58例阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床分析

目的:提高阴茎鳞状细胞癌的治疗水平,寻求鳞状细胞癌合理有效的治疗方法。方法:回顾分析58例病理活检证实阴茎鳞状细胞癌治疗的临床资料。结果:按照Jackson分期,Ⅰ期25例,Ⅱ期18例,Ⅲ期11例,Ⅳ期4例。53例行手术治疗;行阴茎肿瘤局部切除及阴茎癌部分切除43例;阴茎全切除并尿道会阴部造口术及髂腹股沟淋巴清扫术10例(腹股沟淋巴结均阳性,髂淋巴结阳性1例)。术前新辅助治疗(热疗加化疗)联合术后化疗37例,仅术后化疗12例,单纯手术治疗4例;5例未手术治疗患者行化疗和/或放疗。48例随访2~5年,4例行阴茎部分切除者2年内复发,4例2年内死亡,7例2~5年内死亡,2年生存率为91.7%,5年生存率为77.1%,10例失访或随访期未满2~5年。结论:外科手术治疗、术前新辅助治疗联合术后化疗是目前治疗阴茎鳞状细胞癌的有效方法,淋巴结的清扫根据临床分级具体处理,手术联合术前新辅助治疗及术后化、放疗是否可减少复发及提高生存率,还需进一步研究。     

Resection for bronchogenic carcinoma involving the carina: long-term results and effect of nodal status on outcome

OBJECTIVE: Bronchogenic carcinoma in close proximity to or involving the carina remains a challenging problem for thoracic surgeons. The operative procedures to allow complete resection are technically demanding and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known about long-term survival data to guide therapy in these patients. METHODS: We conducted a single-institution retrospective review. RESULTS: We have performed 60 carinal resections for bronchogenic carcinoma: 18 isolated carinal resections for tumor confined to the carinal or proximal main stem bronchus; 35 carinal pneumonectomies; 5 carinal plus lobar resections, and 2 carinal resections for stump recurrence after prior pneumonectomy. Thirteen patients (22%) had a history of lung or airway surgery. The overall operative mortality was 15%, improved from the first half of the series (20%) to the second half (10%), and varied according to the type of resection performed. Adult respiratory distress syndrome was responsible for 5 early deaths, and all late deaths were related to anastomotic complications. In 34 patients, all lymph nodes were negative for metastatic disease; 15 patients had positive N1 nodes, and 11 patients had positive N2/N3 nodes. Complete follow-up was accomplished in 90%, with a mean follow-up of 59 months. The overall 5-year survival including operative mortality was 42%, with 19 absolute 5-year survivors. Survival was highest after isolated carinal resection (51%). Lymph node involvement had a strong influence on survival: patients without nodal involvement had a 5-year survival of 51%, compared with 32% for patients with N1 disease and 12% for those with N2/N3 disease. CONCLUSIONS: This constitutes one of the largest single-institution reports on carinal resection for bronchogenic carcinoma involving the carina. Morbidity and mortality rates are acceptable. The overall survival including operative mortality is 42%. Positive N2/N3 lymph nodes may be a contraindication to surgery because of poor prognosis.     

Nonseminomatous testicular tumor Comparison of treatment

The survival rate of patients with nonseminomatous germinal testicular tumor, havingnegative or positive retroperitoneal nodes at the time of primary diagnosis and treatment (Stages A and B), depends more on the surgical procedure used than the histologic type of tumor or number of positive nodes. Bilateral lymphadenectomy alone appeared to affect the survival rate more favorably, without the addition of radiotherapy (especially in tumors with primary Stage A) as shown by the comparison of survival rate and recurrence of tumor. However, recurrence did appear following node dissection in a significant number of patients with positive or negative nodes on dissection and affected the survival rates. Dissemination of testicular tumors is chiefly via the lymph nodes and lungs, Since this series was nonrandomized, a final conclusion on the role and type of radiotherapy and other adjuvant measures in the management of nonseminomatous testicular tumor cannot be presently concluded. Our results suggest surgical treatment alone may prove more favorable.     

