重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 分析重型颅脑损伤术后颅内感染的相关危险因素。方法 选取2018年6月至2020年6月兰考第一医院收治的61例行开颅手术治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者作为研究对象, 收集患者性别、年龄、手术时间、手术次数、切口脑脊液漏发生情况、脑室外引流时间、是否急诊手术、是否行后颅窝手术、有无开放性颅脑损伤、是否合并基础疾病、白蛋白水平等资料, 并根据患者是否发生颅内感染将患者分为感染组与非感染组, 多因素Logistic回归分析颅内感染的相关危险因素。结果 61 例患者均顺利完成手术, 术后出现颅内感染13例 (21.31%),设为感染组, 未出现颅内感染 48 例 (78.69%),设为非感染组。多因素 Logistic 回归分析结果显示, 手术时间≥4 h、手术次数≥2 次、切口脑脊液漏、脑室外引流时间≥2 d、后颅窝手术、开放性颅脑损伤、白蛋白 < 35 g/L是重型颅脑损伤患者开颅术后颅内感染的独立危险因素 (95% CI为 2.111～12.415、1.885～7.463、3.636～62.365、1.505～40.665、2.149～39.184、1.815～6.463、1.636～7.313,P = 0.001、0.001、0.001、0.014、0.003、0.001、0.001)。结论 重型颅脑损伤开颅术后颅内感染的发生与手术时间、手术次数、切口脑脊液漏发生情况、脑室外引流时间、是否行后颅窝手术、有无开放性颅脑损伤以及白蛋白水平密切相关, 临床应根据患者具体情况及时做好预防, 以减少颅内感染的发生。     

颅脑创伤后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的：探讨颅脑创伤（ TBI）后颅内感染的发生情况和危险因素,从而提高临床预见性和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我科2011年1月～2013年12月收治的520例颅脑创伤患者的临床资料,其中男性308例,女性212例;年龄14～85岁,平均（40.22±8.46）岁。分析颅内感染的相关危险因素。结果32例（6.15％）出现颅内感染。颅内感染好发于损伤后4～10d。单因素分析显示脑脊液漏、外引流、多次开颅手术（≥2次）与颅内感染的发生密切相关; Logistic回归分析提示脑脊液漏（P＝0.0091,OR＝2.071）、外引流（P＝0.0165,OR＝1.923）为其独立危险因素。结论颅内感染是颅脑创伤的严重并发症之一,脑脊液漏或外引流患者更易出现颅内感染,临床上应予以足够重视,争取患者获得最佳的治疗效果。     

颅脑损伤术后并发脑脓肿相关因素分析

目的 探讨颅脑损伤术后并发脑脓肿的相关因素.方法 收集颅脑损伤术后发生脑脓肿26例临床资料进行回顾性分析,分别从医源性因素和非医源性因素两方面进行研究.结果 颅脑损伤术后发生脑脓肿与非医源性因素中的年龄、术前GCS评分、开放性伤口、合并有基础病,以及与医源性因素中的手术时间（＞4 h）、短期内二次或二次以上手术和脑脊液切口漏等因素有相关性（P＜0.05）;与性别、脑脊液耳鼻漏、引流管留置时间和气管切开等因素无相关性.结论 及早采取措施对高危因素进行干预,加强围术期处理,有助于降低颅脑损伤术后脑脓肿的发生.     

改良去大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤64例

目前,对重型颅脑损伤的手术治疗一般采用额颞顶“?”形皮切口标准大骨瓣开颅,但其并发症发生率高,如术后头皮切口长期疼痛、咀嚼功能障碍、颞肌肿胀、切口感染和脑脊液漏等.我院神经外科2009年1月-2011年7月对部分需要行大骨瓣开颅术的重型颅脑损伤患者应用额顶枕弧形改良皮切口,显著降低了术后头皮切口长期疼痛、咀嚼功能障碍等并发症的发生率.现报告如下.     

问题4：颅脑创伤患者有哪些发生颅内感染的危险因素？

解答：颅内感染是颅脑创伤的严重并发症,延长患者的住院时间,增加致死致残率,显著影响预后。文献报道发生率7.9％。颅脑创伤患者发生颅内感染的主要危险因素有：（1）创伤的严重程度;（2）脑脊液漏：头皮、颅骨和脑膜的三重保护作用均已破坏,脑组织或脑室系统与外界环境的直接相通,为病原菌提供重要的感染途径;（3）外引流：引流管的存在导致颅内与外界环境相通,细菌可经头皮切口处逆行而上,引流液返流也可能成为重要的感染源和细菌培养基;（4）多次开颅手术。     

