人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的　探索人工肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重 3～ 4部分骨折方法。方法　本组 4 5例肱骨近端骨折患者 ,男 14例 ,女 31例 ,年龄 31～ 78岁 ,平均 5 6 1± 7 8岁。 9例Neer分型 4部分和 1例 3部分粉碎性骨折行人工肩关节置换术 :单极人工肩关节 8例 ,双极人工肩关节 1例 ,全肩关节置换术 1例。结果　人工肩关节置换术后随访 2个月～ 4年 ,平均 1 3年。 10例患者 8例完全不疼 ,1例肩关节上举运动痛 ,返修术后缓解。 1例腋神经损伤致三角肌瘫痪 ,肩关节不稳。患者活动范围基本正常。除 1例外 ,其余较满意。假体X线片示置位较好 ,未见透亮区、无松动。结论　对于肱骨近端严重 3～ 4部分骨折 ,人工肩关节置换术是一个可望取得良好疗效的治疗方法。术中应尽可能重建大小结节的解剖复位 ,修复肩袖损伤 ,术后积极的功能康复训练有助于功能改善     

半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损

目的:采用半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损,并评定疗效.方法:共36例.19例成人肱骨近端四分骨折.9例肱骨近端低恶性度骨肿瘤,肱骨头坏死8例.均采用骨水泥固定人工肱骨头置换术治疗.术后功能锻炼.定期X线检查,评估假体稳定性和肩关节功能.随访时间为1～8年,平均5年3个月.结果:1例42岁肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者术后2年出现松动;3例肱骨近端四分骨折患者伴有肩关节外旋部分受限和轻度疼痛.其余病例无痛,无松动,肩关节功能满意.结论:与远期结果有关的因素包括准确的手术适应证的选择,正确的手术方法特别是修复骨缺损和肩袖损伤;选择好假体的大小和厚度以及假体安放位置;另一关键因素为合理的功能锻炼.     

复杂肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的长期疗效观察

目的探讨Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折人工肱骨头置换术中肩袖重建的远期临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2001-01—2012-12采用人工肱骨头置换术治疗的25例Neer 3、4部分肱骨近端骨折。术前测量健侧大结节最低点至肱骨头最高点的距离,术中尽量解剖复位肱骨大、小结节,合理控制假体高度及后倾角度,尽可能修复重建损伤肩袖,术后分阶段康复锻炼。结果本组22例获得有效随访,随访时间平均120(49~190)个月。末次随访时ASES评分为80~92(86.28±3.36)分,肩关节内旋至T10水平,患肢主动前屈上举125°~135°,外旋36°~42°。1例合并臂丛神经损伤者术后肩关节功能恢复满意。结论对于骨折端无法良好复位、肱骨头缺血性坏死可能性大的复杂肱骨近端骨折,人工肱骨头置换同时进行精细的肩袖重建可以获得无痛和良好运动范围的肩关节。     

半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损

目的:采用半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损,并评定疗效。方法:共36例。19例成人肱骨近端四分骨折。9例肱骨近端低恶性度骨肿瘤,肱骨头坏死8例。均采用骨水泥固定人工肱骨头置换术治疗。术后功能锻炼。定期X线检查,评估假体稳定性和肩关节功能。随访时间为1～8年,平均5年3个月。结果:1例42岁肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者术后2年出现松动;3例肱骨近端四分骨折患者伴有肩关节外旋部分受限和轻度疼痛。其余病例无痛,无松动,肩关节功能满意。结论:与远期结果有关的因素包括准确的手术适应证的选择,正确的手术方法特别是修复骨缺损和肩袖损伤;选择好假体的大小和厚度以及假体安放位置;另一关键因素为合理的功能锻炼。     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折11例

目的 分析人工肱骨头置换治疗肱骨近端复杂骨折的适应证及肩关节功能恢复效果.方法 对11例合并肱骨近端骨折采用肱骨头假体置换术,并早期开展肩关节功能锻炼.结果 平均随访时间10个月,总体优良率82%.无一例关节再脱位及手术并发症,患者主观均满意.结论 肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折,术中修复肩袖和大小结节,早期关节功能锻炼,可达到满意治疗效果.     

