2010年粤东地区手足口病的病原学研究

目的 了解粤东地区2010年手足口病患儿的病原学特点并探讨实时RT-PCR法检测手足口病患儿咽拭子和疱疹液样本病原体的敏感性.方法 收集94例手足口病(重症35例,轻症59例)患儿的咽拭子和疱疹液样本,以肠道病毒(EV)通用型、柯萨奇病毒A16(CA16)型、肠道病毒71(EV71)型核酸检测试剂盒,应用实时RT-PCR法检测样本中的EV,并结合临床资料对样本阳性率的样本进行比较.结果 94份咽拭子样本中,EV通用型阳性59例(62.77％),EV71阳性49例(52.13％),CA16阳性18例(19.15％),其中35份重症患儿咽拭子样本中EV通用型阳性31例(88.57％),EV71阳性23例(65.71％),CA16阳性7例(20.00％);94份疱疹液样本中EV通用型阳性44例(46.81％),EV71阳性33例(35.11％),CA16阳性15例(15.96％),其中35份重症患儿疱疹液样本中EV通用型阳性22例(62.86％),EV71阳性15例(42.86％),CA16阳性6例(17.14％).统计资料显示,咽拭子的阳性率高于疱疹液,EV71的检出率差异有统计学意义(x2=5.537,P＜0.05),重症患儿EV71阳性率高于轻症患儿,两组患儿的EV通用型及EV71检出差异有统计学意义(x2=15.889、4.125,P＜0.05).结论 2010年我院手足口病住院患儿的病原体主要为EV71和CA16,并且以EV71为主.应用实时RT-PCR法检测手足口病病原体,咽拭子的病毒检出率较疱疹液高,重症患儿的病毒检出率明显高于轻症患儿.     

EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联合检测在手足口病中的应用

目的:探讨EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联合检测在手足口病中的应用。方法:随机选取2018年6月至2019年7月我院手足口病患儿70例,使用北京万泰公司生产的酶标试剂盒,运用酶联免疫吸附法对患儿的EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM进行检测,分析70例患儿EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性情况,并统计分析70例患儿不同发病时间EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性情况。结果:70例患儿中EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性率分别为51.41%、45.7%、88.6%。发病1-7d EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性率分别为51.41%、45.7%、88.6%;发病8-11d EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性率分别为47.1%、41.4%、80%;发病≥12d EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性率分别为42.9%、38.6%、74.3%。随着发病时间的延长,患儿的EV71-IgM、CA16-IgM、EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联检阳性率逐渐降低(P<0.05)。结论:EV71-IgM和CA16-IgM联合检测在手足口病中的应用价值高。     

广东省健康人群手足口病病原隐性感染状况调查

目的 了解广东省健康人群手足口病病原隐性感染情况.方法 在广东省7个市随机抽取7个年龄组健康儿童及成年人,采集粪便标本进行手足口病病原检测.结果 7个市共采集1285份样本,肠道病毒71型(EV71)阳性率为0.39％(5/1285),柯萨奇病毒A组16(CA16)阳性率为0.23％(3/1285),其他肠道病毒阳性率为7.00％ (90/1285).4～6岁年龄组EV71阳性率最高,为1.79％ (4/223),其次为0～3岁年龄组,为0.67％(1/223),其余年龄组均未检出EV71;只有4～6岁年龄组检出CA16,阳性率为1.35％ (3/223).所有EV71阳性标本均在本地户籍人群中检出,阳性率为0.47％(5/1063);CA16在本地户籍人群(0.19％)和外地户籍(0.85％)中均有检出,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).农村和城市EV71的阳性率分别为0.36％和0.54％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);所有CA16阳性标本均在城市儿童中检出.结论 广东省健康人群中仅6岁以下年龄组检出EV71和CA16阳性,健康成年人中未检出EV71和CA16阳性,应重点对儿童尤其是学龄前儿童采取有效防控措施.     

