Pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced duodenal and ampullary adenomatosis in familial adenomatous polyposis

Background

Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) develop duodenal and ampullary polyps that may progress to malignancy via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence.

Objective

The aim of this study was to review a large series of FAP patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced duodenal and ampullary polyposis.

Methods

A retrospective case notes review of all FAP patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced duodenal and ampullary adenomatosis was performed.

Results

Between October 1993 and January 2010, 38 FAP patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced duodenal and ampullary polyps. Complications occurred in 29 patients and perioperative mortality in two. Postoperative histology revealed five patients to have preoperatively undetected cancer (R = 0.518, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Pancreaticoduodenectomy in FAP is associated with significant morbidity, but low mortality. All patients under consideration for operative intervention require careful preoperative counselling and optimization.     

Transduodenal ampullectomy for ampullary tumors

Transduodenal ampullectomy (TDA) is indicated for large ampullary tumors, for presence of dysplasia on endoscopic biopsy, for poor surgical candidates for pancreaticoduodenectomy, and in cases not indicated for endoscopic ampullectomy. Retrospective review of data from 2009 to 2015 revealed 11 patients who underwent TDA. Magnetic resonance imaging cholangiopancreatography (MRI-MRCP), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan, side-viewing endoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) were used for investigating the patients as required. Preoperative biopsy was done in all. Out of the 11 patients, only one had recurrence. Two patients had adenocarcinoma and were treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy. TDA is a safe surgical procedure for treatment of well-selected benign ampullary pathologies. It is also a treatment option for the cases of ampullary adenomas not amenable to endoscopic resection.     

胰腺转移瘤的MDCT表现及其特征分析

目的 描述胰腺转移瘤的螺旋cT平扫和动态增强的表现及其特征.方法 收集23例胰腺转移瘤患者,分析胰腺转移瘤的大小、数量、部位、密度形态、强化特征以及继发征象(胆胰管有无扩张、血管有无包绕、远端胰腺有无萎缩).结果 23例胰腺转移瘤患者共发现肿瘤35枚,其中7例为多发癌灶,16例为单发转移.肿瘤最大径平均3.3 cm,主要位于胰体尾.大部分病灶动脉期无明显强化(30枚),门脉期呈相对低密度(23枚)、等密度(4枚)或明显边缘强化(3枚);5枚转移灶动脉期呈明显强化,门脉期呈持续强化.仅l例伴胰胆管扩张,2例伴胰管轻度扩张,1例包绕脾静脉.23例中13例伴有其他部位转移.结论 胰腺转移瘤cT有一定的特征,熟悉其表现并结合病史能提高其诊断的准确性.     

局部切除术在Vater壶腹肿瘤治疗中的地位

Vater壶腹肿瘤比较少见,手术方式的选择目前仍存争议.局部切除术与胰十二指肠切除术相比,手术操作相对简单,手术死亡率和并发症率相对较低,安全性较高,但复发率也较高.近年来,在大多数有经验的医学中心Whipple 术的手术死亡率已明显下降,且壶腹肿瘤术前、术中准确的组织学诊断及分期常有困难,结果常不可靠.因此,局部切除的指征应严格掌握,仅限于高危人群或拒绝大手术的患者.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for metastatic colonic cancer--report of two cases.

Benefit of resection of metastatic lesions to the liver and lung from colonic cancer is well established. Resection of solitary metastasis or of locally recurrent malignancies in the periampullary region has now become the norm, as it increases survival. We present our experience with two patients with metastases in the periampullary region from previously treated colonic carcinoma who were treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

高龄患者胰十二指肠切除术分析

目的分析70岁以上老年人胰十二指肠切除术（PD）临床资料并探讨其安全性。方法回顾性分析老年人行PD的临床资料,将90例50岁以上PD手术病例分成≥70岁（高龄组,n＝27）和＜70岁（低龄组,n＝63）两组,分析两组术前Karnofsky功能状态（KPS）评分、入院时血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）、血浆白蛋白（ALB）、血清总胆红素（TBIL）、血浆前白蛋白（PALB）、血糖、血钾、手术时间、术中失血量、术后重症监护病房（ICU）入住率、术后住院日、术后并发症发生率及术后死亡率。结果高龄组与低龄组比较,术前KPS评分低[（71.11±6.98） vs （85.40±6.43）,P＜0.01]、血浆ALB低[（34.86±4.54） vs （37.02±4.13）g/L,P＜0.05]、PALB低（127.36±41.19） vs （160.27±57.11）g/L,P＜0.05）、血糖高[（8.47±3.68） vs （6.41±2.12）mmol/L,P＜0.05]、血钾低[（3.38±0.48） vs （3.81±0.45）mmol/L,P＜0.01]、术后ICU入住率高（81.48%vs 39.68%,P＜0.01）,两组间的差异均有统计学意义。两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（48.15% vs 39.42%,P＞0.05）。高龄组无住院期间手术死亡,低龄组有2例术后30d内死于并发症。结论严格掌握适应证,重视术前内环境调整,术后积极ICU治疗,≥70岁高龄患者行PD是安全可行的。     

Ectopic pancreatic tissue mimicking ampullary tumor.

