2012—2015年江苏省某女子强制隔离戒毒所吸毒人群艾滋病监测结果

目的了解江苏省某女子强制隔离戒毒所吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识行为及HIV(艾滋病病毒)/HCV(丙型肝炎病毒)/梅毒感染状况。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,对2012—2015年在监测期内(4-6月)的吸毒人群进行问卷调查和HIV/HCV/梅毒的检测。结果 2012—2015年共监测982名女性吸毒者,吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率和接受干预服务率均呈逐年上升(P值均<0.05)。注射吸毒占30.86%,逐年下降(P<0.05),其中发生性行为比例逐年上升(P<0.05)。该吸毒人群中发生商业性行为占5.20%,每次均使用安全套的占26.00%。在最近一个月中发生性行为的吸毒人员占37.17%,最近一次使用安全套比例逐年上升(P<0.05)。仅2015年发现1例HIV阳性,感染率为0.10%。梅毒阳性率为29.53%。HCV抗体阳性率为34.73%,逐年下降(P<0.05)。有注射吸毒史者HCV抗体阳性率高于无注射者(P<0.05)。结论江苏省某女子强制隔离戒毒所吸毒人群HIV感染率较低,但HCV感染率较高。     

龙岩市艾滋病高危人群行为学和血清学监测结果分析

目的了解龙岩市艾滋病高危人群的一般社会学、行为学特征及HIV、梅毒感染情况,为制订相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法对龙岩市吸毒人员、卖淫嫖娼人员及性病就诊者开展行为学特征调查和采集血样进行HIV及梅毒血清学的检测。结果龙岩市暗娼等四种HIV高危人群男女比例相近;20~29岁年龄组比例最大为51.6%;文化水平为70.2%在初中文化及以下;检出HIV阳性人员6人,检出率为0.09%;检出梅毒阳性人员586人,阳性率为10.2%;卖淫嫖娼人员发生性行为时每次都使用安全套的仅占33.21%,吸毒人员曾经与别人共用过注射器注射毒品的占22.1%。结论对艾滋病高危人群开展监测工作是非常必要的。     

铜仁市2012年吸毒人群哨点监测结果分析

目的了解铜仁市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒和丙肝病毒(HCV)的感染情况和相关危险因素,为评价艾滋病防治效果,采取进一步措施提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测方案(2012)》要求,对监管场所吸毒者和社区吸毒者,进行一对一问卷调查及HIV、梅毒和HCV抗体检测。结果 2012年共调查检测吸毒人员800人,检出HIV阳性23例,检出率2.9%;梅毒阳性35例,检出率4.4%;HCV阳性323例,检出率40.4%。结论应加强对吸毒人员的行为干预覆盖面,阻止艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播,防止HCV、梅毒的蔓延。     

2010年天津市吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识、行为及HIV、HCV、梅毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解天津市吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识、行为与艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染状况,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。[方法]2011年4～6月,对天津市戒毒所在押吸毒人员进行问卷调查,并检测HIV、梅毒和HCV抗体。[结果]合计调查400人,年龄16～54岁,其中16～30岁占40.25%,45～54岁占47.00%;初中文化占46.00%;艾滋病相关知识知晓率为76.50%。400名吸毒人员中,注射吸毒者占75.50%;最近1个月有性行为的89人中,最近一次性行为时使用安全套的14人。检测400人,HIV抗体阳性检出率为8.25%;HCV抗体阳性检出率为73.25%;梅毒阳性检出率为1.25%。不同年龄、不同籍贯、不同文化程度、最近1个月是否有性行为者的H IV抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年龄、不同籍贯、不同吸毒方式、最近1个月是否有性行为者的HCV阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]吸毒人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,安全套使用率较低。     