2009—2010年秦皇岛市手足口病病原学监测结果

目的了解2009—2010年秦皇岛手足口病病原学和流行特征,为手足口病防治提供科学依据。方法对首诊256例手足口病患者采集标本,分别用肠道通用病毒PE、EV71和CA16进行实时荧光定量PCR病毒核酸检测。结果 256例被检测患儿中187例为PE肠道病毒阳性,阳性率为73.05%,EV71阳性为101例,阳性率为39.45%;CA16阳性为46例,阳性率为17.97%。2009年EV71阳性率为65.35%(82/127),2010年EV71阳性率为14.73%(19/129),2009年EV71阳性率高于2010年(χ2=66.5635,P<0.01),差异有统计学意义。手足口病发病与性别无关。病毒检测阳性的147例患儿中,6岁以下患者132例,占构成比89.80%。结论秦皇岛儿童手足口病病原体以EV71和CA16为主,2009年和2010年相比流行优势型别不同,2009年以EV71型为主,手足口病6岁以下儿童多发。     

2010年桂林地区手足口病病原体RT-PCR检测结果分析

目的 了解2010年桂林地区手足口的病原体流行特征,确定其型别分布情况.为手足口病防控提供科学依据.方法 收集临床诊断为手足口病病例粪便样本1 144份,运用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR法)对样本病毒RNA进行总肠道病毒核酸,以及EV71和CoxA16特异性核酸检测.结果 1144份手足口病病例粪便样本中查出总肠道病毒核酸检测阳性823份,阳性率71.94％ (823/1 144);EV71阳性率44.32％ (507/1 144),CoxA16阳性率1.74％ (20/1 144),非EV71、CoxA16的其他肠道病毒阳性率25.87％ (296/1 144).结论 引起桂林地区2010年手足口病流行的病原体主要是肠道病毒EV71型.     

2013-2014年泉州地区手足口病病原学监测结果分析

摘要:目的　了解2013-2014年福建泉州地区手足口病（HFMD）的病原学特征,为手足口病防治提供科学依据。方法　采集2013-2014年泉州市妇幼保健院·儿童医院收治的3839例手足口病患儿空腹静脉血标本,采用捕获法酶联免疫吸附技术检测肠道病毒71型（EV71-IgM）和柯萨奇病毒A组16型（CA16-IgM）。结果　3839例被检标本共检测出阳性标本2176例,阳性率为56.68%;其中32.87%（1262/3839）为EV71阳性,23.81%（914/3839）为CA16阳性,两者间阳性率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。5岁以下HFMD患者3679例,占95.83%,其中1～2岁组患儿最多,占68.56%。3～4岁组患儿EV71阳性率（48.28%）和CA16阳性率（35.09%）最高。不同年龄组,EV71阳性率和CA16阳性率均存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）。手足口病发病随季节而发生变化,不同月份EV71和CA16阳性率均存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）。发病以4-7月份为主,占56.37%,2014年9-10月份发病率出现一定程度反弹。结论　2013-2014年泉州地区手足口病肠道病毒EV71型的阳性检出率高于CA16型,4-7月份为发病高峰期,5岁以下儿童为高发人群,其中1～2岁组手足口患儿居多,而3～4岁组病毒阳性率最高,需引起重视。     

