Oxidative stress status accompanying diabetic bladder cystopathy results in the activation of protein degradation pathways

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Diabetes is a common precursor for ladder pathology, including detrusor overactivity and cystopathy. There is preliminary, but increasing evidence, suggesting that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of diabetic complications including its affect on the bladder. In the present study we investigated the effect of streptozotocin induced‐diabetes in rats on the global expression of genes in the rat bladder using microarray analysis, and combined this data with our previously reported study looking at changes in protein levels using proteomics. This analysis demonstrated that markers of oxidative stress were significantly increased in the diabetic bladder. Overall, our work adds to the growing body of evidence that diabetic cystopathy is associated with oxidative damage of smooth muscle cells, and results in protein damage and activation of apoptotic pathways which may contribute to a deterioration in bladder function.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To investigate the role that oxidative stress plays in the development of diabetic cystopathy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

• ? Comparative gene expression in the bladder of non‐diabetic and streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced 2‐month‐ old diabetic rats was carried out using microarray analysis.
• ? Evidence of oxidative stress was investigated in the bladder by analyzing glutathione S‐transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and carbonylation and nitrosylation of proteins.
• ? The activity of protein degradation pathways was assessed using Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

• ? Analysis of global gene expression showed that detrusor smooth muscle tissue of STZ‐induced diabetes undergoes significant enrichment in targets involved in the production or regulation of reactive oxygen species (P= 1.27 × 10^?10). The microarray analysis was confirmed by showing that markers of oxidative stress were all significantly increased in the diabetic bladder.
• ? It was hypothesized that the sequelae to oxidative stress would be increased protein damage and apoptosis.
• ? This was confirmed by showing that two key proteins involved in protein degradation (Nedd4 and LC3B) were greatly up‐regulated in diabetic bladders compared to controls by 12.2 ± 0.76 and 4.4 ± 1.0‐fold, respectively, and the apoptosis inducing protein, BAX, was up‐regulated by 6.76 ± 0.76‐fold.

CONCLUSION

• ? Overall, the findings obtained in the present study add to the growing body of evidence showing that diabetic cystopathy is associated with oxidative damage of smooth muscle cells, and results in protein damage and activation of apoptotic pathways that may contribute to a deterioration in bladder function.

     

Good urodynamic practices: uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and pressure-flow studies

This is the first report of the International Continence Society (ICS) on the development of comprehensive guidelines for Good Urodynamic Practice for the measurement, quality control, and documentation of urodynamic investigations in both clinical and research environments. This report focuses on the most common urodynamics examinations; uroflowmetry, pressure recording during filling cystometry, and combined pressure-flow studies. The basic aspects of good urodynamic practice are discussed and a strategy for urodynamic measurement, equipment set-up and configuration, signal testing, plausibility controls, pattern recognition, and artifact correction are proposed. The problems of data analysis are mentioned only when they are relevant in the judgment of data quality. In general, recommendations are made for one specific technique. This does not imply that this technique is the only one possible. Rather, it means that this technique is well-established, and gives good results when used with the suggested standards of good urodynamic practice.     

