支气管肺发育不良患儿婴儿期下呼吸道感染的临床特征及病原学分析

目的 分析支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)患儿婴儿期内因下呼吸道感染再入院的临床特征及病原体特点。方法 选取2020年1月—2022年12月青岛市妇女儿童医院收治的因下呼吸道感染住院的BPD早产儿128例进行回顾性分析,并选择同期住院的同等例数的非BPD早产儿为对照,比较2组患儿的一般资料、临床特征、肺功能指标及呼吸道病原学结果。结果 与非BPD组相比,BPD组患儿胎龄、体重小,更容易出现气促、喘息及发绀,喘息缓解时间长(P<0.05)。肺功能检查方面,与非BPD组相比,BPD组患儿每公斤体重潮气量、达峰时间比、达峰容积比、25%潮气量呼气流量、50%潮气量呼气流量、75%潮气量呼气流量均降低,而呼吸频率增快(P<0.05)。BPD组患儿肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌检出率高于非BPD组(P<0.05)。结论 BPD患儿婴儿期下呼吸道感染后需更关注气促、喘息及发绀等临床特征,肺功能表现为阻塞性改变及小气道功能障碍,呼吸道病原更易检出肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌。[中国当代儿科杂志,2023,25...     

吸入沙丁胺醇溴化异丙托品对喘息性支气管炎婴幼儿肺功能的影响

目的：喘息性支气管炎是3岁以内婴幼儿较常见的一种下呼吸道感染,治疗为抗炎和对症处理,但是否应用支气管扩张剂有所争议,国外的一些研究显示对改善临床症状会有帮助,但对婴幼儿肺功能的影响由于检查方法及检查时配合等问题国内外目前研究不多。该文对吸入沙丁胺醇、溴化异丙托品的20例患儿进行了肺功能的测定。方法：20例2个月至2岁6个月的喘息性支气管炎患儿,在吸入药物沙丁胺醇+溴化异丙托品前、吸入后30,60,120min各行一次潮气流速容量环(TBFV环)检查,并进行肺功能各项指标比较,包括潮气呼吸流速容量环的形态,反映小气道功能的敏感指标到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量/潮气量(%VPF),呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气峰流速(25/PF),潮气呼气峰流速(PTEF),反映大气道功能的指标潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI),潮气呼吸状态下的通气功能,包括呼吸频率(RR),每公斤体重潮气量(TV/kg)。结果：吸入药物前患儿的TBFV环中呼气降支凹陷,呼气峰流速前移,%VPF为0.19±0.04,25/PF为0.42±0.11,均提示降低,表明大小气道阻力增高,吸入药物后30,60,120min分别与吸入药物前的RR,%VPF,25/PF,ME/MI,PTEF,TV/kg的指标比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论：喘息性支气管炎婴幼儿吸入沙丁胺醇+溴化异丙托品后,其大小气道阻力及通气功能的改善并不明显,提示β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药在治疗婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎中平喘对症的临床作用不大,治疗关键是抗感染,抗炎以减少气道黏膜充血水肿,保持气道通畅,包括分泌物引流。     

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目的探讨哮喘预测指数在婴幼儿喘息转归评估中的临床意义。方法选择2007年4月至2008年4月温州医学院附属育英儿童医院哮喘专科门诊就诊的婴幼儿喘息患儿129例,分为哮喘预测指数阳性组43例、哮喘预测指数阴性组86例,选择健康体检儿童69例为对照组,喘息缓解期测定潮气呼吸肺功能。比较各组每分通气量(MV),潮气量(VT/kg),呼吸频率(RR),吸气时间(TI),呼气时间(TE),吸呼比(TI/TE),达峰时间比(TPEF/TE),达峰容积比(VPEF/VE),潮气呼吸呼气峰流速(PTEF),25%、50%、75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%,TEF50%,TEF75%)。67例随访到4岁,其中哮喘预测指数阳性组26例,哮喘预测指数阴性组23例和对照组18例,测定脉冲震荡肺功能。比较各组呼吸总阻抗(Z5)、肺弹性阻力(X5)、共振频率(Fres)、总气道阻力(R5)及中心气道阻力(R20)。结果哮喘预测指数阳性组TPEF/TE、VPEF/VE、TI/TE、TEF25%、TEF50%、TEF75%均比哮喘预测指数阴性组和对照组下降,TE升高(P<0.01);哮喘预测指数阴性组TPEF/TE、VPEF/VE比对照组下降(P<0.05)。随访患儿中,哮喘预测指数阳性组X5比哮喘预测指数阴性组和对照组下降,Fres升高(P<0.01);哮喘预测指数阳性组Z5比哮喘预测指数阴性组升高(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿喘息患儿早期出现肺功能损害,哮喘预测指数阳性患儿损害持续存在,日后可发展为哮喘,应早期干预治疗。     

