持续性枕后位100例临床分析

目的 探讨持续性枕后位分娩方式及对母婴的影响。方法 采用回顾性分析方法，对2003年1月-2006年12月在我院住院分娩的100例持续性枕后位（枕后位组）和100例枕前位（枕前位组）的临床资料进行比较和分析。结果 枕后位组宫口扩张延缓、胎头下降延缓、胎头下降停滞、第二产程延长发生率明显高于枕前位组，差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。枕后位组阴道助产、剖宫产、软产道裂伤、产后出血、胎儿宫内窘迫、新生儿窒息发生率均明显高于枕前位组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组骨盆临界狭窄、潜伏期延长、活跃期延长发生率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 持续性枕后位母婴并发症增加，严密观察分析产程，及时诊断和处理并选择最佳分娩方式可减少母婴并发症的发生。     

再谈持续性枕后位北大核心CSCD

持续性枕后位发病率为5％～12％,易出现母儿并发症。体格检查联合超声检查可提高其诊断准确率。临产前、第一产程中大部分枕后位可自行转为枕前位分娩。第二产程若出现持续性枕后位,应预防性徒手旋转胎方位;若出现胎心监护异常或第二产程延长,需立即旋转胎头、器械助产或剖宫产终止妊娠。     

再谈持续性枕后位

持续性枕后位发病率为5%~12%,易出现母儿并发症。体格检查联合超声检查可提高其诊断准确率。临产前、第一产程中大部分枕后位可自行转为枕前位分娩。第二产程若出现持续性枕后位,应预防性徒手旋转胎方位;若出现胎心监护异常或第二产程延长,需立即旋转胎头、器械助产或剖宫产终止妊娠。     

半坐卧位结合其它自由体位在分娩中的应用

目的：观察半坐卧位结合其它自由体位对促进产程及自然分娩的效果。方法：选择单活胎,枕先露,无严重并发症合并症孕妇800例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各400例,观察组在第一产程采取行走、蹲、坐、卧等自由体位,第二产程采取床头抬高,半坐卧位。对照组采取常规平卧,截石位分娩。观察两组患者三个产程、出血量、试产失败转剖宫产率、胎儿体重及Apgar评分。结果：观察组较对照组产程时间缩短,先露下降快,新生儿评分好,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,转剖宫产率,观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,出血量,胎儿体重两组无明显差异,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：自由体位分娩可缩短产程,减少母儿并发症,降低剖宫产率,提高产妇舒适度。     

笑气分娩镇痛对产程的影响

目的 探讨笑气吸入分娩镇痛促产程进展的效果及对母儿的影响。方法 将100例产妇在第一产程宫口开大3cm时间断吸入笑气镇痛作为观察组，另100例在产程中单纯吸入氧气作为对照组。观察两组产妇产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿窒息情况。结果 观察组较对照组第一产程时间、总产程时间缩短（P〈0．001），剖宫产率下降（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），差异有显著性。两组产妇第二及第三产程时间、产后出血、新生儿窒息率比较，P〉0．05，差异无显著性。结论 笑气吸入用于分娩镇痛可减少孕妇分娩的痛苦，加速产程进展，降低剖宫产率，对母儿无不良影响，是一种简便、安全的分娩镇痛方法。     

产程中改变产妇体位矫正胎方位的探讨

目的：探讨产程中改变产妇体位以矫正胎方位的临床效果。方法：选择先兆临产至潜伏期经Ｂ超检查判断为枕后位的初产妇２４０例，随机分为两组，各１２０例。研究组在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位，利用胎儿重力、羊水浮力、子宫间歇收缩的合力作用，使胎头在下降时逐渐从枕后位转至枕前位娩出，并与对照组比较。结果：研究组１０６例（８８．３％）胎儿从枕后位转到枕前位经阴道娩出。剖宫产１４例（１１．７％）。对照组经阴道娩出仅２０例（１６．７％），剖宫产１００例（８３．３％）。两组比较，差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．００１）。研究组第一产程平均时间３０２．６分钟，第二产程平均５９．８分钟。对照组第一产程平均４８３．７分钟，第二产程平均１５６．７分钟。两组比较，差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：在产程中指导产妇取侧俯卧位矫正胎头枕后位是降低难产发生率的有效方法。     