脑室外引流患者发生脑室炎的危险因素分析

目的：探讨脑室外引流发生脑室炎的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2012年12月于泸州市人民医院接受脑室外引流的300例患者的临床资料,根据脑室感染情况分为脑室炎组和对照组。对可能的危险因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析发现,脑室炎症的发生与手术时间（﹥4 h）、引流天数（≥7 d）、手术次数（≥2次）、切口脑脊液漏、尿激酶脑室灌注、原发疾病等因素有相关性（P﹤0.05或P﹤0.01）,与性别、年龄等因素无相关性;多因素Logistic回归发现,手术时间、引流天数、手术次数、切口脑脊液漏、尿激酶脑室灌注、原发疾病皆是脑室外引流患者脑室炎症的独立危险因素。结论脑室外引流发生脑室炎是多因素共同作用的结果,手术时间、引流天数、手术次数、切口脑脊液漏、尿激酶脑室灌注、原发疾病是术后脑室炎的独立危险因素。及早针对危险因素采取有效的预防措施,有助于降低脑室炎症的发生。     

神经外科术后颅内感染危险因素分析

目的：探讨影响颅脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染的危险因素。方法：采用回顾性研究比较分析了288例颅脑损伤术后出现颅内感染与未出现颅内感染组间的差异因素。结果：288例中,颅内感染12例,感染率4.17%;颅脑外伤术后感染与高温季节、高龄、重度以上损伤、短期内两次以上手术、连续两侧开颅术、长时间（〉4h）手术、显微外科手术、颅底与后颅凹手术、脑室外引流、皮下或硬膜外积液以及急诊手术等因素相关（P〈0.05）。结论：对具有上述危险因素的易感患者应给予更密切的关注和预防性的处理。     

高原地区34例重型颅脑损伤患者的救治体会简

目的：探讨高原地区重型颅脑损伤患者的救治体会并进行经验总结。方法34例重型颅脑损伤患者GCS评分都低于8分,除2例死亡外,32例患者进行开颅减压、清除血肿、颅骨碎片、去骨瓣减压。结果恢复较好的患者19例（63.3%）;轻度残疾8例（25.0％）;重度残疾4例（12.5％）;植物生存1例（3.0%）。结论对高原重型颅脑损伤患者的救治,应抓紧时间,尽快行开颅减压手术,早期改善脑水肿。术后加强观察,合理药物治疗,及时调整给氧方式,尽早开展高压氧治疗,防止二次脑损害的发生,使患者尽早康复。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术预后分析

目的分析重型颅脑损伤患者行去骨瓣减压术预后的相关因素。方法对我院于2009年1月~2013年6月收治的110例行单侧或双侧去骨瓣减压术的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中男性83例,女性27例;年龄14~82岁,平均47.2岁。重点观察年龄、受伤至开颅手术时间、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、瞳孔大小、对光的反射程度以及CT检查等相关因素与预后之间的关系,并将患者6个月以内的扩展的Glasgow预后量表以评分的形式对预后进行评价。结果据单因素法分析结果表明,预后良好组及预后不良组在年龄[(139.08±14.45)岁vs.(53.91±14.65)岁]、受伤至开颅手术时间[(35.64±47.71)h vs.(9.55±12.19)h]、瞳孔大小[(12.85±0.49)mm vs.(3.57±1.01)mm]、GCS评分[6.37±1.56vs.4.55±1.08]及CT值[3.55±0.89 vs.4.48±0.96]方面存在明显差异(P0.05),具统计学意义;据多因素Logistic回归法分析结果表明,年龄、受伤至开颅手术时间、瞳孔大小、GCS评分及CT值与预后之间有密切联系。结论患者年龄、受伤至开颅手术时间、GCS评分、瞳孔大小、对光的反射程度以及CT检查等相关因素与预后之间存在密切联系,可作为对重型颅脑损伤患者预后进行评价的临床指标。     

颅脑损伤术后脑积水危险因素的探讨

目的探讨颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的危险因素及预防策略。方法回顾2008年10月～2010年3月间收治的312例开颅手术的颅脑损伤患者临床资料,按有、无脑积水分组,对照分析性别、年龄、GCS评分、脑疝、脑挫裂伤及梗死体积、蛛网膜下腔出血、血肿位置、伤后手术时间、术后颅内压等对脑积水发生的影响。结果 312例中发生脑积水31例,未发生脑积水281例。通过χ2检验、Fish确切检验单因素分析发现并发脑积水的影响因素为:患者年龄、入院GCS评分、脑疝、脑组织挫裂伤及梗死体积、血肿位置、弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血、术后颅内压,而与性别、伤后至第一次手术时间无关。Logistic回归分析上述影响因素发现,脑疝、脑组织挫裂伤及梗死体积、蛛网膜下腔出血与术后脑积水密切相关,而GCS评分、血肿位置、颅内压与术后脑积水相关无统计学意义。结论脑疝、脑组织挫裂伤及梗死体积、弥漫性蛛网膜下腔出血是颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的主要危险因素,争取脑疝形成前手术、改善手术技巧、引流血性脑脊液可能减少脑积水发生率。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.