吸入β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物治疗对喘息性支气管炎婴儿肺功能的影响

目的了解吸入β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物治疗对喘息性支气管炎婴儿肺功能的影响。方法23例5个月-1岁的喘息性支气管炎患儿，在吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇与异丙托溴铵复合溶液前和吸入后30、60及120min各行1次潮气呼吸流速．容量环（TBFV环）检查，同时以20名健康婴儿作为对照，并进行肺功能各项指标比较，包括TBFV环的形态。反映小气道功能的敏感指标：到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量，潮气量（%V-PFV），呼出75％潮气量时的呼气流速，潮气呼气峰流速（25/PF），潮气呼气峰流速（PTEF）；反映大气道功能的指标：潮气呼气中期流速，潮气吸气中期流速（ME/MI），反映潮气呼吸状态下通气功能的指标：包括呼吸频率和每千克体重潮气量（TV/kg）。结果喘息性支气管炎患儿TBFV环中呼气降支凹陷，呼气峰流速前移，治疗前与吸入药物后30、60及120min患儿的TBFV环形态无明显变化；治疗前与吸入药物后30、60及120min呼吸频率、％V-PF、2．5／PF、ME／MI、PTEF和TV/kg的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇与异丙托溴铵复合溶液后，喘息性支气管炎患儿大小气道阻力及通气功能的改善并不明显，提示β2肾上腺素能受体激动剂联合抗胆碱类药物吸入治疗对喘息性支气管炎患儿的肺功能无显著改善。     

极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良潮气呼吸肺功能临床观察

目的 研究极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasi,BPD)潮气呼吸肺功能的改变.方法 选取在温州市儿童医院住院的262例极低出生体重儿作为研究对象,在出院前1周内和纠正胎龄6~8个月时做潮气呼吸肺功能检测.根据临床诊断,分为BPD组(65例)和非BPD组(197例),BPD组根据严重程度分为轻度BPD组(31例)、中度BPD组(20例)和重度BPD组(14例),比较不同组患儿的肺功能指标.结果 出院前1周内测量潮气呼吸肺功能显示,BPD组患儿呼吸频率较非BPD组均增快(P均＜0.05);呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,均为重度BPD组高于其余组(P均＜0.05),轻度BPD组低于非BPD组(P均＜0.05);达峰时间比、达峰容积比BPD组较非BPD组均降低,BPD程度越严重,下降越明显(P均＜0.05);各组间潮气量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).矫正胎龄6~8个月时行潮气呼吸肺功能检查,呼气峰流速,75%、50%、25%潮气量时的呼气流速比较,提示重度BPD组仍较其余组均高(P均＜0.05),达峰时间比、达峰容积比仍低于其余组(P均＜0.05),而其余各组间比较各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 出院前1周内BPD患儿有不同程度的肺功能损伤,但随日龄增大(矫正胎龄6~8个月时),部分肺功能指标逐渐改善,但早期重度小气道阻塞性病变仍较严重,因此,积极预防、治疗BPD对呼吸道疾病的防治有重要意义.     

婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎和肺炎支原体肺炎患儿肺功能的研究及临床意义

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、肺炎支原体(MP)以及混合感染所致婴幼儿肺炎患儿的肺功能变化及其临床意义。方法选取于2005-10—2006-04因支气管肺炎于苏州大学儿童医院治疗的婴幼儿151例,运用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)和定量酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测肺炎患儿痰液中呼吸道合胞病毒和血清中肺炎支原体特异性抗体。采用瑞士ECOMEDICS公司的V’max26(EXHALYZER)肺功能仪对151例婴幼儿(根据年龄和病原不同分组)进行肺功能检测,观测患儿潮气呼吸流速容量环形态及其各项指标变化。结果呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎、肺炎支原体肺炎或两者混合感染患儿潮气流速容量环均变窄,呼气曲线升枝陡峭,呼气高峰提前,降枝呈波谷样凹陷。呼气峰流速因年龄不同而有所差异,1岁以内组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速增高(P<0.05),而～3岁组肺炎患儿呼气峰流速略降低(MP感染组P<0.05)。RSV、MP急性感染均表现为呼吸频率(RR)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气量(PF/Ve)、潮气呼气峰流速/呼气达峰时间(PTEF/TPTEF)增加,每公斤潮气量(VT/kg)、呼气达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、呼出75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%)、到达潮气呼气峰流速时呼气量(VPTEF),以及代表小气道功能的指标25/PF、%V-PF下降,与健康对照组比较差异均有显著性。反映大气道功能的指标潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)差异无显著性。不同病原组间肺功能各指标差异无显著性。潮式呼吸参数用两样本均数t检验和多样本均数的方差分析。结论RSV和MP感染所引起的肺炎均能导致婴幼儿肺功能的损害,主要表现为小气道阻塞性改变。RSV和MP急性期感染之间肺功能损害程度并无显著区别,预后有无差别还有待于进一步的随访研究。TBFV环可作为评价临床上婴幼儿肺功能的损害程度的客观依据。     

支气管肺发育不良肺功能变化的初步观察

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良(BPD)肺功能变化及临床意义.方法 BPD早产儿为观察组,胎龄、体重与观察组无差异、无心肺疾患的非BPD早产儿为对照组,分别进行肺功能检测,比较两组在2月龄和8月龄时潮气呼吸流速容量环形态及主要参数变化.结果 2月龄和8月龄时观察组与对照组比较,潮气流速容量环均变窄,呼气曲线升枝陡峭,呼气高峰提前,降枝呈近似直线或波谷样凹陷.观察组呼吸频率和潮气呼气峰流速增加,潮气量、呼气达峰时间和呼气达峰容积减少,差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),剩余25%潮气量时呼气流速/呼气峰流速观察组低于对照组(P＜0.01),潮气吸气和呼气中期流速两组差异无统计学意义.结论 BPD导致的婴幼儿肺功能损害主要表现为小气道阻塞性改变,潮气呼吸流速容量环可作为评价BPD婴儿肺功能损害的客观依据.     

婴幼儿哮喘急性发作雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇对肺功能影响的研究

目的 通过观察哮喘急性发作的婴幼儿雾化吸入硫酸沙丁胺醇前后肺功能的变化,客观评价该药对低龄儿童气道阻力的影响.方法 将轻中度哮喘急性发作的49名婴幼儿按年龄分为1～3岁幼儿(32例)和<1岁婴儿(17例)两组,予0.5%硫酸沙丁胺醇0.25ml/次,驱动式压缩泵雾化吸入,在治疗前及后30min分别检查其肺功能,做潮气呼吸流速容量环检查,采用到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量/潮气量(%V-PF)、呼出75%潮气量时的呼气流速/潮气呼气蜂流速(25/PF)和潮气呼气中期流速/潮气吸气中期流速(ME/MI)参数反映大小气道阻力情况.结果 在幼儿组和婴儿组治疗前肺功能指标%V-PF、25/PF和ME/NI降低,显示大小气道阻力增高,治疗后幼儿组肺功能各指标均有所提高,比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);婴儿组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 对幼儿哮喘急性发作予雾化吸人硫酸沙丁胺醇后能有效地改善肺功能,降低气道阻力,对婴儿治疗的关键是结合有效的抗炎和积极的祛痰.     

潮气呼吸分析参数结合胸部CT在评价先天性心脏病患儿肺功能中的应用

目的 探讨潮气呼吸分析参数结合胸部CT在评价先天性心脏病患儿肺功能中的临床应用价值.方法 对44例先天性心脏病儿童进行潮气呼吸肺功能测定,并对其中28例进行胸部螺旋CT三维重建气管、支气管树成像(CTB).同时选取普通肺炎患儿64例进行潮气呼吸肺功能测定作为对照,并对其中49例进行胸部CT检查.结果 44例先天性心脏病患儿呼吸频率(RR)增快,吸气时间(TI)缩短,达峰时间比(TPTEF/TE)、到达潮气呼气峰流速时的呼气量(VPTEF)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE)明显下降(P<0.01),呼气峰流速(PTEF)和75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速(TEF 75)升高(P<0.05).28例先天性心脏病患儿胸部CT显示肺部感染、气道狭窄、肺气肿和肺不张,患病率明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 潮气呼吸参数中TPTEF/TE、VPTEF、VPTEF/VE能反映先天性心脏病阻塞性通气功能障碍,胸部CT能进一步显示通气功能障碍的原因,两种无创技术相结合,能较全面反映先天性心脏病患儿的肺功能状态.     