单纯人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨单纯人工肱骨头置换术治疗肱骨近端严重3～4部分骨折的方法及其效果。方法对本组12例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折患者进行了单纯人工肱骨头置换术,其中男5例,女7例,年龄42～67岁,平均（54．3±3．4）岁。按AO骨折分类标准,9例B2型骨折,2例B3型骨折,1例c3型骨折。结果术后随访9～36个月,平均17．2个月。采用Neer标准评定患者肩关节功能,其中4例大于90分,其余均在80分以上。结论对于肱骨近端粉碎性骨折而言,单纯人工肱骨头置换术是一种疗效较好的治疗方法,人工肱骨头假体安装和肱骨大、小结节解剖重建是提高人工肱骨头置换术疗效的关键,并且术中注意修复损伤的肩袖。术后需要求患者积极进行康复训练促进功能恢复。     

人工半肩关节置换治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折

目的 探讨人工半肩关节置换术在治疗老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折中的作用.方法 对12例老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折行半肩关节置换术,术后按美国肩肘关节医师学会(ASES)肩关节评分系统进行疗效评价.结果 10例获得随访,时间为6～28个月,平均14个月,患肩ASES评分平均84.6分(64～92分),肩关节活动度平均为:前屈上举118°,外旋380°术后1年7例肩关节周围各肌力基本恢复正常,日常生活能力恢复较为满意,3例肩袖肌力不足,外展、上举稍差,无一例出现假体松动、下沉及脱位.结论 老年肱骨近端严重粉碎性骨折采取人工半肩关节置换术短期效果优良,远期效果需要进一步随访.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折

目的 探讨老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折行人工肱骨头置换术的适应证、技术要点及术后康复治疗对肩关节功能恢复的影响.方法 对15例老年肱骨近端三、四部分骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换.术前测量健侧大结节最低点至肱骨头最高点的距离;术中尽量复位大小结节,合理控制假体高度及后倾角度,尽量修复损伤肩袖;术后分3阶段有计划康复治疗.结果 15例均获随访,时间9个月～6年5个月.11例完全不痛,2例肩峰后下方有压痛,1例肩关节上举运动痛,1例有轻度肩关节不稳.Neer评分:优7例,良6例,可2例.结论 对于老年肱骨近端严重三、四部分骨折、特别是有头部粉碎骨折患者行人工肱骨头置换术,只要严格把握手术适应证,遵循肱骨头置换过程中的关键技术方法,有计划进行术后康复训练,可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折

目的 探讨应用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的手术适应证、手术时机、操作要点及术后康复等.方法 选取我院2009年1月至2012年3月收治的老年肱骨近端Neer三、四部分骨折行人工肱骨头置换术患者25例,男15例,女10例;年龄64.0～89.0岁,平均73.6岁.手术中均假体植入得当,准确复位固定大小结节,修复肩袖,术后早期分阶段功能康复锻炼.随访应用Neer肩关节功能评分标准评估疗效.结果 手术时间60～110 min,平均80 min;术后随访9～24个月,平均14个月.所有患者均无感染、假体周围骨折、假体松动等并发症.Neer评分显示优良率84％,患者均能完成日常活动,患者主观满意度为76％.结论 通过严格把握手术适应证,掌握手术时机及操作要点,配合术后积极的功能康复训练,人工肱骨头置换术是治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折较满意的方法.     

半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损

目的：采用半肩关节置换术治疗肱骨近端严重病损，并评定疗效。方法：共36例。19例成人肱骨近端四分骨折。9例肱骨近端低恶性度骨肿瘤，肱骨头坏死8例。均采用骨水泥固定人工肱骨头置换术治疗。术后功能锻炼。定期X线检查，评估假体稳定性和肩关节功能。随访时间为l～8年，平均5年3个月。结果：l例42岁肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者术后2年出现松动；3例肱骨近端四分骨折患者伴有肩关节外旋部分受限和轻度疼痛。其余病例无痛，无松动，肩关节功能满意。结论：与远期结果有关的因素包括准确的手术适应证的选择，正确的手术方法特别是修复骨缺损和肩袖损伤；选择好假体的大小和厚度以及假体安放位置；另一关键因素为合理的功能锻炼。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.