北京地区柯萨奇病毒A组6型、肠道病毒EV71型和柯萨奇病毒A组16型手足口病流行特征及临床特点比较

目的 了解柯萨奇病毒A组6型、肠道病毒71型和柯萨奇A组16型手足口病流行特征、临床特点,为指导临床诊断,调整手足口病防控策略提供科学依据.方法 采用前瞻性调查的方法,采集2013年8月至2015年9月在北京市儿童医院诊断的手足口病临床确诊病例的咽拭子,将手足口病原核酸检测阳性的病例分为CA6、EV71、CA16 3组,分析比较3组的临床特点、流行特征、预后及影响因素.结果 共采集HFMD临床诊断病例574例患儿咽拭子,CA6入组122例,EV71入组107例,CA16入组124例.①3组年龄、性别分布一致,差异无统计学意义.②不同年份流行主要毒株不同,但3种病原体引起的手足口病高峰均在夏季.③CA6组发热比例高达78.69％,明显高于EV71组(35.51％)和CA16组(37.90％) (P ＜0.001),平均体温约为38.78℃.CA6组表现大疱疹(9.01％)、结痂(8.20％)、皮疹部位疼痛(29.51％)、恢复期脱皮(38.52％)、脱甲(35.25％)、色素沉着(11.47％)比例高于EV71组、CA16(P ＜0.001).④3组在卫生学指标方面差异无统计学意义.结论 CA6、EV71和CA16感染所致的HFMD发病高峰季节一致;与EV71、CA16感染相比,CA6感染引起的高热比例较高,部分病例可表现为大疱疹,疼痛、脱皮、脱甲、色素沉着、结痂发生率高,预后较好.     

锦州市2014-2016年手足口病病原学研究

目的 了解2014-2016年锦州地区手足口病的病原体分布情况,为手足口病诊断、治疗及防制工作提供依据.方法 收集539例手足口病的患儿咽拭子和粪便标本,用实时荧光定量PCR法对病毒进行分型.结果 共检测手足口病例标本539份,肠道通用病毒(EV)阳性495份,其中EV71阳性42份(占8.48％),CoxA16阳性300份(占60.61％),其他肠道病毒阳性153份(占30.91％),三年间肠道病毒阳性率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.425,P＞0.05);539份样本中咽拭样本阳性率91.70％ (486/495),粪便样本阳性率100％ (9/9),两种类型样本的肠道病毒阳性率差异无统计学意义(x2=0.725,P＞0.05);三年间共有8例手足口病患儿同时采集了咽拭和粪便样本,两种样本的检出结果完全相同,均为肠道病毒阳性,其中EV71阳性1例,CoxA16阳性5例,其他肠道病毒阳性2例.每年7～11月为手足口病发病高峰期,发病年龄主要集中在＜5岁儿童.结论 2012-2014年锦州市手足口病病原学分布以CoxA16为主.     

汕头市手足口病肠道病毒71型IgM抗体水平检测分析

目的对手足口病患者血清中的肠道病毒71型IgM抗体水平进行检测分析,以了解汕头地区手足口病患者肠道病毒71型的感染情况。方法采集2013年915例临床确诊手足口病患者的血清标本,用ELISA法检测其特异性EV71-IgM抗体。结果 915例血清标本中214例检出EV71-IgM抗体阳性,阳性率为23.39%;其中,3岁组和4岁组阳性率分别为32.98%和28.33%,阳性率均高于其他年龄组（χ2=25.472,P〈0.005）,差异有统计学意义;男性3岁组与4岁组阳性率比其他年龄组高（χ2=17.303,P〈0.05）,女性3岁组阳性率明显比其他年龄组高（χ2=13.092,P〈0.05）;患者男、女阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.842,P〉0.05）。结论肠道病毒71型是汕头地区手足口病的主要病原体,建立完善的EV71病毒流行监测系统是当前预防与控制手足口病的重要环节。     

IgM抗体检测对EV71感染手足口病诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨检测血清EV71-IgM抗体在EV71感染手足口病早期诊断中的应用价值。方法综合收集广西地区2014年4月-10月和2016年4月-10月临床诊断手足口病患儿436例,对所有患儿血清进行EV71-IgM抗体检测。其中136例患儿同时采集咽拭子或肛拭子通过荧光定量RT-PCR检测EV71-RNA。录入数据后采用SPSS 17.0进行统计学分析。结果临床诊断手足口病436人中EV71-IgM抗体阳性256例,阴性180例,危重症组和重症组的EV71-IgM抗体阳性率高于轻症组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=88.016,P0.001)。以荧光定量RT-PCR检测为标准,同时检测136例患儿肛拭子或咽拭子EV71-RNA和血清EV71-IgM抗体,2种方法的检测一致性中等可靠(Kappa=0.575,P0.001)。EV71-IgM检测的灵敏度为93.67%(74/79),特异度为61.40%(35/57)。EV71-IgM抗体阳性检出率在病程1~3 d逐渐升高,在病程d3检出率达到92.31%,在病程4~10 d检出率达到100.00%。结论血清EV71-IgM抗体检测具有较高的灵敏度,可行性强,操作方便,对早期诊断手足口病病原学有良好的应用价值。     

