阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿克隆在儿童重型再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制治疗中的意义北大核心CSCD

目的探究儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(severe aplastic anemia,SAA)中阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria,PNH)克隆与免疫抑制治疗(immunosuppressive therapy,IST)之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2020年5月收治且行IST的151例SAA患儿的临床资料,根据治疗前PNH克隆状态分为PNH克隆阴性组(135例)和PNH克隆阳性组(16例)。采用倾向性评分匹配控制混杂因素,分析PNH克隆对IST疗效的影响。结果PNH克隆阳性患儿占10.6%(16/151),中位粒细胞克隆大小为1.8%。PNH克隆阳性组患儿初诊年龄偏大,初诊网织红细胞绝对值偏高(P<0.05);倾向性评分匹配后,PNH克隆阴性组和PNH克隆阳性组患儿的基线特征差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PNH克隆阳性组IST后6、12、24个月的总有效率均低于PNH克隆阴性组(P<0.05)。IST后PNH克隆演变存在一定异质性,伴PNH克隆者再生障碍性贫血-阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿综合征的3年累积发病率增加(P<0.05)。结论初诊时PNH克隆阳性的SAA患儿对IST的反应较差,且更易进展为再生障碍性贫血-阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿综合征。     

免疫抑制治疗对儿童重型再生障碍性贫血细胞因子表达的影响

目的探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(AA)患儿经免疫抑制治疗(IST)后外周血相关细胞因子表达水平的变化。方法纳入2017年10月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院(我院)住院初诊为获得性重型AA(SAA)/极重型AA(VSAA)且应用IST治疗的患儿为SAA/VSAA组,同期在我院住院初诊为获得性非重型AA(MAA)并给予环孢素A(CsA)口服治疗的患儿为MAA组。采用流式细胞术检测两组患儿初诊时、SAA/VSAA组治疗6个月和12个月、MAA组治疗6个月外周血中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IL-10的表达水平。结果 SAA/VSAA组25例,MAA组37例。①初诊时SAA/VSAA组IFN-γ和IL-6表达较MAA组增加(P0.05)。②SAA/VSAA组经IST治疗1年后,IFN-γ和IL-6较治疗前明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。③截至末次随访,SAA/VSAA组除3例失访外,余22例全部生存,无复发。结论 SAA/VSAA患儿血清细胞因子水平异常,IST可显著改善初治患儿相关造血负向调控因子的表达。     

联合免疫抑制治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

目的通过对应用联合免疫抑制疗法(IST)的儿童获得性再生障碍性贫血(AA)临床资料分析,总结IST对儿童AA的疗效及预后相关因素,以及阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(PNH)克隆的转化情况。方法回顾性分析安徽医科大学第二附属医院2009年6月—2019年8月应用ATG联合CSA治疗的59例AA患儿的临床资料以及AA患儿不同病程阶段T细胞亚群的变化,总结分析IST对AA患儿的疗效。采用SPSS 16. 0统计软件进行数据分析。结果 59例初诊AA患儿,中位随访时间24个月。(1) IST后1个月、3个月、6个月、9个月、12个月的有效率分别为22%、39%、57%、61%、71%。截止2019年6月随访18例AA患儿的5年无事件生存率达66%。(2)治疗后CD3+T、CD4+T细胞升高,CD8+T细胞下降,CD4+T/CD8+T比值升高,差异有显著性(P 0. 05)。(3)对38例AA患儿进行PNH克隆的随访,发现初诊AA患儿中有11例PNH克隆阳性,IST后3个月PNH克隆均转阴。初诊有无PNH克隆与疗效无相关性。结论 IST治疗儿童AA疗效确切,可以有效地改善AA患儿的细胞免疫功能。初诊时有部分AA患儿存在PNH克隆,IST前后伴PNH克隆不影响疗效。     