豚鼠糖尿病膀胱模型的建立

目的建立豚鼠糖尿病膀胱模型，并探讨糖尿病膀胱病变所致的膀胱尿动力学改变。方法实验组豚鼠单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ），对照组注射相应剂量的缓冲液。6周后两组豚鼠称重，并用血糖仪测定空腹血糖及糖耐量。符合糖尿病模型标准者，继续饲养4周，水合氯醛麻醉后，将两组豚鼠分别行尿动力学检查，检测漏尿点压、排尿期最大逼尿肌压、残余尿，最大膀胱容量及顺应性。站杲注射STZ6周后，实验组体重（311．16±43．47）g，较对照组（401．00±27．17）g显著下降（P〈0．01），空腹血糖（6．88±1．172）mmol／L较对照组（4．91±0．61）mmol／L显著增高（P〈0．01），糖耐量（14．11±4．85）mmol／L显著高于对照组（6．88±1．172）mmol／L（P〈0．01）。糖尿病诱导成功率44．12％（15／34），死亡率5．6％（2／36）。注射STZ10周后，糖尿病组膀胱排尿期最大逼尿肌压（19．20±2．93）cmH2O较对照组（25．09±2．12）cmH2O显著降低（P〈0．01），漏尿点压（3．00±1．13）cmH2O显著高于对照组（1．91±0．70）cmH2O（P〈0．05），最大膀胱容量（1．94±0．24）mL较对照组（1．65±0．46）mL显著增高（P〈0．05），残余尿（0．41±0．31）mL显著高于对照组（0．00±0．00）mL（P〈0．01），糖尿病组顺应性（0．564±0．197）mL／cmH2O较对照组（0．925±0．441）mL／cmH2O显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论单次腹腔注射STZ可以成功的建立豚鼠糖尿病膀胱模型，这对研究糖尿病及糖尿病膀胱病变具有一定的价值。     

The effects of an extradural expanding lesion on regional intracranial pressure,blood flow,somatosensory conduction and brain herniation: an experimental study in baboons

Summary Intracranial pressure (ICP) differences, change of local blood flow (CBF) using the hydrogen clearance technique, change in the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) to median nerve stimulation and pupillary size were investigated during progressive elevation of the ICP (using an extradural balloon) in 6 anaesthetized baboons. CBF was measured in the frontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, thalamus (nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis—VPL), medial lemniscus (ML), lateral lemniscus (LL) and caudate nucleus (CN). Conduction along the somatosensory pathway between C 2 at the neck and VPL was compared with conduction between VPL and primary somatosensory cortex. The amplitude of the cortical SEP was also studied.ICP gradients between hemispheres developed as the pressure was increased to in excess of 50 mm Hg. CBF was significantly reduced from control in the cortex and VPL on the side ipsilateral to the balloon at 50 mm Hg ICP. A significant decrease in ML flow occurred bilaterally at 70 mm Hg ICP. Conduction time was increased significantly between the right VPL and cortex at a pressure of 50 mm Hg. The amplitude of the cortical response was significantly reduced at 30 mm Hg on the right side and 50 mm Hg on the left. Aniscoria occurred at 50 mm Hg ICP and the pupils became dilated at 70 mm Hg. The SEP was possibly more sensitive than the pupillary reactions as an indication of tentorial herniation in these experiments.     

糖尿病膀胱逼尿肌的病理改变及机制

通尿肌肌源性异常是糖尿病膀胱的重要致病机制之一.其病理变化表现为逼尿肌形态改变、功能改变、能量代谢紊乱.受体与膜通道变化以及自由基损伤等多个方面.     

糖尿病大鼠膀胱和脊髓背根神经节中P75的表达与尿流动力学改变

目的探讨糖尿病大鼠膀胱与脊髓背根神经节（DRG）中神经生长因子受体P75的表达及尿流动力学改变。方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型20只，以15只正常大鼠为对照，应用免疫组化方法，分别检测大鼠膀胱组织及DRG中P75的变化情况，结合尿流动力学改变，探讨糖尿病膀胱病变（DC）可能的发病机制。结果与对照组比较，糖尿病组膀胱湿重增加[（171．150±6．081）vs（135．530±5．330）mg]，最大膀胱容量增加[（2．97±0．54）mLvs（1．73±0.23）mL]，储尿期膀胱压降低[（0．39±0．05）vs（0．77±0．06）kPa]，最大膀胱压力降低[（2．98±0．12）vs（5．99±0．25）kPa]（P均〈0．05）。无论是在膀胱组织还是在DRG中，糖尿病组P75的表达均低于对照组，有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论神经生长因子的受体P75在膀胱与脊髓背根神经节中的异常表达可能与DC的发病机制有关。     

Urinary flow disturbance as an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in diabetic children and adolescents