产钳助产389例临床分析

目的：对产钳助产本适应症及开发症的分析，指导临床正确掌握产钳助产术。方法：对我科1988年1月至1997年12月10车间的产钳助产术进行回顾性分析。结果：高中位产钳术对母儿损伤儿低中位产钳术高，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；低中位产甜水与低位产钳术对母儿损伤相比，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。10年间前后两个5年新生儿窒息发生率比较，差异非常显著（P＜0.01）。结论：低中位产树木在产钳助产中有一定的地位，高中位产钳术在胎儿存活的条件下应当放弃，由剖宫产代替，同时缩短第二产程时间，对降低新生儿窒息发生率具有很大意义，只有熟悉产钳助产术的适应症及条件，熟练而正确地掌握手术操作规程，才能做好难产的助产手术，降低母儿发病率和围生儿病死率。     

胎儿体重对持续性枕后位产程特征和分娩结局影响的分析

目的:探讨胎儿体重对持续性枕后位产程特征和分娩结局的影响.方法:对2005年12月至2009年12月在本院产科住院分娩228例持续性枕后位产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据新生儿出生体重分为对照组112例(胎儿体重≥2500 g且＜3500 g)和研究组116例(胎儿体重≥3500 g且＜4250 g).并将两组产程特征、母儿结局进行分析比较.结果:两组产妇产程异常(宫口扩张延缓、停滞,胎头下降延缓、停滞)发生率、临床干预(体位矫正、手转胎头)成功率、剖宫产率、母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:持续性枕后位产程处理中充分考虑胎儿的体重因素,对于胎儿估计体重≥3500 g的枕后位病例应积极临床干预,干预失败应放宽手术指征,以降低母儿并发症发生率.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因联合分娩镇痛对产程及阴道助产率影响的研究

目的探讨舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因联合分娩镇痛对产程及阴道助产率的影响。方法选择足月阴道分娩初产妇486例,分为分娩镇痛组362例和非无痛分娩组（对照组）124例,观察镇痛效果、镇痛药物不良反应、第一产程、第二产程时间,缩宫素使用、产钳助产、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及产后出血等发生情况。结果舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果显著（P〈0．01）;镇痛组第一产程活跃期和第二产程时间略长于对照组,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;缩宫素的使用、产钳助产、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及产后出血量两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。镇痛组主要的不良反应为皮肤瘙痒,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（11．6％ vs 2．4%,P〈0．05）;但呕吐及运动阻滞的不良反应两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;结论舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛效果好,略延长产程,但并不增加助产率。     

持续性枕横位和枕后位病例的产程特点及影响

目的探讨持续性枕横位和枕后位的产程特点及对母儿结局的影响。方法回顾性分析64例持续性枕横位和51例持续性枕后位病例的各阶段产程时间、异常产程及产道损伤、产后出血、羊水粪染(Ⅱ°以上)、新生儿Apgar评分(5min评分≤7分)等情况,并与同期100例枕前位病例进行对比分析。结果持续性枕横位和枕后位的异常产程发生率、产道损伤、产后出血率均较对照组明显增加(P<0.05);羊水粪染及新生儿窒息发生率均较对照组明显增加,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重视对持续性枕横位和枕后位的早期诊断和及时处理对减少母儿并发症有重要意义。     

Influence of persistent occiput posterior position on delivery outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of intrapartum persistent occiput posterior position of the fetal head on delivery outcome and anal sphincter injury, with reference to the association with epidural analgesia. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of 246 women with persistent occiput posterior position in labor during a 2-year period, compared with 13,543 contemporaneous vaginal deliveries with occiput anterior position. RESULTS: The incidence of persistent occiput posterior position was significantly greater among primiparas (2.4%) than multiparas (1.3%; P <.001; 95% confidence interval 1.4, 2.4) and was associated with significantly higher incidences of prolonged pregnancy, induction of labor, oxytocin augmentation of labor, epidural use, and prolonged labor. Only 29% of primiparas and 55% of multiparas with persistent occiput posterior position achieved spontaneous vaginal delivery, and the malposition was associated with 12% of all cesarean deliveries performed because of dystocia. Persistent occiput posterior position was also associated with a sevenfold higher incidence of anal sphincter disruption. Despite a high overall incidence of use of epidural analgesia (47% versus 3%), the institutional incidence of persistent occiput posterior position was lower than that reported 25 years ago. CONCLUSION: Persistent occiput posterior position contributed disproportionately to cesarean and instrumental delivery, with fewer than half of the occiput posterior labors ending in spontaneous delivery and the position accounting for 12% of all cesarean deliveries for dystocia. Persistent occiput posterior position leads to a sevenfold increase in the incidence of anal sphincter injury. Use of epidural analgesia was not related to the malposition.     