女性生殖器结核的临床表现及腹腔镜与宫腔镜检查特点分析

目的探讨女性生殖器结核(FGT)的临床表现,以及在腹腔镜、宫腔镜检查的表现特点,提高临床对FGT的诊断和鉴别诊断能力。 方法选择2010年1月至2016年12月,于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院妇科微创中心进行腹腔镜和(或)宫腔镜检查,并经抗酸染色法和(或)活组织病理学检查,以及腹水培养病原学检查确诊为FGT的33例患者为研究对象。其年龄为17～73岁,平均为(31.4±5.6)岁。采用回顾性分析方法,收集所有患者的不孕、腹部异常症状、月经改变等临床表现,胸部X射线摄片、CT检查等影像学辅助检查结果,以及腹腔镜探查、宫腔镜检查、活组织病理学检查结果,并进行统计学分析。对于患者的不孕、腹部异常症状、月经改变等临床表现发生率,以及腹腔镜、宫腔镜检查结果所占比例等计量资料,采用率(%)表示。 结果①本研究33例FGT患者的临床表现中,以不孕最为多见,为21例(63.6%,21/33)。其他临床表现包括：下腹胀痛为7例(21.2%,7/33),腹水为5例(15.2%,5/33),盆腔包块为5例(15.2%,5/33),月经量过少或闭经为4例(12.1%,4/33),月经不规律为2例(6.1%,2/33),痛经为1例(3.0%,1/33),绝经后出血为1例(3.0%,1/33)。②本研究33例FGT患者中,经活组织病理学检查确诊为FGT者为26例,其中,17例确诊为输卵管结核,3例确诊为输卵管结核合并卵巢结核,6例确诊为子宫内膜结核,病理学诊断FGT阳性率为78.8%(26/33);1例(3%,1/33)抗酸染色结果呈强阳性,确诊为输卵管结核;4例(12.1%,4/33)经腹部X射线摄片检查确诊为输卵管结核;2例(6.1%,2/33)经诊断性抗结核治疗后,确诊为输卵管结核。③本研究33例FGT患者的影像学辅助检查结果提示,该检查对诊断FGT的符合率为21.2%(7/33)。④本研究33例FGT患者的腹腔镜检查结果如下：合并腹水者为7例(21.2 %,7/33),腹膜粟粒样改变者为16例(48.5%,16/33),输卵管积水与周围组织包裹成团者为10例(30.3%,10/33),输卵管增粗,呈串珠样、腊肠样改变者为13例(39.4%,7/33),输卵管伞端有黄色脓液流出者为1例(3.0%,1/33),卵巢呈苍白样改变、质硬者为2例(6.1%,2/33),盆、腹腔内可见干酪样坏死物者为13例(39.4%,13/33)。⑤本研究33例FGT患者中,25例因合并不孕或月经改变,接受腹腔镜检查的同时进行宫腔镜检查的结果显示,6例(24.0%,6/25)宫角局部子宫内膜增厚不平,输卵管开口细小;1例(4.0%,1/25)子宫内膜变薄,呈不规则苍白样改变;4例(16.0%,4/25)为宫腔黏连,其中1例(4.0%,1/25)可见干酪样钙化灶;其余14例(56.0%,14/25)宫腔镜检查结果均为正常宫腔形态。 结论腹腔镜和(或)宫腔镜检查可清晰显示FGT病灶的部位、大小、形态及病变周围情况,对于FGT的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

Raccoons and skunks as sentinels for enzootic tularemia

We analyzed sera from diverse mammals of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, for evidence of Francisella tularensis exposure. Skunks and raccoons were frequently seroreactive, whereas white-footed mice, cottontail rabbits, deer, rats, and dogs were not. Tularemia surveillance may be facilitated by focusing on skunks and raccoons.     