AIMS: Urinary bladder dysfunction is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in adults. The aim of this study is to determine the early disturbances of the detrusor contractility in children, and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bladder urine flow parameters were investigated in 37 children with type 1 diabetes, 10/37 with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CAD) voided 482 +/- 128 mils (Group A), 27/37 without CAD voided 258 +/- 52 mils (Group B). From an earlier uroflow screening study 20 healthy children formed group control A, who had voided 488 +/- 94 mils, and another 30 healthy children formed group control B, who had voided 260 +/- 50 mils. The compared groups were matched for voided volume, age, weight, and height. There was no evidence of urinary tract abnormalities in any of the children. RESULTS: Time to maximum flow was longer in both diabetic groups as compared with controls (P < 0.01), and the acceleration (the ratio of maximum flow and the time to maximum flow) of diabetics was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Bladder emptying was complete in each subject. Bladder wall disturbances were not seen by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased acceleration of detrusor muscle contraction may be interpreted as an early sign of autonomic neuropathy in children and adolescent with type 1 diabetes, even in patients without CAD. Clinicians may be able to determine autonomic neuropathy by using uroflowmetry that is easy to perform, sensitive, reproducible, and needs only a child's minimal cooperation.     

糖尿病膀胱尿动力学及逼尿肌功能改变的相关性研究

目的探讨糖尿病膀胱尿动力学变化与逼尿肌功能改变之间的相关性。方法回顾性分析70例糖尿病患者尿动力学检查结果,将患者分为早期组(病史<8年〉和进展期组(病史>12年),分别测定初尿意的膀胱容量、最大膀胱容量、最大自由尿流率、PQmax、剩余尿量。并结合2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠与正常大鼠的离体逼尿肌肌条实验,分析实验鼠发病6周和18周的逼尿肌兴奋性、最大收缩力和平均收缩力变化。结果临床资料显示29例(41%)表现为低顺应性膀胱,28例(40%)膀胱感觉减退,30例(43%)排尿期逼尿肌压力减退,22例(31%)剩余尿量超过150ml,10例(14%)逼尿肌不稳定,6例(9%)不能自行排尿。患者膀胱灌注过程中产生初尿意的灌注容量(203.25±107.53)ml(125~630ml),最大膀胱容量(428.09±227.89)ml(220~1350ml)。最大自由尿流率(10.70±3.27)ml/min,剩余尿量(100.57±108.08)ml,早期组患者产生初尿意的膀胱容量增加为(151.67±24.07)ml,进展期患者初尿意的膀胱容量增加为(268.16±13.90)ml,最大膀胱容量(592.97±252.51)ml,最大自由尿流率(8.61±2.04)ml/min,PQmax(33.16±19.81)cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa),剩余尿增加至(169.03±137.25)ml。动物实验发现T2DM大鼠逼尿肌的张力阈值为(0.72±0.33)g,显著高于对照组(0.32±0.18)g,F=59.63,P<0.0001;最大逼尿肌收缩力T2DM组(0.08±0.04)g,较对照组(0.11±0.05)g降低(F=7.47,P<0.01);平均收缩力T2DM组(0.06±0.02)g,较对照组(0.07±0.03)g明显降低(F=5.71,P<0.05)。随着实验动物发病时间延长,T2DM大鼠逼尿肌张力阈值呈现增高趋势,而逼尿肌最大及平均收缩力均降低。结论根据临床及动物实验结果推测,早期糖尿病患者膀胱感觉减退可能是逼尿肌兴奋性降低的缘故。进展期膀胱感觉进一步减退、最大膀胱容量显著增大、最大自由尿流率降低、排尿期最大尿流时的逼尿肌压力降低、剩余尿量显著增多等一系列尿动力学改变,可能是在逼尿肌兴奋性改变的基础上出现逼尿肌收缩力降低的结果。     