Labor with abnormal presentation and position

Abnormal presentation and position are encountered infrequently during labor. Breech and transverse presentations should be converted to cephalic presentations by external cephalic version or delivered by cesarean section. Face, brow, and compound presentations are usually managed expectantly. Persistent occiput transverse positions are managed by rotation to anterior positions and delivered as such. Occiput posterior positions can be delivered as such or rotated to occiput anterior positions. As with any position or presentation, an obstetrician should not hesitate to abandon any rotational or operative vaginal procedure and proceed to cesarean delivery if rotation or descent does not occur with relative ease.     

Manual rotation of occiput posterior presentation

Delivery in occiput posterior position is associated with a higher risk of cesarean section, operative vaginal delivery and severe perineal tears. We report the technic of manual rotation described by Tarnier and Chantreuil and used daily in our maternity center. Only five studies were published on this topic; all of them demonstrate that manual rotation decreases the risk of cesarean section. Moreover, it could decrease the risk of prolonged second stage, chorioamnionitis and third and fourth degree tears in comparison with expectant management. However, manual rotation is associated with a two-fold higher risk of cervical and vaginal lacerations. Manual rotation performed with an adequate technic is an efficient and safe man?uvre to avoid complications associated with occiput posterior vaginal delivery.     

Associated factors and outcomes of persistent occiput posterior position: A retrospective cohort study from 1976 to 2001.

OBJECTIVE: To identify maternal and fetal risk factors associated with persistent occiput posterior position at delivery, and to examine the association of occiput posterior position with subsequent obstetric outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 30 839 term, cephalic, singleton births. Women with persistent occiput posterior (OP) position at delivery were compared to those with occiput anterior (OA) position. Demographics, obstetric history, and labor management were evaluated and subsequent obstetric outcomes examined. Potential confounding variables were controlled for using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall frequency of OP position was 8.3% in the study population. When compared to Caucasians, a higher rate of OP was observed among African-Americans (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.25-1.64) while no other racial/ethnic differences were noted. Other associated factors included nulliparity, maternal age > or =35, gestational age > or =41 weeks, and birth weight >4000 g, as well as artificial rupture of the membranes (AROM) and epidural anesthesia (p < 0.001 for all). Persistent OP was associated with increased rates of operative vaginal (OR = 4.14, 95% CI 3.57-4.81) and cesarean deliveries (OR = 13.45, 95% CI 11.94-15.15) and other peripartum complications including third or fourth degree perineal lacerations (OR = 2.38, 95% CI 2.03-2.79), and chorioamnionitis (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.81-2.44). CONCLUSION: Epidural use, AROM, African-American ethnicity, nulliparity, and birth weight >4000 g are associated with persistent OP position at delivery, with higher rates of operative deliveries and obstetric complications. This information can be useful in counseling patients regarding risks and associated outcomes of persistent OP position.     

Recurrent persistent occipito-posterior position in subsequent deliveries

A nine year follow up study of the delivery pattern of 119 women after delivery in the persistent occiput posterior position and their occipito-anterior controls. The studied parameters were: number of deliveries, number of repeated cases of persistent occiput posterior position and operative deliveries. Deliveries in the occipito-posterior position were more common in the study group than in the controls ( P = 0.031). Except for this, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. According to the results, recurrence of the persistent occiput posterior position is common. A history of delivery in the persistent occiput posterior position does not seem to have any major impact on future childbearing.     