重庆市2004年艾滋病病毒及梅毒的监测

目的：监测重庆市高危人群中艾滋病病毒（以下简称HIV）和梅毒的感染状况以及主要危险行为因素，为艾滋病性病的疫情估计和有针对性开展高危人群干预工作提供科学依据。方法：采用血清流行病学和问卷调查的方法，分二轮连续抽样对戒毒所、女教所的新人所人员和来医院性病门诊就诊者，在知情同意的原则下，每人抽取5ml静脉血进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测，并同时进行流行病学问卷调查。结果：①戒毒所新人所的吸毒人员HIV的阳性检出率为3．0％；梅毒阳性检出率为2．3％，注射吸毒占82．0％，共用注射器或针头吸毒占45．0％，有56．7％的吸毒者在与他（她）人发生性行为时从未使用安全套；②女教所新人所的暗娼HIV的阳性检出率为3．9％，梅毒阳性检出率为5．5％，该人群中有53．8％的人吸毒，其中共用注射器或针头吸毒占57．6％。入所前（或最近）1个月内与客人发生性关系时从未使用安全套的占76．1％；③医院性病门诊就诊者中HIV的阳性检出率为0．5％，梅毒阳性检出率为13．9％，有59．3％的人有非婚性伴，近3个月内与非婚性伴发生性行为时未用安全套的占47．2％。结论：重庆市暗娼哨点中HIV的阳性检出率首次超过吸毒者哨点，并且梅毒的阳性检出率亦高于吸毒者；暗娼和吸毒者中共用注射器或针头吸毒的比例较高，而安全套的使用率均较低；首次在性病门诊就诊者哨点中检出4例HIV感染者。表明HIV已通过性行为向一般人群扩散，开展高危人群艾滋病干预已刻不容缓。     

2009-2013年四川省达州市吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解达州市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)、梅毒螺旋体(treponema pallidum,TP)和丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)的感染与高危行为变化趋势,为制定艾滋病防控策略提供循证参考.方法 按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测方案》以横断面调查的方法对吸毒人群进行监测.结果 5年监测吸毒者5 384人,青壮年男性居多,平均年龄(35.08±7.02)岁.艾滋病相关知识知晓率、最近1年发生商业性行为时每次使用安全套的比例上升,曾经注射吸毒和共用针具、最近1月注射吸毒和共用针具的比例下降;HIV、TP和HCV检出率分别波动在18.90％ ～7.98％、2.49％ ～ 8.42％和59.97％ ～ 43.30％.结论 达州市吸毒人群HIV、TP和HCV感染仍较重,合并感染应引起重视,应将丙肝防控纳入吸毒人群健康教育内容并加大女性吸毒者安全注射和安全性行为干预力度.     

2011-2013年南充市吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解吸毒人群艾滋病、梅毒及丙肝的流行现状及艾滋病相关知识、危险行为的变化情况,为制订防控策略和措施提供一定的科学依据。方法按照国家哨点监测方案的要求,对社区吸毒者采用滚雪球方法招募,对新进入监管场所的吸毒者进行问卷调查,并采集外周5 ml以上静脉血进行HIV、梅毒和丙肝的检测;汇总分析2011-2013年四川省南充市按照上述方法获得的吸毒人员艾滋病哨点监测资料。结果 3年共调查吸毒人员1 218名,采血1 218份。男女之比为2.43∶1,年龄30~49岁占75.94%。艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高(维持在95.37%~96.50%)之间,最近1月注射毒品比例呈上升趋势(χ2=18.01,P0.01),最近1年商业性行为坚持使用安全套率由2011年的9.68%上升到2013年的40.18%,但最近1年与固定性伴发生性行为坚持使用安全套率由19.79%下降为12.50%。HIV、梅毒、丙肝抗体阳性率分别为0.90%、13.14%和59.69%。结论 2011-2013年南充市吸毒人群HIV感染率处于较低水平,但梅毒和丙肝感染率偏高,高危因素普遍存在,须继续加强吸毒人群的综合干预,防止艾滋病等疾病的传播扩散。     

呼和浩特市2009年艾滋病哨点监测分析

目的了解内蒙古呼和浩特市高危人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染流行状况及相关行为信息。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》,分别对暗娼人群、吸毒者、男男性行为者、性病门诊男性就诊者和长卡司机进行问卷调查和艾滋病病毒（HIV）检测及梅毒血清学检测。结果 2009年呼和浩特市共监测5类人群1 944人。检出HIV抗体阳性14人,吸毒人群HIV阳性率为0.29%,暗娼人群阳性率为0.25%,男男性行为者阳性率为2.74%,性病门诊男性就诊者阳性率为0.25%。吸毒者注射吸毒的比例为36.73%,共用注射器的比例为12.7%;暗娼人群中最近一次商业性行为使用安全套的比例为72.43%。男男性行为者最近六个月与异性发生性行为时从不使用安全套的频率占48.08%。性病门诊男性就诊者最近一年被诊断患有性病的比例为21.5%。结论 HIV在呼和浩特市高危人群中呈低流行,但存在HIV感染的多种危险因素,应加强高危人群及一般人群的健康教育和行为干预。     