早期糖尿病膀胱尿动力学及cajal样细胞的变化和意义

目的：观察早期糖尿病在膀胱尿动力学和cajal样细胞上的病理学改变,探讨其发生机制及病理演绎过程。方法：建立早期糖尿病豚鼠模型40只（病变组）,以正常豚鼠20只作对照（对照组）,饲养10周后行膀胱最大收缩压、漏尿点压等尿动力学指标测定。然后将两组豚鼠膀胱制作成冷冻切片行免疫荧光染色及激光共聚焦显微镜观察。结果：10周后,与对照组比较,病变组膀胱最大容量（P〈0．05）、漏尿点压（P〈0．01）、顺应性（P〈0．05）、剩余尿量（P〈0．01）增加,而膀胱静息压（P〈0．01）、最大逼尿肌压（P〈0．05）下降,激光共聚焦显微镜下见糖尿病组膀胱逼尿肌中cajal样细胞数量减少（P〈0．01）,cajal样细胞二聚体消失（P〈0．01）。结论：糖尿病膀胱病变豚鼠早期有尿动力学异常,cajal样细胞数量减少并伴有该细胞二聚体结构消失,提示早期糖尿病膀胱病变是高糖环境下发生了具有起博功能的cajal样间质细胞异常,从而使逼尿肌功能障碍及尿动力学发生改变;而真正起逼尿功能的平滑肌细胞失去该细胞起博而处于一种待激发的”休眠状态”。因此,l临床上应针对这种情况进行干预,以控制病情的进一步恶化。     

术中无肌松全静脉麻醉用于联合神经电生理监护脊柱手术的可行性

［摘要］ 目的 比较全静脉麻醉下术中使用或不使用肌松药对脊柱手术中联合神经电生理监测结果的影响,探讨安全有效的神经电生理监测麻醉方案。方法 选择拟行联合神经电生理监测的择期脊柱手术病人 40 例,分为A、B两组。两组病人均采用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼和右美托咪定全凭静脉麻醉,A组病人术中使用小剂量阿曲库铵维持肌松,B组病人术中不使用肌松药。同时监测体感诱发电位（SEP）和运动诱发电位（MEP）评判脊髓功能。记录术中不同时间点两组病人的生命体征和SEP和MEP的波幅和潜伏期,同时记录经颅电刺激时病人是否出现剧烈体动和自主呼吸。比较两组病人术毕后麻醉苏醒时间和质量。结果 两组病人不同时间点的生命体征差异无统计学意义。两组病人的SEP的波幅和潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的潜伏期差异无统计学意义,MEP的波幅差异有显著性统计学意义。两组病人在电刺激时均无自主呼吸和剧烈体动发生。结论 术中不使用肌松药的全静脉麻醉方案可安全有效地用于行神经电生理监测的脊柱手术,并且在电生理监测信号质量和术后苏醒方面具有明显优势。     

A rare case of a somatosensory evoked potentials recording during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Background: Neuronal damage is a possible complication of cardiac surgery. To reduce the potential risk of postoperative neurological deficit, the functional state of affectedcentral nervous system pathways is monitored intraoperatively by recording evoked potentials (EPs). Apart from animal research, there is little clinical evidence of EPs recordingduring cardiac arrest and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Methods: Both scalp (SCEPs) and spinal (SSEPs) short-latency somatosensory EPs were recorded as the response to theelectrical stimulation of the right median nerve during mitral valve replacement surgery. Evoked potentials were recorded before, during, and after sudden ventricular fibrillationfollowed by CPR.
Results: Preoperative control recordings of both SCEPs and SSEPs were in the normal ranges. During the first 4 min of cardiac arrest and resuscitation, all SCEPs waves disappeared, while the spinal component of the SSEPs was still recognizable. After CPR, all waves of both EPs recordings recovered completely. The patient woke from anesthesia without neurological deficits.
Conclusions: As expected, scalp-recorded EPs are more sensitive to the cardiac arrest than spinal EPs. Rapid and almost complete recovery of postoperative EPs, namely SCEPs, correlated well with normal neurological recovery.     