免疫抑制治疗对儿童重型再生障碍性贫血 细胞因子表达的影响

目的 探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(AA)患儿经免疫抑制治疗（IST）后外周血相关细胞因子表达水平的变化。方法 纳入2017年10月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院（我院）住院初诊为获得性重型AA（SAA）/极重型AA（VSAA）且应用IST治疗的患儿为SAA/VSAA组，同期在我院住院初诊为获得性非重型AA（MAA）并给予环孢素A(CsA)口服治疗的患儿为MAA组。采用流式细胞术检测两组患儿初诊时、SAA/VSAA组治疗6个月和12个月、MAA组治疗6个月外周血中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IL-10的表达水平。结果 SAA/VSAA组25例，MAA组37例。①初诊时SAA/VSAA组IFN-γ和IL-6表达较MAA组增加（P<0.05）。②SAA/VSAA组经IST治疗1年后，IFN-γ和IL-6较治疗前明显降低，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③截至末次随访，SAA/VSAA组除3例失访外，余22例全部生存，无复发。结论 SAA/VSAA患儿血清细胞因子水平异常，IST可显著改善初治患儿相关造血负向调控因子的表达。     

阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿克隆在儿童获得性 再生障碍性贫血中的作用

目的分析阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(PNH)克隆与儿童获得性再生障碍性贫血(AA)的关系及作用。方法回顾分析AA患儿PNH克隆的存在与临床特征的关系,以及对抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)和环孢素A的联合免疫抑制治疗(IST)疗效的影响。结果 148例AA患儿,其中粒细胞PNH克隆阳性74例(50%),单核细胞PNH克隆阳性68例(45.9%),总PNH克隆(粒细胞和/或单核细胞)阳性93例(62.8%)。49例粒细胞和单核细胞PNH克隆双阳性患儿中,单核细胞和粒细胞PNH克隆的大小分别为0.7%(0.4%~1.5%)和0.2%(0.1%~0.7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.001),且两者显著相关(r=0.65,P0.001)。根据不同PNH克隆阳性(单核细胞、粒细胞、总)分组,不同PNH克隆阳性和阴性组的性别、年龄、合并感染、白细胞计数、血红蛋白浓度、血小板计数、中性粒细胞绝对计数、网织红细胞百分比等的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。单核细胞PNH克隆阳性对IST疗效有积极影响(P=0.02)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,血红蛋白浓度以及单核细胞PNH克隆阳性是影响疗效的主要因素(P均0.05)。结论血红蛋白浓度越高及单核细胞PNH克隆阳性,则AA患儿IST疗效越好。     

ATG-F治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效研究

目的探索抗人T-细胞兔免疫球蛋白(ATG-F,德国Fresenius)治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(简称再障)的临床疗效。方法采用ATG-F联合环孢菌素A(CSA)的联合免疫抑制疗法(IST)治疗儿童再障共31例,其中极重型再障(VSAA)4例,重型再障(SAA)16例,依赖输血型非重型再障(NSAA)11例。实施ATG相关不良反应综合防治措施,并动态监测ATG-F治疗期间与治疗后外周血淋巴细胞绝对计数(ALC)。结果参照国际Camitta再障疗效标准,总有效率为71.0%(22/31例),其中SAA/VSAA和NSAA的总有效率分别为65.0%(13/20例)和81.8%(9/11例),总有效率差异无显著性。ATG-F相关类过敏反应、血清病和感染等不良反应发生率分别为35.5%(11例)、32.3%(10例)和16.1%(5例),均得以及时控制,无治疗相关死亡。动态监测显示,ATG-F治疗期间ALC下降幅度达到70%~80%,并可持续较长时间,直至治疗后90d仍未恢复到治疗前ALC计数水平的50%。结论本研究显示,ATG-F通过大幅度清除ALC以达到抑制异常T细胞之效应,治疗儿童再障疗效显著;采用审慎实施与防护措施,可有效防治ATG相关不良反应。ATG-F可以作为儿童再障IST治疗的ATG剂型选择之一。     

ALG为主的免疫抑制剂治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血的疗效及相关因素

目的通过回顾性分析临床资料,探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)患儿以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)为主的免疫抑制治疗(IST)疗效及相关因素。方法54例重型再生障碍性贫血、并接受ALG治疗患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果基本治愈24例(44.4%),缓解12例(22.2%),明显进步4例(7.4%),无效14例(25.9%),总有效率(74.1%)。典型的血清病多在治疗后7~14 d内出现。随访的54例患儿中1例出现骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)样病态造血。结论ALG作为重要免疫抑制剂治疗SAA疗效肯定,治疗前患者外周血ANC计数、骨髓涂片中淋巴细胞的比例以及检测CsA有效浓度可能对疗效判断有提示意义。IST后出现重度感染多为预后不良的重要因素之一。     

兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血所致的血清病单中心回顾性研究

目的探讨兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(ATG)治疗再生障碍性贫血(AA)患儿发生血清病的相关因素,总结临床经验,分析血清病是否影响AA预后。方法收集并分析首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心2016年3月至2018年12月AA应用免疫抑制治疗(IST)后出现血清病患儿的临床数据,分析其发生时间、临床表现、治疗及预后。结果共收集AA患儿48例。中位年龄5岁5个月(2岁1个月~15岁6个月),男女比例1.4∶1.0;75.0%(36/48例)发生血清病,中位发病时间为IST第11天,72.2%(26/48例)发生在第7-14天;临床表现前3位为关节痛(63.9%,23例)、发热(52.7%,19例)、皮疹(52.7%、19例)等。血清病组与无血清病组IST前和血清病发生时的外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞绝对值、淋巴细胞绝对值计数差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。IST结束后持续应用糖皮质激素预防血清病的患儿发病率(2/12例,16.6%)低于未应用者(34/36例,94.4%),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=29.037,P<0.001)。发生血清病后经糖皮质激素[甲泼尼龙2~4 mg/(kg·d)]治疗症状均好转。随访至IST治疗后6个月及6个月以上的患儿共37例,发生血清病者25例,19例达到治愈或明显进步标准,6例未愈;不发生血清病12例,10例达到治愈或明显进步标准,2例未愈。2组患儿预后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论AA患儿IST治疗易出现血清病,发病高峰期为IST第2周,以关节痛、发热、皮疹为主要临床表现,血清病发病情况与治疗前及发病时的白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞绝对值无相关性;IST结束后继续应用糖皮质激素开展预防性治疗可降低其发生率,发生后再应用糖皮质激素也可有效控制病情;血清病发生与否不影响IST治疗AA的预后。     

免疫抑制联合艾曲泊帕治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血的疗效

目的:探讨艾曲泊帕联合免疫抑制治疗(IST)儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效和临床意义。方法:回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年6月在新乡市中心医院血液科初诊为SAA的63例患儿的临床资料,均为无同胞全合供者,按照治疗方案不同分为观察组和对照组,观察组31例接受IST联合艾曲泊帕治疗;对照组32例接受IST治疗...     

急性B淋巴细胞性白血病患儿外周血T淋巴细胞克隆谱系分析

目的　观察儿童急性B淋巴细胞性白血病化疗前后T淋巴细胞克隆谱系的异常。方法　逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)及高压变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法检测 8例正常对照组小儿及 12例急性B淋巴细胞性白血病患儿化疗前外周血T细胞受体 (TCR) β链可变区 (BV)第三互补决定区(CDR3)的克隆谱系 ,4例患儿化疗后重新取材。结果　 (1) 12例患儿化疗前BV2和BV3表达较正常对照组增高 (P均 <0 0 5 ) ,BV17和BV18表达降低 (P均 <0 0 5 )。 4例患儿治疗前BV2 1家族低表达 ,缓解后表达进一步降低 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )正常对照组TCRBV多数家族CDR3谱型为正态分布 ,12例患儿TCRBVCDR3谱型异常发生率为 14 % ,高于正常对照组的 5 5 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,发生谱型异常较多的家族依次是BV14、BV1、BV16、BV2 0、BV13 1、BV13 2和BV6。 4例患儿第 1次化疗缓解后 3个月谱型异常的家族均恢复正态分布。结论　急性B淋巴细胞性白血病患儿部分T细胞克隆发生异常增生或缺失 ,提示白血病患儿细胞免疫功能异常 ,化疗初次缓解后 3个月T细胞克隆谱系基本恢复正常的正态分布 ,已基本完成T细胞克隆谱系的重建     

Development of hemolytic paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria without graft loss following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acquired aplastic anemia

PNH is the most common clonal hematopoietic disorder arising in patients with aAA. PNH is caused by mutations in PIGA, a gene that encodes the catalytic subunit of an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of GPI anchors, transmembrane glycolipids required for cell surface expression of many proteins. PNH clones likely arise as immune escape mechanisms in aAA by preventing CD1D‐restricted T‐cell recognition of GPI anchors and GPI‐linked autoantigens. Though many patients with aAA treated with IST will develop subclinical PNH clones, only a subset will develop PNH disease, characterized by increased thrombosis, intravascular hemolysis, and potential for severe organ dysfunction. In contrast to IST, allogeneic HSCT for patients with aAA is thought to cure bone marrow aplasia and prevent hematopoietic clonal evolution to PNH. Herein, we present a phenomenon of host‐derived PNH disease arising in a patient with aAA many years following MSD‐BMT, highlighting the importance of monitoring for this clonal disease in aAA patients with stable mixed donor/recipient chimerism after HSCT. We also provide a literature review for similar occurrences of PNH arising after HSCT.     