腹壁韧带样瘤六例诊治分析及文献复习

目的探讨腹壁韧带样瘤的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析攀钢集团总医院1999年3月至2015年1月收治的6例腹壁韧带样瘤病人的临床资料。病人以腹部包块入院,无特异性的临床表现。治疗上均选择以手术治疗为主,术中保留皮肤及皮下组织,沿肿瘤边缘完整游离肿瘤,距离肿瘤边缘大于2 cm完整切除肿瘤,将切除的肿瘤送冰冻病理检查,若切除的肿瘤边缘为阳性,则继续扩大切除范围。手术后若腹壁缺损较大,则用补片予以修补,术后予以放疗。结果 6例病人中女性5例,均为经产妇,1例为男性;均因为发现腹壁包块入院就诊,术前经过彩超或CT检查证实肿块位于腹壁,肿瘤最长径在2.7~7.9 cm之间,平均为5.6 cm。6例病人均经手术广泛切除治疗,其中2例接受术后放疗。术后随访7~361个月,复发者1例(未接受术后放疗),复发率为16.67%。结论腹壁韧带样瘤为临床少发疾病,发展缓慢,无特异性临床表现,以女性好发,治疗上以外科手术为主,术后放疗可降低复发率。     

The role of paraaortic lymph node involvement on early recurrence and survival after macroscopic curative resection with extended lymphadenectomy for pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Early recurrence of invasive pancreatic cancer is common even after curative resection. To establish appropriate selection criteria for radical surgery, it is essential to identify the patient population at risk for early recurrence. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred thirty-three of 136 patients who underwent potentially curative pancreatectomy for invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas between 1999 and 2003 were divided into two groups: patients whose recurrence developed within 1 year after operation and those whose recurrence did not develop within 1 year. Clinicopathologic factors were retrospectively analyzed between these groups using univariate and multivariable methods. RESULTS: One postoperative death occurred, yielding an in-hospital mortality rate of 0.7% (of 136 patients). Eighty-one patients (61% of 133) were identified as having recurrent pancreatic carcinoma within a year. Paraaortic nodal involvement and positive washing cytology were independent predictors of early recurrence. The median survival time in 26 patients with paraaortic nodal involvement was 13 months, versus 30 months in 106 patients without paraaortic nodal involvement (p < 0.001). Paraaortic lymph node involvement was notably associated with elevated CA19-9 a month after operation (p = 0.03), larger tumor size (p = 0.02), and a positive surgical margin (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Sampling of paraaortic lymph nodes is recommended as a routine examination at laparotomy. When positive nodes are confirmed by frozen section, early recurrence and poor survival are inevitable, even after radical operation including extended lymphadenectomy.     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radical resection with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT): improved treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction results in substantial morbidity, locoregional recurrence, and death. Surgical procedures, even with adjuvant therapy, have not significantly improved survival. This study evaluated the toxicity, response rate, locoregional control, and survival of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer that was treated with neoadjuvant multimodality therapy. METHODS: Patients with stage IIIA or early stage IV gastric adenocarcinoma received neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Adriamycin, and Cisplatin and underwent gastrectomy or esophagogastrectomy with intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT; 1000 cGY) to the gastric bed and postoperative radiation therapy. RESULTS: Nine of 15 patients (60%) with transmural extension and/or nodal metastases received IORT. There were 2 pathologically complete responses at the primary site. Eleven of 15 patients (73%) had tumor in perigastric lymph nodes; however, 9 of 15 patients (60%) had mucin-filled nodes without tumor cells. Neoadjuvant treatment did not increase operative morbidity rates. Ten of 15 patients (67%) remain free of disease (median, 27 months; range, 6-60 months). Five patients died 13 to 41 months (median, 17 months) after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant multimodality therapy with neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil, Leucovorin, Adriamycin, and Cisplatin, radical resection with IORT, and postoperative radiation therapy is safe, can downstage tumors, provides improved locoregional control, and appears to cause significant tumor regression that may result in long-term survival or cure.     