脊髓造影联合感觉诱发电位检测在下腰段脊神经根性卡压伤治疗中的临床指导意义

目的探讨脊髓造影(myelography,MG)联合感觉诱发电位(somatosensory evoked potential,SEP)检测在治疗下腰段脊神经根性卡压性病变治疗中的临床价值。方法2004年3月~2006年10月对46例患有不同程度腰腿疼痛1年以上且有手术意向的患者常规行MG和双下肢胫神经及L5、S1皮节SEP检测,分别记录硬膜囊受压部分占椎管直径的比例、N40峰潜伏期及H反射延迟状况,综合分析两种检查结果,最终决定是否行手术处理并预测愈后。结果7例单节段硬膜囊受压未超过椎管直径30%的患者,有2例患者SEP检测N40延迟比对照组超出10%,另5例延迟在0.15s之内<10%。前者手术治疗,后者采用非手术治疗处理。34例患者硬膜囊单节段(26例)和双节段(8例)受压程度大于椎管直径的30%,其中MG检查单节段单侧根管不显影21例,双侧不显影5例;多节段8例存在单侧根管不显影2例和双侧不显影6例,而此34例患者SEP检测H反射延迟均>10%,皆选用手术治疗。还有5例患者虽然MG下硬膜囊受压小于椎管直径的30%,其SEP延迟又>10%,但是其振幅却正常,其中2例患者单侧根管显示不清,此2例患者行手术治疗。结论MG和SEP检查可以作为下腰段脊神经受损害的量化指标,二者互为补充,指导临床治疗方式并提示愈后,对尚无CT或MRI设备的基层医疗单位有较高的应用价值。     

Single-blind, randomized controlled study of the clinical and urodynamic effects of an α-blocker (naftopidil) and phytotherapy (eviprostat) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

AIM: The aim of our study was to examine the efficacy of naftopidil in terms of the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and urodynamic parameters in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Eviprostat was used as a control to study the efficacy of naftopidil. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with BPH (mean age 67.9 +/- 7.8 years) were involved in the study. Patients were randomly assigned either to the naftopidil group, which was treated with the alpha-blocker naftopidil (50-75 mg daily, 36 patients), or the eviprostat group, which was treated with phytotherapy (six tablets of eviprostat daily, 13 patients). RESULTS: The mean total IPSS, the total storage and voiding symptom scores, and the quality of life score decreased significantly (P < 0.0001 for each variable) in the naftopidil group, but not in the eviprostat group. In the naftopidil group, analyses showed significant increases in average and maximum flow rate and bladder capacity at first desire to void (P < 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively), and significant decreases in the postvoid residual, the percent of residual and the Abrams-Griffiths number (P = 0.009, P = 0.008 and P = 0.042, respectively). However, in the eviprostat group, no significant changes were noted in terms of these symptomatic and urodynamic parameters. In the pressure/flow study, an improvement in the International Continence Society nomogram grade was noted in 29% of the naftopidil group, but in only 16% of the eviprostat group. Among the 14 patients in the naftopidil group, detrusor overactivity disappeared in 21% and cystometric capacity increased in 36%, but no improvement in detrusor overactivity was noted in the eviprostat group. CONCLUSIONS: Naftopidil appears to have been effective in this short-term treatment of BPH.     

Precise urodynamic assessment of anatomic urethral obstruction in boys

Repeated pressure/flow studies of micturition, with and without a thick catheter in the urethra, together with an on-line plot of detrusor pressure against flow rate, enable real anatomic urethral obstruction to be distinguished from (possibly artifactual) functional effects and often allow a urodynamic caliber to be assigned to any anatomic narrowing in the urethra. Results from 103 boys aged 3–15 years without overt neurologic abnormality are reported. It is shown how the presence of a thick urethral catheter enhances the sensitivity to anatomic obstruction, and urodynamic criteria for recognizing such obstruction are set up. Although clinically diagnosed abnormalities such as meatal stenosis are often urodynamically obstructive, 40% of obstructions diagnosed on nonurodynamic grounds were ruled out urodynamically. The overall incidence of urodynamically demonstrated anatomic obstruction in this selected material was 19%.     

