Sleep patterns of New Zealand infants during the first 12 months of life

The sleeping patterns of 874 infants aged 1-12 months were recorded by parents over a 6 day period. The most striking feature of the results was the wide range in total hours slept by infants of the same age, for example, the average total sleeping time per 24 h period for 4 month old infants was 14.8 h with a range of 11.0-19.3 h. Furthermore, over the 6 day period, individual infants showed wide variations in their sleeping times with a range as great as 12 h. Despite these wide variations, several clear trends emerged: from 1 to 8 months, a decrease with age of the average number of hours slept per 24 h period; and from 8 to 12 months, and a continuing shift towards a dominance of night over day sleep. The frequency of night wakings was, on average, 77%, a finding that contrasted sharply with parental perception of frequency of night waking; the transition from bassinet/carrycot to cot was most common between 3 and 4 months of age; 25% of babies slept with the light on, 9% used a dummy, and 37% sucked their fingers; first-born infants woke significantly less often at night than those with one or more sibling. These results provide an important comparative data set on the sleep patterns of infants.     

Interaction between mothers and infants born at risk during the first six months of corrected age

Abstract The effects of preterm birth and the perinatal infant health condition on mother-infant interactions were analysed in 278 mother-infant pairs, divided into four groups according to infants' gestational age at birth: group 1. 23–31 weeks; group 2,32–36 weeks; group 3, 37–42 weeks; and group 4, a control group of healthy full-term infants. The methodological approach was based on observation of the pairs at 2,4 and 6 months of infants" corrected age (± 1 week) during undressing of the infant and face-to-face interaction. It was found that mother-infant pairs with preterm infants (groups 1 and 2) did not differ in interactional variables from those of the control group. On the other hand, the birth of a full-term infant in need of neonatal intensive care (group 3) affected maternal and infant interactive behaviour. Additionally, infants from group 3 did not show stability in their interactive behaviour between any ages of measurement. This result suggests that interactive behaviour of full-term infants in need of neonatal intensive care are rather unpredictable during their first 6 months of life, which might have contributed to the less optimal interactive pattern observed for their mothers compared with mothers of the control group.     

Body mass index development during the first 6 months of life in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive mothers

The development of body mass index (BMI) was measured during the first 6 months of life in three groups of infants [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -uninfected, n = 92; later symptomatic HIV-infected, n = 18; early symptomatic HIV-infected, n = 9] born to HIV-positive mothers and compared with a reference group (n = 65) born to healthy mothers. A trend towards lower values in the two groups of HIV-infected infants was already evident at birth. Among the four groups, HIV-uninfected infants showed the highest BMI values while the early-infected infants showed the lowest BMI values at all measurements. The later-infected group had a value close to the reference at 1 month, and then increased at slower rates than the uninfected and the reference groups. Infants born to HIV-positive mothers may have higher energy and nutrient requirements after birth, either to sustain an increased BMI development (when uninfected) or to meet catabolic mechanisms (when infected).     

A comparison of the growth patterns of Chinese infants in Chengdu and Hong Kong: 0-2 years

Factors affecting geographical differences in the growth of Chinese infants were examined by comparing data obtained from longitudinal growth studies on growth and feeding practices performed in two Chinese populations: Chengdu and Hong Kong infants from birth to 2 years. Their mean growth curves were fitted by the Reed model for the first year and the Count model for the second year. Chengdu mothers were significantly taller than Hong Kong mothers. Chengdu infants grew more rapidly than the Hong Kong infants during the first 6 months; it is likely that this is related to genetic differences in growth potential and earlier introduction of solids in Chengdu infants.     

Anthropometric indicators of human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants with early and late symptoms in the first months of life

Standardised growth indices (Z-scores of weight-for-age, WA, length-for-age, LA, weight-for-length, WL, according to the reference data of the World Health Organization) have been compared for the first 4 months of life among 119 infants born to mothers affected by the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Infants were subdivided according to their HIV serostatus and the clinical expression of the disease. Uninfected status (n = 92), late (≥6 months, n = 18) and early (≤3 months, n = 9) onset of symptoms among the HIV infected defined three groups. Infants with early symptoms showed the lowest median WA and LA Z-scores at all times and the LA difference with their uninfected counterparts was already significant at birth. Infants with late symptoms showed early differences in WL and then in WA also compared with the uninfected ones. A<−0.40 LA Z-score at birth gave a 5.9 relative risk (RR) to be an infant with early symptoms (95% CI = 1.2−27.4) while a negative WL Z-score at 2 months of age gave a 4.2 RR for the HIV seropositivity (95% CI = 2.1−8.3). Conclusion Linear growth is the first parameter to be negatively affected among human immunodeficiency virus seropositive infants with early symptoms. In infants with late symptoms the lack of rapid WA and WL increase found among uninfected patients may be viewed as an early anthropometric indicator of HIV status. Received: 12 January 1998 / Accepted: 2 February 1998     