Indications for pancreatoduodenectomy in patients undergoing lymphadenectomy for advanced gallbladder carcinoma

Background/Purpose Carcinoma of the gallbladder shows diverse patterns of spread. The most appropriate surgical procedures according to the depth and extent of the spread of the tumor are still controversial.Methods We investigated this surgical problem clinicopathologically, especially regarding the indications for pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), by retrospectively reviewing the clinical records of 216 patients who were surgically treated for advanced gallbladder carcinoma. Detailed studies of resected specimens, in our department, showed that preservation of the pancreas head carried an increased risk of residual microscopic metastases in small peripancreatic lymphatic nodes and ducts. Some patients with curative operations had shown recurrence in lymph nodes around the head of the pancreas within a few years after PD. Therefore, we performed hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD) in 93 patients, some of whom underwent the HPD as a prophylactic dissection of peripancreatic lymph nodes and some of whom underwent the HPD as a curative resection due to invasion to the peripancreatic lymph nodes, duodenum, and pancreas, observed macroscopically. The surgical outcome after PD was compared with that obtained after other curative resections (non-HPD).Results In patients with microscopically negative lymph node metastasis without hepatoduodenal ligament invasion, PD was not necessary for a complete resection of lymphatic metastases around the pancreas head. The 5-year survival rate of these patients who had HPD was not significantly higher than that for non-HPD resections with curative intent (73% vs 63%), and lymphatic recurrence was not marked. On the other hand, in patients with positive lymph node metastases without hepatoduodenal ligament invasion, PD was necessary for a complete resection. The 5-year survival rate after HPD in these patients was significantly improved compared to that after non-HPD resections with curative intent (87% vs 17%), because lymphatic recurrence was reduced (0% vs 80%).Conclusions In advanced carcinomas with positive hepatoduodenal ligament invasion, although the basic operative strategy, which inevitably includes right lobectomy, should be curative, PD should not be performed for prophylactic lymphatic resection, because local recurrence in the hepatoduodenal ligament cannot be controlled by PD, and the 5-year survival rate of curative HPD was only 4% (non-HPD resection with curative intent, 18%); moreover, frequent, lethal, major postoperative complications (hepatic failure) occurred after combined right lobectomy.     

Long-term results of local excision for rectal cancer

OBJECTIVE: To review the authors' experience with local excision of early rectal cancers to assess the effectiveness of initial treatment and of salvage surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Local excision for rectal cancer is appealing for its low morbidity and excellent functional results. However, its use is limited by inability to assess regional lymph nodes and uncertainty of oncologic outcome. METHODS: Patients with T1 and T2 adenocarcinomas of the rectum treated by local excision as definitive surgery between 1969 to 1996 at the authors' institution were reviewed. Pathology slides were reviewed. Among 125 assessable patients, 74 were T1 and 51 were T2. Thirty-one patients (25%) were selected to receive adjuvant radiation therapy. Fifteen of these 31 patients received adjuvant radiation in combination with 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 6.7 years. One hundred fifteen patients (92%) were followed until death or for greater than 5 years, and 69 patients (55%) were followed until death or for greater than 10 years. Recurrence was recorded as local, distant, and overall. Survival was disease-specific. RESULTS: Ten-year local recurrence and survival rates were 17% and 74% for T1 rectal cancers and 26% and 72% for T2 cancers. Median time to relapse was 1.4 years (range 0.4-7.0) for local recurrence and 2.5 years (0.8-7.5) for distant recurrence. In patients receiving radiotherapy, local recurrence was delayed (median 2.1 years vs. 1.1 years), but overall rates of local and overall recurrence and survival rates were similar to patients not receiving radiotherapy. Among 26 cancer deaths, 8 (28%) occurred more than 5 years after local excision. On multivariate analysis, no clinical or pathologic features were predictive of local recurrence. Intratumoral vascular invasion was the only significant predictor of survival. Among 34 patients who developed tumor recurrence, the pattern of first clinical recurrence was predominantly local: 50% local only, 18% local and distant, and 32% distant only. Among the 17 patients with isolated local recurrence, 14 underwent salvage resection. Actuarial survival among these surgically salvaged patients was 30% at 6 years after salvage. CONCLUSIONS The long-term risk of recurrence after local excision of T1 and T2 rectal cancers is substantial. Two thirds of patients with tumor recurrence have local failure, implicating inadequate resection in treatment failure. In this study, neither adjuvant radiotherapy nor salvage surgery was reliable in preventing or controlling local recurrence. The postoperative interval to cancer death is as long as 10 years, raising concern that cancer mortality may be higher than is generally appreciated. Additional treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome of local excision.     