皮层体感诱发电位及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正术中的应用

目的:探讨脊柱畸形矫正术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)及经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)联合监护在脊柱畸形矫正手术中的应用。方法:对我院收治的脊柱畸形患者根据术中监护方法分为两组:A组37例,其中男25例,女12例,年龄13～42岁,平均26.1岁,术中进行CSEP及TES-MEP联合监护;B组29例,其中男10例,女19例,年龄13～20岁,平均15.8岁,单纯采用CSEP监护作为对照组。术中持续观察CSEP及TES-MEP波幅及潜伏期变化,出现波幅下降50%、潜伏期延长10%或刺激强度高于初始刺激强度100V仍未引出者,停止手术并对症处理,术后给予激素治疗。结果:A组术中出现CSEP异常者4例(10.8%),TES-MEP异常者19例(60%)。术中CSEP及TES-MEP均异常者4例(10.8%),无术中CSEP异常而TES-MEP正常者。2例(陈旧性结核并后凸畸形1例,陈旧性骨折并后凸畸形1例)术中合拢截骨平面时,TES-MEP波形均消失,但仅1例出现CSEP异常,经术中积极处理,至手术结束时波形仍未恢复至术前水平,术后均出现神经功能障碍。余35例患者术后无神经功能损伤(假阴性率0%)。B组9例(21%)术中出现CSEP波形异常,其中2例虽经减少矫形角度及激素冲击治疗,术后仍出现双下肢瘫,余术后未出现神经功能障碍。3例术中监护未见异常者,术后出现重度不可逆性脊髓损伤(假阴性率10%)。结论:CSEP结合TES-MEP联合监护能较可靠、准确的反映术中脊髓功能状态,可降低监护假阴性率,为手术治疗过程提供参考。     

Lesions of the sensorimotor region: Somatosensory evoked potentials and ultrasound guided surgery

Summary In 10 patients with lesions of the sensorimotor cortex cortical SEP were registered to identify the postcentral gyrus, and intraoperative ultrasound sonography served to locate the lesion. The combination of both techniques helped to find the optimal approach to the lesion. Postoperative results were considered favourable, as only one patient suffered transient postoperative deterioration, six were unchanged and in three patients the pre-operative motor deficits were improved. The combination of intra-operative ultrasound and neurophysiological identification of the sensorimotor cortex is concluded as being useful in surgery within this region.     

Motor evoked potentials (MEP) and evoked pressure curves (EPC) from the urethral compressive musculature (UCM) by functional magnetic stimulation in healthy volunteers and patients with neurogenic incontinence

AIMS: The aim of this study is to assess neurogenic lesions of the somatomotor efferent nervous pathway to the urethral compressive musculature (UCM) by means of motor evoked potentials (MEP) and simultaneously recorded evoked pressure curves (EPC). METHODS: Nine healthy subjects and 33 patients (15 spinal cord injury, 14 cauda equina lesion, and 4 multiple sclerosis (MS)) with neurogenic urinary incontinence were prospectively examined by means of urodynamics and electrophysiology. MEP responses from the UCM were evoked after transcranial (tc) and lumbosacral (ls) single pulse magnetic stimulation. A ratio out of tx/ls latencies was calculated to distinguish between central (i.e., spinal) and peripheral lesions. The mechanical UCM pressure responses (=EPC) were recorded simultaneously with electromyographic (EMG) recordings using a microtip pressure transducer catheter with integrated bipolar surface electrodes. RESULTS: In nine healthy subjects the central latency was 19.0 msec, the peripheral latency was 4.25 msec, and the ratio was 4.4. In patients with incomplete spinal cord lesion the central latency was significantly delayed (22.7 msec), whereas the peripheral responses were normal. The ratio (5.5) was increased. Thirteen of these 15 patients suffered from neurogenic incontinence. Patients with a complete spinal lesion showed no UCM reaction after tc stimulation, whereas peripheral responses were normal. Patients with MS showed significantly prolonged central latencies (25.5 msec). The increased ratio of 6.0 indicated a spinal lesion. Ten patients with incomplete cauda equina lesions and urinary incontinence had normal central latencies but prolonged peripheral latencies of 6.7 msec. The ratio of 3.4 indicated a lesion of the sacral caudal roots. In patients with complete cauda injury neither central nor peripheral responses could be evoked. Tc evoked mechanical pressure responses (i.e., contractions) from the UCM could only be recorded in intact or incompletely injured spinal and peripheral motor nervous pathways, whereas they could be evoked after ls stimulation only in cases with partially preserved sacral caudal roots independent of a spinal lesion. CONCLUSIONS: MEP and EPC from the UCM proved to be a well tolerated disgnostic tool in patients with neurogenic incontinence that distinguished central and peripheral lesions of the motor efferent pathways to the UCM.     