厦门市2013年吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果

目的了解厦门市2013年吸毒人群HIV、丙肝和梅毒感染状况,以及艾滋病防治知识知晓率和相关行为。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》,对辖区吸毒人群进行问卷调查,采静脉血进行HIV、丙肝和梅毒抗体检测。结果 2013年共调查405人,HIV、梅毒和丙肝感染率分别为0、3.5%和65.7%。艾滋病知识综合知晓率为82.2%。毒品以海洛因为主,注射毒品为73.8%,曾共用针具为5.4%,最近1次性行为使用安全套为13.8%。结论厦门市吸毒人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率较低,共用针具现象仍存在,安全套使用率不高。应加强对吸毒人群艾滋病干预力度,加大毒品危害宣传,倡导安全性行为,减少艾滋病及相关疾病在吸毒人群的传播。     

2010 - 2017年重庆市吸毒人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的 了解重庆市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒( HIV) 、梅毒和丙型肝炎病毒( HCV) 的流行现状和行为学特征变化趋势,为制定艾滋病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案操作手册》要求,以横断面调查的方法对吸毒人群进行监测,并采集血液开展HIV、梅毒、HCV检测。结果 8年共监测吸毒人员13 666人,男性居多,年龄25～49岁组占77.5%。艾滋病相关知识知晓率为89.1%,曾注射吸毒的比例从2010年的62.0%下降到2017年的50.7%,共用针具比例从2010年的46.0%下降到2017年的37.5%,最近1个月注射吸毒比例从2010年的49.3%下降到2017年的23.3%,最近1年发生商业性行为比例从2010年的34.0%下降到2017年的25.7%,最近1年发生商业性行为时每次使用安全套的比例从2010年的22.2%上升到2017年的61.2%; HIV、梅毒、HCV阳性检出率分别为6.1%、4.4%、53.1%。结论 重庆市吸毒人群HIV、梅毒和HCV感染率仍较高,艾滋病流行的诸多危险因素普遍存在,应继续加强对吸毒人群的健康教育和综合干预。     

Immunogenicity of combination DNA vaccines for Rift Valley fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Hantaan virus, and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

DNA vaccines for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Hantaan virus (HTNV), were tested in mice alone or in various combinations. The bunyavirus vaccines (RVFV, CCHFV, and HTNV) expressed Gn and Gc genes, and the flavivirus vaccine (TBEV) expressed the preM and E genes. All vaccines were delivered by gene gun. The TBEV DNA vaccine and the RVFV DNA vaccine elicited similar levels of antibodies and protected mice from challenge when delivered alone or in combination with other DNAs. Although in general, the HTNV and CCHFV DNA vaccines were not very immunogenic in mice, there were no major differences in performance when given alone or in combination with the other vaccines.     

Passatempo virus, a vaccinia virus strain, Brazil

Passatempo virus was isolated during a zoonotic outbreak. Biologic features and molecular characterization of hemagglutinin, thymidine kinase, and vaccinia growth factor genes suggested a vaccinia virus infection, which strengthens the idea of the reemergence and circulation of vaccinia virus in Brazil. Molecular polymorphisms indicated that Passatempo virus is a different isolate.     

受血者受血前HIV、HBV、 HCV、梅毒感染及其重叠感染研究

目的研究受血者受血前人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、梅毒感染及其重叠感染现状与特点。方法对2007年10月-2008年6月间某院需输注血制品的9694例患者进行检测;采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清HBV标志物、血清抗HCV,双抗原夹心酶联免疫法检测血清抗HIV和梅毒抗体。结果9694例受血者受血前血清HBV标志物阳性1549例（15．98％）,抗HCV阳性59例（0．61％）,抗HIV阳性34例（0．35％）,梅毒抗体阳性495例（5．11％）。重叠感染者中,HBV与HCV57例（0．59％）,HBV与梅毒94例（0．97％）,HCV与梅毒3例（0．03％）;血清抗HIV阳性患者中,重叠感染HBV13例（0．13％）,HCV10例（0．10％）,梅毒4例（0．04％）;HIV、HBV和HCV重叠,HIV、HBV和梅毒重叠感染各2例（1．08％）,HIV、HBV、HCV和梅毒重叠感染1例（0．54％）。结论部分受血者在受血前就已有感染,特别是HBV和梅毒的感染率较高。对受血者于受血前进行全面检查不仅可避免相关医疗纠纷,还可为患者治疗和医务人员的职业防护提供帮助。     

Comparison of individual and combination DNA vaccines for B. anthracis,Ebola virus,Marburg virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

Multiagent DNA vaccines for highly pathogenic organisms offer an attractive approach for preventing naturally occurring or deliberately introduced diseases. Few animal studies have compared the feasibility of combining unrelated gene vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that DNA vaccines to four dissimilar pathogens that are known biowarfare agents, Bacillus anthracis, Ebola (EBOV), Marburg (MARV), and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), can elicit protective immunity in relevant animal models. In addition, a combination of all four vaccines is shown to be equally as effective as the individual vaccines for eliciting immune responses in a single animal species. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of combined DNA vaccines for these agents and point to a possible method of rapid development of multiagent vaccines for disparate pathogens such as those that might be encountered in a biological attack.     