淋巴结转移数目是Vater壶腹癌术后显著的预后指标

目的探讨Vater壶腹癌根治术后的预后相关因素。方法回顾分析行胰十二指肠切除术及局部淋巴结清扫术的65例Vater壶腹癌患者的临床病理资料及生存状况。结果65例患者共切除淋巴结1380枚。有33例患者发现116枚淋巴结转移，随访83个月，发现20例有1～3枚淋巴结转移者，中位生存49个月，术后5年生存率为43％；13例有4枚或4枚以上淋巴结转移者，术后23个月内全部死亡。单因素分析发现，阳性淋巴结数目（P〈0．01）和位置（P〈0．01）是显著的预后指标。多因素分析发现，阳性淋巴结数目是独立的预后指标（P=0．007）。结论淋巴结转移数目是Vater壶腹癌患者根治手术后长期生存的独立相关因素。     

Prognostic implications of routine,immunohistochemical, and molecular staging in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Cure for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is restricted to resectable tumors, but survival after surgery is still poor. Despite apparently curative resection, these cancers rapidly recur. Thus, the present pathologic examination should be enriched by sensitive methods to detect minimal residual disease. In a prospective setting we studied the frequency of minimal residual disease after curative resection by routine histopathology, immunohistology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for mutated K-ras. Furthermore, the prognostic implication of detecting of MRD was determined. Prospectively, tumor tissue and corresponding paraaortic lymph nodes were obtained from 78 patients, who underwent surgery for pancreatic head tumors between 1999 and 2001. Sixty-nine of 78 cases were diagnosed for ductal adenocarcinoma (study group), whereas nine cases were diagnosed for benign pancreatic tumors (control group). Paraaortic lymph nodes were examined in step sections by routine histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin) and immunohistology using a pan-cytokeratin antibody. DNA of the primary tumor and corresponding paraaortic lymph nodes were analyzed by PCR-based assays with respect to mutated K-ras in codon 12. The recurrence-free survival and overall survival were correlated with the results of the latter methods. In 3 of 69 patients tumor cells were detected in paraaortic lymph nodes by routine histopathology and in 5 of 69 patients by immunohistology. K-ras mutations were detected in 42 of 69 ductal adenocarcinomas (61%), whereas 12 (17%) were positive in paraaortic lymph nodes. All of the latter patients had recurrence after surgery and a significant poorer survival than those without mutated K-ras. Furthermore, paraaortic lymph nodes diagnosed for K-ras mutation were independent prognostic markers in multivariate analysis. In the control group K-ras mutations were detected in one adenoma of Vater's papilla but not in paraaortic lymph nodes. Tumor cell DNA can be detected more sensitively by the described PCR method than with hematoxylin and eosin or immunohistologic staining, leading to a higher sensitivity for detection of micrometastases. The described PCR method clearly determines subgroups of patients after curative resection with early recurrence and poor survival and could therefore enrich the pathologic examination.     

Axillary micro- and macrometastases in breast cancer: prognostic significance of tumor size.

Recurrence and survival data at 10 years were examined for 147 women with single axillary lymph node metastases found in a modified radical or standard radical mastectomy. The cases were identified through a review of all patients with primary operable breast cancer treated at Memorial Hospital from 1964 to 1970. The patients were stratified into groups according to size of the primary tumor and of the metastatic deposit (micro less than or equal to 2 mm; macro greater than 2 mm) as well as level of the positive node. In the entire series, there was a significantly poorer prognosis among those patients with single macrometastases (30/77 patients; 39% recurrence rate) when compared with those having micrometastases (17/70 patients: 24% recurrence rate). A major prognostic difference emerged after stratification by tumor size. Within the first six years of the follow-up period, T1 patients with negative nodes and those with single micrometastases had similar survival curves, significantly better than those with macrometastases. However, at 12 years, the survival rats of those patients with either a micro- or macrometastases was nearly identical, and significantly worse than for those patients with negative lymph nodes. On the other hand, among women with primary tumors 2.1-5.0 cm (T2), patients with negative lymph nodes or single micrometastases had survival curves that did not differ significantly throughout the course of the follow-up period. Both had an outcome significantly better than observed for patients with macrometastases. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the clinical behaviour of breast cancer and for the stratification of patients entered into randomized treatment trials.     