剖宫产儿早期潮气呼吸肺功能的研究

目的：研究剖宫产儿早期潮气呼吸肺功能各项指标的特点。探讨剖宫产对新生儿早期肺功能的影响。方法：研究对象分两组:剖宫产组42例,阴道分娩组33例;采用潮气呼吸法测定两组新生儿1h内潮气呼吸肺功能的各项指标。主要参数:每分通气量(MV),呼吸频率(RR),潮气量(VT/kg),吸气时间(TI),呼气时间(TE),吸呼比(TI/TE),达峰时间(TPEF),达峰时间比(TPEF/TE),达峰容积(VPEF),达峰容积比(VPEF/VE),潮气呼吸呼气峰流速(PTEF),25%,50%,75%潮气量时呼气流速(TEF25%,TEF50%,TEF75%)。同时描绘出流速容量环(TFVcurve)。结果：剖宫产组MV为1.16±0.31L/min,VT/kg4.81±1.05mL/kg较阴道分娩组1.34±0.33L/min,5.55±1.24mL/kg明显缩小(P<0.05)。PTEF为69.40±21.96mL/s,TEF25%为62.17±20.62mL/s较阴道分娩儿59.03±15.23mL/s,51.52±13.83mL/s明显增快(P<0.05)。反映气道阻塞的指标:TPEF/TE和VPEF/VE分别为(66.08±11.51)%和(62.19±8.69)%高于经阴道分娩组(60.36±9.70)%和(55.75±7.28)%(P<0.05)。而RR,TI,TE,TI/TE,TEF50%,TEF75%两组无显著差异(P>0.05)。流速容量环:两组新生儿流速容量环呈较狭长的不规则椭圆型,呼气流速峰值延迟出现,剖宫产组的流速容量环窄于经阴道分娩儿,呼气流速峰值高于阴道分娩组。结论：剖宫产儿1h内潮气呼吸肺功能显示潮气量、每分通气量小于经阴道分娩儿,剖宫产儿较阴道分娩儿在1h内限制性通气功能障碍更明显,大气道的阻塞亦更明显。     

Lower respiratory tract illness and RSV prophylaxis in very premature infants.

AIMS: To determine the frequency of and the risk factors for readmissions for any lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) and for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) documented LRTI in children born very prematurely who had or had not received RSV prophylaxis. METHODS: Multicentre prospective longitudinal cohort study of 2813 infants, born between April 2000 and December 2000 at less than 33 weeks of gestational age, and followed until the end of the epidemic season. RESULTS: Among the 2256 children who had no bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age and were not submitted to RSV prophylaxis, 27.4% were readmitted at least once for any reason during the epidemic season; 15.1% and 7.2% were readmitted at least once for any LRTI and RSV related LRTI, respectively. Children born at less than 31 weeks' gestation, having an intrauterine growth restriction, or living in a single mother family were at a significantly higher risk of readmission for LRTI in general as well as for RSV related LRTI. Of the 376 children submitted to prophylaxis, 28.2% were readmitted at least once for any LRTI and 6.1% for RSV related LRTI. CONCLUSION: One out of four children who had received no prophylaxis, was born very prematurely, and was without bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age, was readmitted at least once for any reason. Roughly 50% and 20% of these readmissions were related to a LRTI and an RSV infection, respectively. Further epidemiological studies are warranted to assess the aetiology and impact of other respiratory pathogens on post-discharge readmission and respiratory morbidity in this population.     