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among drug addicts in Bangladesh

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among 266 drug users attending a drug-addiction treatment centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 1996 to April 1997. Of the 266 addicts, 129 were injectable drug users (IDUs), and 137 were non-injectable drug users (non-IDUs). The seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV antibodies among the IDUs were 8 (6.2%), 41 (31.8%), 15 (11.6%), and 32 (24.8%), and among the non-IDUs were 6 (4.4%), 33 (24.1%), 9 (6.6%), and 8 (5.8%) respectively. None of the drug users were positive for anti-HIV antibody. Although the prevalence of HBV infection did not significantly differ between the IDUs and the non-IDUs, the prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher among the IDUs. Among the IDUs, the prevalence of both HBV and HCV infections was associated with sharing of needles and longer duration of injectable drugs used. The seroprevalence of HBV infection in both IDUs and non-IDUs was significantly higher among those who had a history of extramarital and premarital sex. The prevalence of HCV infection was not associated with sexual promiscuity. There was no association between the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections and age. Active preventive programmes focusing on educational campaigns among the youths against substance abuse should be undertaken.     

Immunogenicity of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,bovine parainfluenza-3 virus,and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered intranasally in young calves

The immunogenicity of an intranasally-administered modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine in 3–8 day old calves was evaluated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Calves were intranasally vaccinated with a single dose of a multivalent MLV vaccine and were challenged with one of the respective viruses three to four weeks post-vaccination in five separate studies. There was significant sparing of diseases in calves intranasally vaccinated with the MLV vaccine, as indicated by significantly fewer clinical signs, lower rectal temperatures, reduced viral shedding, greater white blood cell and platelet counts, and less severe pulmonary lesions than control animals. This was the first MLV combination vaccine to demonstrate efficacy against BVDV types 1 and 2, IBR, PI-3 and BRSV in calves 3–8 days of age.     

Incidence, epidemiology and control of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in South America

Outbreaks of diarrhoea associated with mucosal erosions of the mouth, tongue and digestive tract, clinically diagnosed as bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), have been reported in Argentina and Brazil since the 1960's. However, primary isolation of the virus of BVD-MD is fairly recent, occurring in 1974 for Brazil, 1984 for Argentina, 1985 for Chile and 1981 for Colombia. In Argentina both cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic BVD virus strains have been identified. Elsewhere in South America this differentiation does not seem to have been carried out. Serological surveys have confirmed the existence of BVD virus infection in six countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay), with an incidence rate ranging between 37 and 77% of cattle in the areas surveyed. Diarrhoea in calves between 3 and 18 months of age, often associated with mucosal erosions, has been the most commonly observed syndrome. In some cases an upper respiratory tract involvement was described. In one epizootic, in the Sabana de Bogota plateau of Colombia, reproductive failure associated with abortions or birth of weak calves was the main clinical syndrome.     

Molecular methods of measurement of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for occupational health practice

Over the past decade, several molecular techniques for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been developed that have implications for occupational health practice. This review describes the techniques used for qualitative and quantitative detection of the viral genome, and briefly explains nucleic acid sequencing and analysis of phylogenetic trees. The review also discusses the current and potential uses of these techniques in investigations of transmission of bloodborne viruses by patient to worker and worker to patient, in the management of occupational exposure to blood, in research, and in the development of guidance and policy on infected healthcare workers who perform procedures prone to exposure.     

Thymoma,immunodeficiency, and herpes simplex virus infections

Hypogammaglobulinemia develops in 3 to 6% of patients with thymoma and this association is commonly referred to as thymoma with immunodeficiency (formerly Good syndrome). Recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria and opportunistic infections associated with disorders of both humoral and cell mediated immunity frequently occur in this rare primary, adult-onset immunodeficiency. We report a case of thymoma with immunodeficiency complicated by disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and review five additional cases of HSV-related infections reported since 1966 in patients presenting with thymoma with immunodeficiency. Patients presented with epiglottitis, keratitis, recurrent genital herpes, ulcerative dermatitis, and acute hepatitis. Four of the six cases had a fatal outcome, two of which were directly attributable to HSV infection. Since the risk of invasive opportunistic infections is high and the presentation atypical, lymphocyte count and total serum immunoglobulin should be measured regularly in all patients presenting with thymoma with immunodeficiency.