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea. Experience with 16 patients managed by tracheal resection

Sixteen patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea were treated by resection, on occasion combined with radiotherapy. In 14 patients in whom circumferential resection was done, the defect was reconstructed by primary anastomosis (5 patients, up to 8.5 cm. resected), prosthetic replacement (6 patients, up to 11 cm. resected), or laryngectomy with end tracheostomy (3 patients). In 3 remaining patients a partial tracheal resection was closed with a patch of autologous tissue.There were no operative deaths in 11 patients (12 resections) managed by primary anastomosis, autologous graft, or end tracheostomy; and 8 of these 11 patients are alive and clinically free of local tumor 2 to 18 years following resection. Prosthetic replacement in 6 patients resulted in 4 postoperative deaths (3 due to innominate artery erosion); good palliation was obtained in the 2 survivors. In 6 patients receiving preoperative radiotherapy, no local recurrence of tumor has been observed, and tracheal healing was not impaired.Extensive sleeve resection of the trachea with primary anastomosis is now possible and is the treatment of choice for this tumor. Preoperative radiotherapy may delay or obviate local recurrence.     

乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床分析：附113 例报告

目的：探讨乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的临床特征、治疗方法、预后情况。 方法：收集2004年1月—2014年6月新疆医科大学附属肿瘤医院收治的113例乳腺癌术后胸壁复发患者的临床资料,分析各项因素与患者生存期的关系。 结果：患者胸壁复发后生存期5~102个月,中位生存期41个月;1、2、5年生存率分别为100.0%、85.0%、38.0%。单因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移状况、TNM分期、激素受体表达、HER-2受体表达、术后放疗、靶向治疗、内分泌治疗、胸壁复发前无病生存时间、复发灶的手术切除和放疗与乳腺癌胸壁单纯复发患者的生存期有关（P<0.05）;多因素分析显示,TNM分期、激素受体表达、HER-2受体表达、靶向治疗、胸壁复发前无病生存时间是胸壁复发后生存期的独立预后因素。 结论：乳腺癌术后胸壁复发的预后相对较好,综合治疗可能有助于提高治愈率。     

肾癌区域淋巴结转移的临床分析

目的 了解肾癌区域淋巴结转移的临床特点及发生发展规律,提高对本病的诊治效果.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月19例肾癌伴有区域淋巴结转移患者的资料.男15例,女4例.年龄29～77岁,中位年龄57岁.肿瘤位于左肾12例,右肾7例.腹膜后肿大淋巴结最大径1.5～5.0 cm,中位数2.8 cm,其中4例影像学检查未发现肿大淋巴结,术中探查证实.行腹膜后肿大淋巴结切除11例,区域淋巴结清扫8例.结果 肾癌发生区域淋巴结转移占同期收治肾癌的1.6%(19/1213).术后19例均获随访,随访时间8～78个月,中位数34个月.无瘤生存6例,带瘤生存7例,死亡6例,5年生存率68.4%.腹膜后区域淋巴结清扫组与肿大淋巴结切除组生存期及术后复发转移率比较差异均无统计学意义(P=0.644;P=0.319).结论 肾癌发生单纯区域淋巴结转移少见,术前影像学可能漏诊,部分患者通过区域淋巴结清扫或肿大淋巴结切除可获得无瘤生存.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis at diagnosis. Methods The data of 19 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis from January 2004 to December 2008 were reviewed.The median age was 57 years (29-77).The study group included 15 males and four females.The primary tumor was located in the left kidney in 12 patients and fight in seven patients.The median maximam diameter of retroperitoneal lymph nodes was 2.8 cm(1.5-5.0).The lymph nodes in four patients were not detected by the preoperative image examination,but were confirmed by intraoperative exploration.Eleven cases had enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes resected and eight had regional lymph nodes dissected. Results The patients with regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis of renal celI carcinoma accounted for 1.6% (19/1213) of the total renal cell carcinoma cases.With a median follow-up of 34 months,six patients were survival without progression,and seven were survival with progression.giving a 5-year survival rate of 68.4%.The survival and recurrence rates after surgery were not significantly different by Fisher test(P=0.644 and 0.319 respectively) between the patients who underwent retroperitoneal regional lymph node dissection and those who underwent enlarged lymph node resection. Condmiom Renal cell carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis at diagnosis is uncommon.Some patients may achieve long-term tumor-free survival through regional lymph node dissection or enlarged Iymph nodes resection.     