儿童再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制剂治疗疗效及相关因素分析

目的：探讨免疫抑制疗法（IST）对儿童再生障碍性贫血（AA）的疗效及其影响疗效的相关因素。方法：对2003年2月至2009年11月住院接受IST治疗的、可进行疗效评估的110例AA患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。110例患儿中,重型AA（SAA）83例,非重型 AA（非SAA）27例。前者采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）联合环孢素（CSA）及泼尼松、雄激素四联治疗,后者采用CSA联合泼尼松、雄激素三联治疗。结果：SAA与非SAA组的总有效率分别为69.9%和70.4%。单因素分析显示病程、骨髓CD34+细胞比例、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例与疾病严重程度相关,但与预后无关。治疗有效组患儿年龄、病程、骨髓CD3+、CD8+细胞比例显著低于治疗无效组（P<0.05）。多因素分析显示年龄＞10岁、骨髓CD8+细胞比例＞25%的患儿治疗失败的风险分别是对应组的3.36倍和3.59倍。结论：IST治疗儿童AA疗效确切。年龄、病程、CD3+、CD8+ T细胞水平与IST的疗效相关。     

免疫抑制治疗获得性重型再生障碍性贫血患儿疗效分析

目的 分析免疫抑制治疗儿童获得性重型再生障碍性贫血(severe aplastic anemia,SAA)的近远期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2006年6月在我院应用联合免疫抑制治疗的获得性重型再生障碍性贫血患儿.112例患儿随机分3组:Ⅰ组(26例):单用环孢素A(CSA)组;Ⅱ组(30例):CSA+丙种球蛋白[400 mg/(kg·d)×5 d];Ⅲ组(56例):兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(R-ATG)[3～5 mg(kg·d)×5 d]+CSA.所有患儿治疗均同时加用司坦唑醇或丙酸睾丸酬.CSA血药浓度调整到谷浓度100 ug/L以上,峰浓度300 ug/L以上.结果Ⅰ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为26.92%;Ⅱ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为33.33%;Ⅲ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为62.5%,明显高于Ⅰ组(P=0.001);比较Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组的总反应率差异无统计学意义.Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组5年总生存率分别为(20.50±15.41)%、(39.77±9.77)%和(66.27±6.84)%.结论对无HLA匹配同胞供者的重型获得性再生障碍性贫血患儿ATG联合CSA是最理想的治疗方法 .     

Diagnosis and treatment of children with aplastic anemia

BACKGROUND: Long-term survival rates among children diagnosed with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) are excellent due to the success of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), concurrent advances in immunosuppressive treatment (IST), and improved supportive care. The challenge in making treatment recommendations for children with SAA, therefore, is to balance the apparent chronicity and morbidity following IST, with the potential up-front toxicity and complications of HSCT. METHODS: This review provides an update on the diagnosis and a risk-based treatment algorithm for children with acquired SAA. Recent experience using alternative donor HSCT and efforts to extend HSCT eligibility through advances in donor matching, de-escalation of conditioning regimens, and potential marrow graft engineering are highlighted. We discuss IST response rates, risks of relapse, and complications including clonal evolution. CONCLUSIONS: While good treatment options exist for a majority of children diagnosed with SAA, novel non-transplantation treatments for unresponsive and relapsed patients without suitable transplant donors are needed. Further improvements in outcome will ultimately require a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia (AA).     