Infants of diabetic mothers: echocardiographic measurements and cord blood IGF-I and IGFBP-1

El‐Ganzoury MM, El‐Masry SA, El‐Farrash RA, Anwar M, Abd Ellatife RZ. Infants of diabetic mothers: echocardiographic measurements and cord blood IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1. Background: Cardiac malformations in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) are five times higher than in normal pregnancies. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) is the most important growth factor in utero and is predominantly bound by IGF binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1). Objective: To examine the echocardiographic findings of neonates of diabetic mothers and the relationship with cord blood IGF‐I and IGBP‐1. Subjects and methods: This study was conducted on 69 neonates born to diabetic mothers who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals between August 2007 and February 2008. They were classified into three groups: 20 small for gestational age, 25 appropriate for gestational age, and 24 large for gestational age. Neonates were subjected to thorough clinical examination and echocardiographic evaluation. Maternal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and cord blood IGF‐I and IGBP‐1 were assessed. Results: Thirty neonates (43.5%) had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); all of them were infants of suboptimally controlled diabetic mothers (HbA1c ≥ 7) with positive correlation between HbA1c and interventricular septal (IVS) thickness. Impaired left ventricular contractility was recorded in 52 IDMs (75.4%). The echocardiographic and laboratory measurements showed significant difference between the three studied groups. Cardiac morphological data were negatively correlated to IGFBP‐1 and positively correlated to IGF‐I and birth weight. Conclusions: The opposing relationships between cord blood IGF‐I and IGFBP‐1 on the cardiac morphological measurements supporting their putative opposing roles in HCM seen in IDMs. Birth weight is the best predictor of hypertrophied IVS especially in infants born to suboptimally controlled diabetic mothers.     

The maturation of respiratory patterns in normal full term infants during the first six postnatal months. II: Sleep states and apnoea

ABSTRACT. Four term healthy infants had their respiratory pattern monitored during a 2-hour afternoon nap period at monthly intervals up to six months of age. Apnoeas 4 seconds or more at 1 week expressed as a percentage of breaths were significantly more frequent in active sleep than quiet sleep (2.1% vs 0.6%) and increased at 2 months in both sleep states (8.0% and 8.5% respectively) due to the onset of periodic breathing. Apnoeas then decreased in frequency up to 6 months in both sleep states (3.8% and 0.8% respectively). In the first month a startle and/or sigh occurred in 78% of apnoeas in quiet sleep, and gross body movement in 72% of apnoeas in active sleep. Between 4 to 6 months all apnoeas in quiet sleep were preceded by a startle and/or sigh, in contrast to active sleep, where the incidence of gross body movement and apnoea decreased (49%) and apnoea alone increased (48%). These findings confirm a maturational change in the incidence and pattern of apnoea in normal infants from 1 to 6 months.     

The maturation of respiratory patterns in normal full term infants during the first six postnatal months. I: Sleep states and respiratory variability.

ABSTRACT. Four term healthy infants had their respiratory pattern monitored during a 2-hour afternoon nap recording period at monthly intervals up to six months of age. The time spent asleep significantly decreased with a marked reduction in active sleep (66% to 10%) while maintaining one long epoch of quiet sleep (mean 31 mins). Mean breathing rate at one week was higher in active sleep than quiet sleep (47 vs 41 breaths/min.) and decreased by 6 months in both sleep states (31 breaths/min. in both). Variability of breathing rate at 1 week was significantly increased in active sleep compared to quiet sleep and both decreased by 6 months. These findings confirm a significant maturational change in the respiratory pattern and variability of normal infants in the afternoon nap from 1 to 6 months.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.     

婴儿期睡眠/觉醒时间的观察

目的 本研究在家庭自然环境下,通过对婴儿生后第一年睡眠/觉醒行为的纵向随访,探索婴儿期睡眠、觉醒时间的发展变化过程.方法 研究对象来自全国9个城市,共52A名足月健康新生儿,自婴儿生后2 d始,通过家长睡眠日记采集新生儿期每周连续3 d,2～12月龄连续7 d婴儿睡眠/觉醒行为的相关信息.结果 婴儿白天睡眠时间在0～2、3～4、5～6和8～9月龄变化显著,其中生后第1个月发展速率最快,白天睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的82.4%下降至1月龄的62.8%;2、4、6和9月龄的睡眠时间构成比分别为56.6%、48.2%、42.7%和35.7%;白天睡眠次数从生后2 d的3.7次减少为12月龄的2次.婴儿夜间连续睡眠能力从生后1个月起逐步增强,4月龄时最长连续睡眠时间延长至6.8 h,6月龄后夜醒次数少于0.5次;同时夜晚睡眠时间在4和9月龄时显著增加,夜间睡眠时间构成比从生后2 d的55.8%分别增加至4月龄的64.3%和9月龄的71.2%.整体上,婴儿期24 h睡眠时间随月龄增加呈下降趋势.结论 0～6和8～9月龄是婴儿睡眠/觉醒时间发展的关键阶段.