Ependymoma in childhood: prognostic factors,extent of surgery,and adjuvant therapy

OBJECT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of patient-related factors, extent of surgery, and adjuvant therapy on survival in children presenting with intracranial ependymoma. METHODS: Between 1980 and 1999, 83 children (mean age 36 months) underwent surgery for intracranial ependymomas. Complete resection, verified on postoperative computerized tomography scans, was achieved in 73%. Adjuvant therapy modalities have changed over the years: before 1990 all patients received radiotherapy, whereas after 1990 the children younger than 3 years of age and later those younger than 5 years of age were treated first with chemotherapy and received radiotherapy only after their first tumor recurrence. The follow-up period averaged 70 +/- 49 months. CONCLUSIONS: Overall survival, intraoperative deaths excluded, was 73 +/- 11% and 51 +/- 14% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The event-free survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 48 +/- 12% and 46 +/- 12%, respectively. Most of the events were local recurrences. Despite multiple reinterventions, the overall survival rate in this group dropped to 14%. On univariate analysis, the only significant prognostic factors were complete resection and radiotherapy. Both of these factors combined increased the 5- and 10-year survival rates to 93 and 75%, respectively. Age of the patients was not a statistically independent prognostic factor. The patients in the chemotherapy group did not fare as well as those in the radiotherapy group. A subgroup (36%) within the chemotherapy group, however, survived tumor free after a mean follow-up period of 67 months. It is not clear whether this subgroup either responded well to chemotherapy or needed no adjuvant therapy. Further research is warranted to answer this question.     

Preoperative radiation therapy for clinically resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum.

This is an analysis of 71 patients with clinically resectable adenocarcinoma of the rectum treated with preoperative irradiation and surgery at the University of Florida from July 1975 through December 1981. Seven patients were found to have liver metastasis at surgery; six had a complete resection of their primary rectal lesion and one had an incomplete resection of the rectal tumor. The remaining 64 patients had no evidence of metastasis at the time of surgery and underwent a complete resection of their rectal cancer. In the early years of the trial, the maximum tumor dose consisted of 3000 to 3500 rad in 3.5 to 4 weeks; the dose was subsequently increased to 4500 rad in 5 weeks. Patients were taken to surgery between 2 and 11 weeks (mean, 3.5 weeks) following the completion of radiation therapy. All patients have a minimum follow-up of 3 years and 63% have a minimum follow-up of 5 years. The acute complications of treatment have been acceptable, with only one patient requiring a treatment rest for moist desquamation of the perineum. All patients completed the irradiation course and all were operated on. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimen revealed no tumor in 11%, and the incidence of positive lymph nodes was 19%, which was half the incidence of positive lymph nodes in a series of historical controls treated from 1959 to 1976 with surgery alone. Comparison of patients treated with preoperative irradiation and surgery with those treated with surgery alone revealed that the postoperative complications have been similar in incidence, distribution, and severity. There have been no postoperative deaths. The overall incidence of local-regional recurrence is 5/64 (7.8%), and the combined incidence of local-regional recurrence and/or distant metastasis is 18/64 (28%). The incidence of local-regional recurrence by preoperative dose is 3/23 (13%) for doses of 3000 to 3500 rad and 2/41 (5%) for doses of 4000 to 5000 rad. The 5-year local-regional failure rate is 3/40 (7.5%) for the group irradiated before surgery, and 39/135 (29%) for the historical controls managed by surgery alone (significance level = 0.015). The 5-year determinate disease-free survival is 27/38 (71%) for the patients irradiated before surgery, and 47/114 (41%) for the historical group of patients treated with surgery alone (significance level = 0.008).     

Outcome and Treatment Strategy for Mid- and Lower-Thoracic Esophageal Cancer Recurring Locally in the Lymph Nodes of the Neck