Reduced dose cyclophosphamide,fludarabine and antithymocyte globulin for sibling and unrelated transplant of children with severe and very severe aplastic anemia

We evaluated the results of a novel conditioning regimen of reduced dose cyclophosphamide (Cy, 25 mg/kg for four days), fludarabine (Flu, 30 mg/m² for four days), and rabbit ATG (2.5 mg/kg for three days) for allogeneic transplant of children with SAA, implemented since January 2009. Overall, 23 patients were treated with this regimen (16 male, seven female), including 10 diagnosed with VSAA. Donors included eight‐MSD and 15 UD (five‐matched UD, and 10 mismatched UD). All patients showed neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Cumulative incidence of acute (grade 2 or above) and chronic GVHD was 26.1% and 8.7%, respectively. Estimated two‐yr FFS and OS for the entire cohort was 90.3 ± 6.5%. Rates of TRM and graft failure were 5.3% and 4.3%, respectively. No difference in OS was found according to disease severity (SAA vs. VSAA, p = 0.184), or according to donor type (MSD vs. UD, p = 0.699). Excellent outcomes of patients with VSAA underscore the efficacy of allogeneic transplant as a means of expediting hematopoietic recovery. Improved survival of UD transplant reaffirms its role as a valid therapeutic alternative in the absence of MSD.     

Immunosuppressive therapy without hematopoietic growth factor exposure in pediatric acquired aplastic anemia

Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is recommended for children with acquired aplastic anemia (AA) who lack a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling donor for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Hematopoietic growth factors have often been included in IST supportive care, but prolonged exposure may increase the risk of secondary clonal evolution. The authors evaluated response, survival, and the incidence of clonal evolution following cyclosporine-based IST without hematopoietic growth factor exposure in a population-based pediatric cohort, identified retrospectively. Forty-five patients with a median age of 7.3 years (range 1.2-17.0 years) were included. Partial (PR) and complete (CR) response was achieved in 82% and 64%, at a median of 55 days (range 11-414 days) and 7.6 months (range 2.8-82.2 months), respectively. Patients with associated seronegative hepatitis had an increased likelihood of PR and CR on multivariate analyses (PR: hazard ratio [HR] 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40, 7.11; CR: HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.35, 6.62), whereas older children were less likely to achieve IST response than children younger than 5 years at diagnosis. Five- and 10-year overall survival was 96% ± 4% and 90% ± 7%, respectively, and 5-year failure-free survival was 63% ± 8%. There was no infection-related mortality, although 16.4% of patients had at least 1 episode of documented bacteremia. The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 12.9% and of clonal evolution was 3.2%. The authors conclude that children with AA who receive IST without hematopoietic growth factor support have excellent response and survival outcomes and a low incidence of clonal evolution.     

Unrelated donor cord blood transplantation for childhood severe aplastic anemia after a modified conditioning

Treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients who lack human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors and failed immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is challenging. Recently, umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) after non-myeloablative therapy has been reported in adult but not in childhood SAA. However, most cases resulted in mixed donor chimerism and incomplete hematological recovery. We reported an 11-yr-old girl with recurred SAA 5 yr after IST who underwent unrelated donor CBT after a modified regimen. This patient had renal and cardiac dysfunction, and lacked suitable bone marrow donors. The 3.9 x 10(7)/kg CB cells from an HLA one-locus mismatched unrelated donor were infused after conditioning with total body irradiation (5 Gy), melphalan (120 mg/m(2)), and fludarabin (120 mg/m(2)). Hematological recovery was favorable in complete chimerism. A major complication was only skin graft-versus-host disease (grade I). CB could be an alternate stem cell source for childhood SAA after modified preparative regimen.     

Antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin in children with acquired aplastic anemia

Objective  To assess the responses to ATG and cyclosporin combination in patients of aplastic anemia. Methods  Twenty three (17M: 6F) patients of aplastic anemia (11 very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA) and 12 severe aplastic anemia (SAA), were administered antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin. Results  The median age of patents was 8 years (range 6–12 years). Three patients died within 2 months of therapy. Twenty children (11 SAA and 9 VSAA) were finally analysed. Six months after the start of treatment, 8/20 (40%) patients responded-2 complete (CR) and 6 partial responses (PR). At the end of 1 year; 2 patients maintained CR and seven patients continued PR (overall responders 45%). The response was better in SAA (54.5%) with 2 CR and 4 PR; than in VSAA (33%) with 3 PR. Eleven (55%) children were alive without response. One patient developed AML 13 months later. Conclusion  We conclude that antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin combination is an effective treatment for aplastic anemia patients who are ineligible for bone marrow transplantation.