脊髓型颈椎病电生理检测特点及临床评估相关性分析

目的　探讨皮层体感诱发电位 (CSEP)检测结果与脊髓型颈椎病 (CSM)临床表现、后路“单开门”椎板成形(ODLP)手术疗效间的相关性。方法　选择并随访 31例行ODLP的病例 ,按照CSEP检测波形分类 ,并根据手术前后JOA分值进行病情分度、计算临床改善率 ,进而将各因素相关数据进行统计处理 ,分析彼此间的相关性。结果　CSM患者术前JOA分值为 8.4 2± 2 .94 ,术后为 11.4 6± 2 .85 ,随访时为 12 .13± 3.2 0 ,术后及随访JOA分值明显增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,临床改善率为 4 7.80 %± 2 3.4 2 %。CSEP检测Ⅰ型波 3例 ,Ⅱ型波 6例 ,Ⅲ型波 14例 ,Ⅳ型波 8例 ;临床症状严重者 2例 ,重度者 11例 ,中度者 16例 ,轻度者 2例 ;手术疗效优良者 15例 ,一般者 16例。CSEP检测结果与临床病情间进行相关性分析 (Hc=14 .4 8,P <0 .0 1) ,CSEP检测结果与临床改善率间进行相关性分析 (Uc =3.995 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　ODLP是治疗CSM一种成熟的外科术式 ,疗效肯定。CSM患者CSEP检测结果与病变程度、临床改善率间存在显著相关性 ,CSEP电生理检测有助于更准确地了解脊髓受损程度 ,预测手术效果 ,为临床提供客观、有价值的信息。     

Concurrent recording of AEP, SSEP and EEG parameters during anaesthesia: a factor analysis

Background. Spontaneous EEG, mid-latency auditory evoked potentials(AEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) have been usedto monitor anaesthesia. This poses the question as to whetheror not EEG, AEP and SSEP vary in parallel with varying conditionsduring surgical anaesthesia. Methods. A total of 81 variables (31 EEG, 22 SSEP, 28 AEP) weresimultaneously recorded in 48 surgical patients during anaesthesia.A total of 307 cases of the 81 variables in stable anaestheticstates were recorded. A factor analysis was performed for thisdata set. Results. Sixteen variables were excluded because of multicollinearity.We extracted 13 factors with eigenvalues >1, representing78.3% of the total variance, from the remaining 65 x 307 matrix.The first three factors represented 12%, 11% and 10% of thetotal variance. Factor 1 had only significant loadings fromEEG variables, factor 2 only significant loadings from AEP variablesand factor 3 only significant loadings from SSEP variables. Conclusion. EEG, AEP and SSEP measure different aspects of neuralprocessing during anaesthesia. This gives rise to the hypothesisthat simultaneous monitoring of these quantities may give additionalinformation compared with the monitoring of each quantity alone.