The aim of the present study was to assess the outcome of treatment for patients with recurrent mid- and lower-thoracic esophageal cancers in whom recurrence was localized to the lymph nodes of the neck, and to determine the best strategy for further treatment. Between 1989 and 2001, 270 patients with mid- and lower-thoracic esophageal cancer underwent curative esophagectomy; 90 of those patients had a cancer recurrence. Our focus was on lymph node recurrence, especially when the recurrent cancers were localized to the lymph nodes in the neck. The outcomes of those patients and the efficacy of the strategies used to treat the recurrent cancers were determined. In 43 patients (48%), recurrent cancer initially appeared in the lymph nodes. Among the 43 patients, 15 (35%) had localized neck recurrence. The time between tumor recurrence and death among the 15 patients with localized neck recurrence was significantly longer than among the 28 patients with other recurrence patterns. In addition, 15 patients underwent lymph node resection, while 28 patients were treated non-surgically. The time between tumor recurrence and death was significantly longer in patients treated surgically. Of the 15 patients in whom recurrence affected the neck lymph nodes only, 10 (67%) were treated surgically; their 2-year survival rate after recurrence was 45%. The outcomes of recurrent esophageal cancers localized to the lymph nodes of the neck were better than those seen with other recurrence patterns, and salvage resection followed by chemoradiation therapy would seem to be indicated for those patients.     

Prognostic factors after distal pancreatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the body and tail

BACKGROUND: Invasive pancreatic carcinoma originating from the body and tail usually is diagnosed at a late stage, and resection is considered a palliative procedure because of the poor prognosis. Factors predicting survival were not evaluated fully in patients with invasive pancreatic carcinoma of the body and tail who had undergone distal pancreatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2004, 88 patients with invasive pancreatic carcinoma of the body and tail underwent distal pancreatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Univariate and multivariate models were used to analyze the effects of clinicopathologic factors on long-term survival. RESULTS: No operative deaths occurred. The median survival time was 22 months, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 76%, 40%, and 19%, respectively. Lymph node involvement status and the degree of histologic vein invasion were independent predictors of long-term survival. CONCLUSIONS: Distal pancreatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for the treatment of invasive pancreatic carcinoma of the body and tail contributed to long-term survival in selected patients without mortality. Effective postoperative treatment should be evaluated in patients with positive lymph nodes and/or the presence of histologic vein invasion even after a curative resection because long-term survival cannot be expected.     

Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy after endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer

Background There has been a trend toward minimally invasive treatment of early gastric cancer. We report the preliminary results of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy after endoscopic mucosal resection. Methods Six patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy after endoscopic mucosal resection between February 2002 and October 2005 at Mie University Hospital. These patients first underwent laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy and then laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. Results No patient underwent conversion to open surgery during the operation. None of the patients had any postoperative complications. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 11.3 days. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified laparoscopically in five patients. There were 20 sentinel and 85 nonsentinel lymph nodes in the six patients. Postoperatively, tissue sections showed that none of the lymph nodes were metastasized. Immunohistochemistry with D2-40 antibody showed that there were normal lymphatics in the submucosal layer with mucosal defects at the endoscopic mucosal resection site. No patients had any tumor recurrence during followup. Conclusions Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy after endoscopic mucosal resection was a safe and curative procedure. Endoscopic mucosal resection before sentinel lymph node biopsy was acceptable for early gastric cancer.     

Postoperative Radiotherapy for Stage pT3 Carcinoma of the Prostate: Improved Local Control

Purpose

We determined whether radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy leads to improved results in patients with stage pT3 carcinoma of the prostate.

Materials and Methods

In a prospective nonrandomized study of 203 patients with clinical stage T2 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy 88 underwent surgery alone, 89 received early postoperative radiotherapy generally because of pathological stage T3 disease and 26 received delayed radiotherapy for local recurrence. The disease was stage pT3N0/X in 135 patients.

Results

For patients with pathological stage T3 cancer actuarial local recurrence rates were significantly decreased in the early postoperative radiotherapy group compared to the surgery only group (p = 0.005), while actuarial metastatic rates (p = 0.6) and cause specific survival rates (p = 0.04) were not significantly different. Multivariate analysis for all patients in both groups identified adverse features of increased postoperative prostate specific antigen levels, seminal vesicle involvement, lack of postoperative radiotherapy and positive lymph nodes. Late toxicity was severe (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3 or 4) in 13 surgery only and 17 early postoperative radiotherapy group patients. Of those who were potent postoperatively the incidence of impotence in the early postoperative radiotherapy group was 89 percent compared to 59 percent in the surgery only group (p = 0.003). For patients treated with delayed radiation for clinical local recurrence the actuarial local control rate was 54 percent after 10 years.

Conclusions

Local radiotherapy appears to improve local control of stage pT3 cancer but has no impact on overall survival.