilation increases significantly. The clinical pediatricians should pay attention to the principles??indications and clinical application of the nasal continuous positive airway pressure??NCPAP????the nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation??NIPPV????the nasal biphasic positive airway pressure????NBiPAP?? and heated humidity high flow of nasal catheter ??HHHFNC??.     

Non-invasive respiratory support of preterm neonates with respiratory distress: continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation

Non-invasive techniques of respiratory support were developed in order to reduce the adverse effects associated with ventilation via an endotracheal tube. Short bi-nasal prongs provide the most effective nasal interface for delivery of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Devices used to generate CPAP include conventional ventilators, the 'bubbly bottle' system and the infant flow driver. NCPAP improves the rate of successful extubation. It is useful for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome, reducing time spent on an endotracheal tube and oxygen requirement at 28d. However, nCPAP is associated with an increased rate of pneumothorax. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is useful for augmenting the effectiveness of nCPAP. It further improves rates of successful extubation and shows promise as an initial method of respiratory support. Further research is required to determine the optimal settings for both nCPAP and NIPPV.     

经鼻间歇正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的随机对照研究

目的比较经鼻间歇正压通气(nIPPV)与经鼻持续气道正压通气（nCPAP）在新生儿呼吸衰竭中的疗效。方法采用RCT研究的方法,选择2008年1 ~12月在第三军医大学大坪医院NICU住院的呼吸衰竭新生儿作为研究对象,按随机数字表法将研究对象随机分为nIPPV组和nCPAP组,分别实施nIPPV 或nCPAP干预,观察患儿动脉血气分析、应用nIPPV和nCPAP时间、并发症和预后等指标,比较nIPPV组和nCPAP组治疗后需气管插管行机械通气的比例及其预后结局。结果研究期间nIPPV组纳入48例,nCPAP组纳入53例。两组在性别构成比、胎龄、年龄、出生体重、出生后5 min Apgar评分、新生儿急性生理学评分和应用肺表面活性物质比例等方面差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。两组呼吸衰竭原发病分布差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组治疗前血气分析指标差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,nIPPV组治疗后1 h血气分析pH和PaO2显著高于nCPAP组（P<0.05）。nIPPV组治疗成功率为77.1%(37/48例),nCPAP组为62.3%（33/53例）,nIPPV组显著高于nCPAP组（P<0.05）。nIPPV组和nCPAP组治疗成功的患儿平均应用nIPPV和nCPAP的时间差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。nIPPV组的预后结局中治愈和好转出院45/48例（93.8%）, nCPAP组为46/53例（86.8%）,两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论与nCPAP相比,nIPPV治疗可显著降低呼吸衰竭新生儿气管插管行机械通气的比例。     

Neonatal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation: what do we know in 2007?

Although neonatal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is widely used today, its place in neonatal respiratory support is yet to be fully defined. Current evidence indicates that NIPPV after extubation of very premature infants reduces the rate of reintubation. However, much is still not known about NIPPV including its mechanisms of action. It may improve pulmonary mechanisms, tidal volume and minute ventilation but more studies are required to confirm these findings. There is some evidence that NIPPV marginally improves gas exchange. More research is needed to establish which device is best, what settings to use or whether to use synchronised rather than non-synchronised NIPPV, and about the way to wean NIPPV. Future studies should enrol sufficient infants to detect uncommon serious complications and include long-term follow up to determine important neurodevelopment and pulmonary outcomes.     

Clinical practice

The most important goal of introducing noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been to decrease the need for intubation and, therefore, mechanical ventilation in newborns. As a result, this technique may reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In addition to nasal CPAP, improvements in sensors and flow delivery systems have resulted in the introduction of a variety of other types of NIV. For the optimal application of these novelties, a thorough physiological knowledge of mechanics of the respiratory system is necessary. In this overview, the modern insights of noninvasive respiratory therapy in newborns are discussed. These aspects include respiratory support in the delivery room; conventional and modern nCPAP; humidified, heated, and high-flow nasal cannula ventilation; and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Finally, an algorithm is presented describing common practice in taking care of respiratory distress in prematurely born infants.     

无创高频振荡通气与经鼻间歇正压通气作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 系统评估无创高频振荡通气(non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,NHFOV)与经鼻间歇正压通气(nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的有效性及安全性。方法 全面检索中国知网、万方数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library等数据库中关于NHFOV与NIPPV作为早产儿拔管后呼吸支持的文献,检索时间从建库至2022年8月31日。采用RevMan 5.4软件及Stata 17.0软件进行Meta分析,比较NHFOV组和NIPPV组拔管后72 h内再插管率、改无创辅助通气后6～24 h的二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide,PCO₂)及支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)、气漏、鼻损伤、脑室周围白质软化(periventricula...     

Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in neonates.

Methods

Standard search strategy for the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was performed. The participants were both preterm and term infants suffering from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome or experiencing apnea of prematurity.

Results

14 eligible andomized controlled trials involving 1052 newborn infants were included. The study quality and evidence validity was defined as moderate. As compared with nCPAP, NIPPV significantly reduced the incidence of endotracheal ventilation (OR=0.44, 95%CI:0.31–0.63), increased the successful rate of extubation (OR=0.15, 95%CI:0.08–0.31), and had a better outcome indicated by decreased death and/or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR=0.57, 95%CI:0.37–0.88). Moreover, NIPPV decreased the number of apneic episodes of prematurity (WMD=?0.48, 95%CI:?0.58–0.37), and marginally decreased the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR=0.63, 95%CI:0.39–1.00). No side effects specifically associated with NIPPV were reported.

Conclusions

NIPPV could be used to reduce endotracheal ventilation, increase successful extubation, decrease the rate of apnea of prematurity, and have better outcome indicated by fewer death and/or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm and term newborn infants.