软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病中的应用

目的探讨软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病中的临床应用价值。方法对80例因呼吸系统疾病住院(包括重症肺炎、肺炎支原体肺炎并肺不张/肺实变/局限性肺气肿、迁延性肺炎、咳喘原因待查、慢性咳嗽查因、喉喘鸣)接受软式支气管镜检查/肺泡灌洗治疗患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果支气管镜检查发现,80例患儿均有支气管内膜炎症,其中分泌物严重雍塞气道28例。在支气管内膜炎症基础上合并先天性气道发育异常24例,另发现支气管异物3例。咳喘原因待查及喉喘鸣的患儿中,部分患儿存在先天性气道发育异常或支气管异物等病变。27例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿中,分泌物严重雍塞/栓塞气道26例;25例患儿(93%)在肺泡灌洗治疗后2周复查胸部影像学,显示肺部完全或大部分复张。行支气管镜检查的80例患儿中,术中出现严重低氧血症3例,鼻出血1例,肺泡灌洗术中少量出血1例,支气管短暂性痉挛3例,术后发热5例,均经对症处理后好转。结论软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病的临床应用是安全可靠的。重症/难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿建议早期行软式支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗,可改善预后。反复咳喘及持续喉喘鸣患儿均建议积极行软式支气管镜检查,内镜直视下了解咽喉部及气道情况,避免误诊和漏诊。     

Long-term consequences of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis

Despite differences in study design, follow-up studies consistently show that approximately half of the infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) go on to have recurrent wheezing episodes during childhood. Respiratory symptoms are associated with abnormal lung function, including bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Wheezing symptoms following RSV LRTI gradually decrease, and it appears that during school age airway morbidity is no longer related to RSV LRTI during infancy. Mechanisms underlying the association between RSV LRTI and long-term airway morbidity are poorly understood. On the one hand, abnormal airway function that is congenitally present or acquired before RSV LRTI occurs could be the cause of both RSV LRTI and subsequent recurrent wheezing. On the other hand, it is possible that RSV LRTI causes changes in the lower airways or the immune system that result in long-term airway morbidity. Animal models suggest that RSV infection can promote the development of allergic sensitization, but most studies in humans do not indicate a role for atopy in the development of recurrent wheezing following RSV LRTI.     

Airflow limitation during respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection predicts recurrent wheezing

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is frequently followed by recurrent wheezing. Thus far no clinical risk factors have been identified to predict which infants will have wheezing episodes subsequent to RSV LRTI. OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical predictors for airway morbidity after RSV LRTI. METHODS: In a 1-year follow-up study we investigated the predictive value of auscultatory findings characteristic of airflow limitation (wheezing) during RSV LRTI for subsequent airway morbidity. Clinical characteristics, including the presence or absence of signs of airflow limitation, of hospitalized infants with RSV LRTI were prospectively recorded during 2 winter epidemics. During a 1-year follow-up period parents of 130 infants recorded daily airway symptoms. OUTCOME MEASURE: Recurrent wheezing defined as > or = 2 episodes of wheezing. RESULTS: Signs of airflow limitation during RSV LRTI were absent in 47 (36%) infants and present in 83 (64%) infants. Recurrent wheezing was recorded in 10 (21%) infants without signs of airflow limitation and in 51 (61%) with signs of airflow limitation during initial RSV LRTI (relative risk, 0.29, P < 0.001). In a multiple logistic regression model, airflow limitation during initial RSV LRTI proved independent from other clinical parameters, including age, parental history of asthma and smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS: A sign of airflow limitation during RSV LRTI is the first useful clinical predictor for subsequent recurrent wheezing.     

Childhood sequelae of infant lung disease: exercise and pulmonary function abnormalities after bronchopulmonary dysplasia

To determine the long-term pulmonary sequelae and effect on exercise tolerance of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), we studied 10 children at a mean age of 10.4 years, who had been born prematurely, survived respiratory distress syndrome, and subsequently developed BPD, and compared them with eight age-matched normal children born at term. Pulmonary function tests and graded exercise stress tests were performed. Residual volume, the ratio between residual volume and total lung capacity, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity, and maximal expiratory flows at 80%, 70%, and 60% of total lung capacity were all abnormal (P less than 0.02) in the children with BPD, compared with control values. Pre-exercise transcutaneous CO2 tension was higher (P less than 0.05) in the BPD group than in the control group. At maximal workload, tcPCO2 remained high in patients with BPD compared with control values (P less than 0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation at maximal workload fell below pre-exercise levels in the BPD group (P less than 0.05) but not in control children. There were no differences in maximal oxygen consumption between the BPD group and control children. Exercise-induced bronchospasm occurred in 50% of the BPD group, but not in the control group. We conclude that long-term survivors of BPD have evidence of airway obstruction, hyperinflation, and airway hyperreactivity, compared with a control group. Aerobic fitness was not significantly different in the BPD and control groups, but was achieved in the BPD group at the expense of a fall in SaO2 and a rise in tcPCO2.     