The Fetal Occiput Posterior Position: State of the Science and a New Perspective

Abstract: Background: The fetal occiput posterior position poses challenges in every aspect of intrapartum care—prevention, diagnosis, correction, supportive care, labor management, and delivery. Maternal and newborn outcomes are often worse and both physical and psychological traumas are more common than with fetal occiput anterior positions. The purpose of this paper is to describe nine prevailing concepts that guide labor and birth management with an occiput posterior fetus, and summarize evidence to clarify the state of the science. Methods: A search was conducted of the databases of PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Additional valuable information was obtained from obstetric and midwifery textbooks, books and websites for the public, conversations with maternity care professionals, and years of experience as a doula. Results: Nine prevailing concepts are as follows: (1) prenatal maneuvers rotate the occiput posterior fetus to occiput anterior; (2) it is possible to detect the occiput posterior fetus prenatally; (3) a fetus who is occiput anterior at the onset of labor will remain in that position throughout labor; (4) back pain in labor is a reliable sign of an occiput posterior fetus; (5) the occiput posterior fetus can be identified during labor by digital vaginal examination; (6) an ultrasound scan is a reliable way to detect fetal position; (7) maternal positions facilitate rotation of the occiput posterior fetus; (8) epidural analgesia facilitates rotation; (9) manual rotation of the fetal head to occiput anterior improves the rate of occiput anterior deliveries. Concepts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 have little scientific support whereas concepts 6, 7, and 9 are supported by promising evidence. Conclusions: Many current obstetric practices with respect to the occiput posterior position are unsatisfactory, resulting in failure to identify and correct the problem and thus contributing to high surgical delivery rates and traumatic births. The use of ultrasound examination to identify fetal position is a method that is far superior to other methods, and has the potential to improve outcomes. Research studies are needed to examine the efficacy of midwifery methods of identification, and the effect of promising methods to rotate the fetus (simple positional methods and digital or manual rotation). Based on the findings of this review, a practical approach to care is suggested. (BIRTH 37:1 March 2010)     

The association between persistent occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of persistent occiput posterior position on neonatal outcome. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 31,392 term, cephalic, singleton births. Women with neonates born in persistent occiput posterior position at delivery were compared to those with occiput anterior position. Women with occiput transverse position were excluded. The association between occiput posterior position and neonatal outcomes, including 5-minute Apgar scores, umbilical cord gases, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, meconium aspiration syndrome, birth trauma, admission to the intensive care nursery, and length of stay were examined using chi(2) and Student t tests. Potential confounders (maternal age, ethnicity, parity, gestational age, epidural anesthesia, labor induction, length of labor, meconium, chorioamnionitis, birth weight, and year of delivery) were controlled for by using multivariable logistic regression and linear regression analyses. RESULTS: There were 2,591 (8.2%) neonates delivered in occiput posterior position of the total cohort of 31,392 deliveries. Compared with occiput anterior, neonates delivered in occiput posterior position had higher risks for adverse outcomes, including 5-minute Apgar score less than 7 (odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.91), acidemic umbilical cord gases (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.52-2.77), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.42), birth trauma (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.22-2.57), admission to the intensive care nursery (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.28-1.92), and longer neonatal stay in the hospital (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.22-3.25). CONCLUSION: Persistent occiput posterior position at delivery is associated with higher risks of adverse neonatal outcomes compared with neonates delivered in the occiput anterior position. This information may be important in counseling women who experience persistent occiput posterior position in labor. Level of Evidence: II-2.     

Associated factors and outcomes of persistent occiput posterior position: A retrospective cohort study from 1976 to 2001

Objective. To identify maternal and fetal risk factors associated with persistent occiput posterior position at delivery, and to examine the association of occiput posterior position with subsequent obstetric outcomes.

Methods. This is a retrospective cohort study of 30 839 term, cephalic, singleton births. Women with persistent occiput posterior (OP) position at delivery were compared to those with occiput anterior (OA) position. Demographics, obstetric history, and labor management were evaluated and subsequent obstetric outcomes examined. Potential confounding variables were controlled for using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results. The overall frequency of OP position was 8.3% in the study population. When compared to Caucasians, a higher rate of OP was observed among African-Americans (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.25–1.64) while no other racial/ethnic differences were noted. Other associated factors included nulliparity, maternal age ≥35, gestational age ≥41 weeks, and birth weight >4000 g, as well as artificial rupture of the membranes (AROM) and epidural anesthesia (p < 0.001 for all). Persistent OP was associated with increased rates of operative vaginal (OR = 4.14, 95% CI 3.57–4.81) and cesarean deliveries (OR = 13.45, 95% CI 11.94–15.15) and other peripartum complications including third or fourth degree perineal lacerations (OR = 2.38, 95% CI 2.03–2.79), and chorioamnionitis (OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.81–2.44).

Conclusion. Epidural use, AROM, African-American ethnicity, nulliparity, and birth weight >4000 g are associated with persistent OP position at delivery, with higher rates of operative deliveries and obstetric complications. This information can be useful in counseling patients regarding risks and associated outcomes of persistent OP position.