Multidisciplinary and Evidence-based Method for Prioritizing Diseases of Food-producing Animals and Zoonoses

To prioritize 100 animal diseases and zoonoses in Europe, we used a multicriteria decision-making procedure based on opinions of experts and evidence-based data. Forty international experts performed intracategory and intercategory weighting of 57 prioritization criteria. Two methods (deterministic with mean of each weight and probabilistic with distribution functions of weights by using Monte Carlo simulation) were used to calculate a score for each disease. Consecutive ranking was established. Few differences were observed between each method. Compared with previous prioritization methods, our procedure is evidence based, includes a range of fields and criteria while considering uncertainty, and will be useful for analyzing diseases that affect public health.     

Roads, railways, and childhood cancers

Study OBJECTIVES: To locate geographical sources of engine exhaust emissions in Great Britain and to link them with the birth addresses of children dying from cancer. To estimate the cancer initiating roles of nearby roads and railways and to measure effective ranges. DESIGN: Birth and death addresses of all children born between 1955 and 1980 in Great Britain, and dying from leukaemia or other cancer during those years, were linked to locations of railway stations, bus stations, ferry terminals, railways, roads, canals, and rivers. Nearest distances to births and deaths were measured, and migration data relating to children who had moved house were analysed. Excesses of close to hazard birth addresses, compared with close to hazard death addresses, indicate a high prenatal or early postnatal risk of cancer initiation. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Child cancer birth and death addresses and their map references were extracted from an earlier inquiry. Map references of putative hazards were downloaded from the Ordnance Survey national digital map of Great Britain. These data are recorded to a precision of one metre and have ground accuracies around 20 metres. MAIN RESULTS: Significant birth excesses were found within short distances of bus stations, railway stations, ferries, railways, and A,B class roads, with a relative risk of 2.1 within 100 m, tapering to neutral after 3.0 km. About 24% of child cancers were attributable to these joint birth proximities. Roads exerted the major effect. CONCLUSIONS: Child cancer initiations are strongly determined by prenatal or early postnatal exposures to engine exhaust gases, probably through maternal inhalation and accumulation of carcinogens over many months. The main active substance is probably 1,3-butadiene.     

Fluoride induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits protein synthesis and secretion

BACKGROUND: Exposure to excessive amounts of fluoride (F(-)) causes dental fluorosis in susceptible individuals; however, the mechanism of F(-)-induced toxicity is unclear. Previously, we have shown that high-dose F(-) activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in ameloblasts that are responsible for dental enamel formation. The UPR is a signaling pathway responsible for either alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or for inducing apoptosis of the stressed cells. OBJECTIVES: In this study we determined if low-dose F(-) causes ER stress and activates the UPR, and we also determined whether F(-) interferes with the secretion of proteins from the ER. METHODS: We stably transfected the ameloblast-derived LS8 cell line with secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and determined activity and localization of SEAP and F(-)-mediated induction of UPR proteins. Also, incisors from mice given drinking water containing various concentrations of F(-) were examined for eucaryotic initiation factor-2, subunit alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation. RESULTS: We found that F(-) decreases the extracellular secretion of SEAP in a linear, dose-dependent manner. We also found a corresponding increase in the intracellular accumulation of SEAP after exposure to F(-). These changes are associated with the induction of UPR proteins such as the molecular chaperone BiP and phosphorylation of the UPR sensor PKR-like ER kinase, and its substrate, eIF2alpha. Importantly, F(-)-induced phosphorylation of eIF2alphawas confirmed in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that F(-) initiates an ER stress response in ameloblasts that interferes with protein synthesis and secretion. Consequently, ameloblast function during enamel development may be impaired, and this may culminate in dental fluorosis.     

Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in Pneumocystis and sulfa resistance

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a major cause of illness and death in HIV-infected persons. Sulfa drugs, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and dapsone are mainstays of PCP treatment and prophylaxis. While prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of PCP, its use has raised concerns about development of resistant organisms. The inability to culture human Pneumocystis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, in a standardized culture system prevents routine susceptibility testing and detection of drug resistance. In other microorganisms, sulfa drug resistance has resulted from specific point mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene. Similar mutations have been observed in P. jirovecii. Studies have consistently demonstrated a significant association between the use of sulfa drugs for PCP prophylaxis and DHPS gene mutations. Whether these mutations confer resistance to TMP-SMX or dapsone plus trimethoprim for PCP treatment remains unclear. We review studies of DHPS mutations in P. jirovecii and summarize the evidence for resistance to sulfamethoxazole and dapsone.     

Limited Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase– and Plasmid-Encoded AmpC–Producing Escherichia coli from Food and Farm Animals,Sweden

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)– and plasmid-encoded ampC (pAmpC)–producing Enterobacteriaceae might spread from farm animals to humans through food. However, most studies have been limited in number of isolates tested and areas studied. We examined genetic relatedness of 716 isolates from 4,854 samples collected from humans, farm animals, and foods in Sweden to determine whether foods and farm animals might act as reservoirs and dissemination routes for ESBL/pAmpC-producing Escherichia coli. Results showed that clonal spread to humans appears unlikely. However, we found limited dissemination of genes encoding ESBL/pAmpC and plasmids carrying these genes from foods and farm animals to healthy humans and patients. Poultry and chicken meat might be a reservoir and dissemination route to humans. Although we found no evidence of clonal spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli from farm animals or foods to humans, ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli with identical genes and plasmids were present in farm animals, foods, and humans.     

Amoeba-resisting bacteria and ventilator-associated pneumonia

To evaluate the role of amoeba-associated bacteria as agents of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), we tested the water from an intensive care unit (ICU) every week for 6 months for such bacteria isolates; serum samples and bronchoalveolar lavage samples (BAL) were also obtained from 30 ICU patients. BAL samples were examined for amoeba-associated bacteria DNA by suicide-polymerase chain reaction, and serum samples were tested against ICU amoeba-associated bacteria. A total of 310 amoeba-associated bacteria from 10 species were isolated. Twelve of 30 serum samples seroconverted to one amoeba-associated bacterium isolated in the ICU, mainly Legionella anisa and Bosea massiliensis, the most common isolates from water (p=0.021). Amoeba-associated bacteria DNA was detected in BAL samples from two patients whose samples later seroconverted. Seroconversion was significantly associated with VAP and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, especially in patients for whom no etiologic agent was found by usual microbiologic investigations. Amoeba-associated bacteria might be a cause of VAP in ICUs, especially when microbiologic investigations are negative.     

Effect of Protein-Rich Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake and Subjective Appetite in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta–Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Breakfast has been labeled “the most important meal of the day”, especially for children and adolescents. Dietary protein intake may benefit and regulate appetite and energy balance. However, few meta–analyses have been conducted to examine the effect of protein–rich (PR) breakfast on both children and adolescents. This meta–analytic study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a PR breakfast on short–term energy intake and appetite in children and adolescents. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in January 1990–January 2021. The inclusion criteria applied were RCTs in children and adolescents (7–19 year) comparing PR breakfast consumption with normal protein (NP)/traditional breakfast consumption. Finally, ten studies were included in the analysis, eight studies examined the effect of consuming PR breakfast on SEI (n = 824), and nine studies examined the effect on appetite (fullness = 736, hunger = 710). Our meta-analysis using the random–effects model shows that participants assigned to consume PR breakfast had lower SEI (MD, −111.2 kcal; 95% CI: −145.4, −76.9), higher fullness (MD, 7.4 mm; 95% CI: 6.0, 8.8), and lower hunger (MD, −8.5 mm; 95% CI: −9. 7, −7.3) than those assigned to consume NP/traditional breakfast. However, there was considerable inconsistency across the trial results. Our review suggests that the consumption of PR breakfast could be an excellent strategy for weight management by declining SEI and suppressing appetite, and provides new evidence of the relationship between energy balance and obesity. However, since most eligible studies were of low quality, the results ought to be interpreted cautiously.