Respiratory diseases in infants hospitalized during the 1st 2 years of life for viral lower respiratory tract infections: a one-year follow-up

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic data suggest strong links between hospitalisation with bronchiolitis in infancy and subsequent higher risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and/or hyperreactive airway diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in an Italian population the natural history of respiratory diseases in children hospitalised for LRTI when they were <2 years. METHODS: An observational, perspective, longitudinal study was performed through telephone interviews. Nine pediatric tertiary care centres participated to the study evaluating a population of 187 children, hospitalised in the previous year (November 1999-April 2000) for bronchiolitis or pneumonia when they were <2 years of age and participated to a previous study on the prevalence of infant LRTI in Italy (RADAR). RESULTS: Twenty-three (12.3%) children had a gestational age <36 weeks. In the 12 months following the first hospitalisation, an elevated frequency of respiratory symptoms was found. Indeed, 152 (81.3%) children suffered from not-requiring-hospital-admission respiratory infections and 21 (11.2%) were hospitalized again for LRTI: 11.6% had bronchiolitis, 23.5% bronchitis and 35.2% pneumonia. In addition, 1.2% had gs;3 infectious episodes and 21.4% gs;6: 68 (36.4%) showed wheezy bronchitis and 17 (9.1%) were reported to have asthma; 132 children (71%) took antibiotics during the last year, 19.4% >3 times; 111 (59.4%) bronchodilators and 49 (26.2%) oral corticosteroids. One year after the first hospitalisation, 19 subjects (10.2%) were found to be positive to at least one class of allergens by prick test or RAST. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the demonstration of a high morbidity rate for LRTI, wheezing and asthma in this study group during the first year follow-up after hospital admission further support the need for prophylactic interventions to reduce the morbidity and severity of sequelae of LRTI, in particularly in premature children and/or with additional risk factors.     

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??Premature infants often suffer from chronic respiratory diseases and need supplementary oxygen at home after being discharged??and there exists increased rehospitalization?? more frequent cough and wheezing symptoms?? and abnormal lung function reflecting airway obstruction?? hyper-responsiveness and air-trapping. Also?? the neurological problems are more common in preterm survivors with bronchopulmonary dysplasia ??BPD?? compared to those without BPD. Severe BPD could be a predictor for poor neurodevelopmental outcome in certain type of patients.     

肥胖对哮喘预测指数阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响

目的 探讨肥胖对哮喘预测指数（API）阳性喘息婴幼儿治疗效果的影响。方法 选取API 阳性的喘息婴幼儿208 例,按Kaup 指数分为肥胖组（93 例）和非肥胖组（115 例）。在急性喘息发作期给予综合治疗,缓解期给予吸入性糖皮质激素（ICS）布地奈德混悬液压缩泵雾化吸入治疗。根据临床控制情况调整ICS治疗用量,共治疗6 个月。治疗后2 周随访1 次,之后每月随访1 次。结果 治疗后2 周、1 个月肥胖组的临床症状缓解率分别为35.5% 及75.3%,低于非肥胖组的53.0% 和87.8%（P P 结论 肥胖可抑制API 阳性喘息婴幼儿对ICS 治疗的反应。     

Very low birthweight, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and health in early childhood

The impact of very low birthweight (<1500g) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on respiratory morbidity, on need of medical resources and rehabilitation at 2-8 y of age, and on the everyday life of the child's family was evaluated by means of a questionnaire addressed to parents of 143 very low birthweight children, 36 of whom had had BPD at 28 d postnatal age, and 131 term controls. In the preceding year, respiratory symptoms provoked by exercise, use of inhaled medications, regular follow-up visits and hospitalizations, need for physiotherapy, occupational therapy, technical aids and financial support from society had been more common in the very low birthweight groups compared to children born at term. Children with BPD suffered respiratory infections and needed antibiotic courses more frequently than term controls. Repeated antibiotic courses, physiotherapy and occupational therapy were more common among very low birthweight children with BPD than among those without. Concern for the child and the impact of the child's health on his or her everyday life and the parents' work and education were more often reported in target families than in term controls. Compared to term families, more parents in the BPD group felt that the child's health affected the pasttimes of other family members. To the families concerned, very low birthweight and BPD constitute a significant burden far beyond the neonatal period. Validated scales for the assessment of their quality of life are needed to develop supportive measures and to evaluate the effects of such interventions.