Ectopic pancreas is an anomaly in the fusion of the two pancreatic buds where an ectopic rest develops at a place away from the normal site. We report a 70-year-old lady who presented with obstructive jaundice; she was found to have an ampullary tumor highly suggestive of malignancy, for which she underwent pancreatico-duodenectomy. However, histology showed ectopic pancreatic tissue in the ampulla.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer: PPPD versus Whipple procedure

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Resectable carcinoma of the head of the pancreas can be treated with either standard (the Whipple) or pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD). Only a few reports compared the differences between these two procedures. METHODOLOGY: From July 1994 to Oct 2002, a prospective randomized comparison between the Whipple procedure and PPPD done by the same surgeon for the patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was conducted. Thirty-six patients diagnosed as pancreatic head adenocarcinoma were randomized to receive either the Whipple procedure or a PPPD. Three patients initially randomized to have a PPPD were converted to the Whipple procedure due to gross duodenal involvement. Finally, 19 patients received the Whipple procedure, 14 patients underwent PPPD and three patients had conversion. RESULTS: Two perioperative deaths in the Whipple group and one perioperative death in PPPD resulted in an 8 percent mortality rate in the 36 patients. Median duration of the Whipple operation was 265 (range 203-475) min with a median blood loss of 570 (50-8540) mL. In the patients who had PPPD, median operating time was 232 (range 165-270) min, and median blood loss was 375 (range 100-1300) mL. There was one minor leak from the pancreaticojejunostomy in each group, resulting in a 5.5 percent minor leak in 36 patients. These outcomes were not significantly different. Delayed gastric emptying was observed more frequently after PPPD (six of 14 patients) than after the Whipple procedure (none of 19 patients) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the Whipple procedure and PPPD in terms of median survival and 5-year survival rate. The median survival time was 16.0 months and 5-year survival rate was 9.4 percent in the 36 patients. Blood loss during operation influenced the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the Whipple procedure and PPPD for the treatment of pancreatic head cancer in terms of operating time, blood loss, operative mortality and long-term survival. But delayed gastric emptying was more frequently encountered in PPPD than in the Whipple procedure.     

Appropriateness of systemic treatments in unresectable metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

AIM:To evaluate systemic treatment choices in unresectable metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(PNETs)and provide consensus treatment recommendations.METHODS:Systemic treatment options for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have expanded in recent years to include somatostatin analogs,angiogenesis inhibitors,inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycinand cytotoxic agents.At this time,there is little data to guide treatment selection and sequence.We therefore assembled a panel of expert physicians to evaluate systemic treatment choices and provide consensus treatment recommendations.Treatment appropriateness ratings were collected using the RAND/UCLA modified Delphi process.After studying the literature,a multidisciplinary panel of 10 physicians assessed the appropriateness of various medical treatment scenarios on a 1-9 scale.Ratings were done both before and after an extended discussion of the evidence.Quantitative measurements of agreement were made and consensus statements developed from the second round ratings.RESULTS:Specialties represented were medical and surgical oncology,interventional radiology,and gastroenterology.Panelists had practiced for a mean of15.5 years(range:6-33).Among 202 rated scenarios,disagreement decreased from 13.2%(26 scenarios)before the face-to-face discussion of evidence to 1%(2)after.In the final ratings,46.5%(94 scenarios)were rated inappropriate,21.8%(44)were uncertain,and30.7%(62)were appropriate.Consensus statements from the scenarios included:(1)it is appropriate to use somatostatin analogs as first line therapy in patients with hormonally functional tumors and may be appropriate in patients who are asymptomatic;(2)it is appropriate to use everolimus,sunitinib,or cytotoxic chemotherapy therapy as first line therapy in patients with symptomatic or progressive tumors;and(3)beyond first line,these same agents can be used.In patients with uncontrolled secretory symptoms,octreotide LAR doses can be titrated up to 60 mg every4 wk or up to 40 mg every 3 or 4 wk.CONCLUSION:Using the Delphi process allowed physician experts to systematically obtain a consensus on the appropriateness of a variety of medical therapies in patients with PNETs.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy following chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess oncological outcomes in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy for advanced pancreatic head adenocarcinoma after preoperative chemoradiotherapy and to compare these with outcomes in patients treated with surgery alone.Methods: From 2004 to 2009, patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma were included in a retrospective comparative study. Patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT group) and were compared with those treated with surgery alone (SURG group).Results: A total of 111 patients were included; these comprised 72 patients in the SURG group and 39 patients in the CRT group. The median follow-up was 21 months. Patients in the CRT group presented with a more advanced tumoral status. Microscopic resection rates were similar in both groups, but nodal status and vascular or lymphatic emboli were lower in the CRT group. At 3 years, the SURG and CRT groups exhibited similar overall (36% and 51%, respectively) and disease-free (35% and 37%, respectively) survival (P = 0.10).Conclusions: In patients with advanced pancreatic head adenocarcinoma, a good response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy results in a survival rate similar to that in patients treated with surgery alone in whom the initial prognosis is better.     

Therapy of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs): recent insights and advances

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) [carcinoids, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs)] are becoming an increasing clinical problem because not only are they increasing in frequency, but they can frequently present with advanced disease that requires diagnostic and treatment approaches different from those used in the neoplasms that most physicians are used to seeing and treating. In the past few years there have been numerous advances in all aspects of NETs including: an understanding of their unique pathogenesis; specific classification systems developed which have prognostic value; novel methods of tumor localization developed; and novel treatment approaches described. In patients with advanced metastatic disease these include the use of newer chemotherapeutic approaches, an increased understanding of the role of surgery and cytoreductive methods, the development of methods for targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents, and the development of targeted medical therapies (everolimus, sunitinib) based on an increased understanding of the disease biology. Although pNETs and gastrointestinal NETs share many features, recent studies show they differ in pathogenesis and in many aspects of diagnosis and treatment, including their responsiveness to different therapies. Because of limited space, this review will be limited to the advances made in the management and treatment of patients with advanced metastatic pNETs over the past 5?years.     

miR-215 overexpression distinguishes ampullary carcinomas from pancreatic carcinomas

Distinguishing ampullary carcinoma from pancreatic carcinoma is important because of their different prognoses.micro RNAs are differentially expressed according to the tissue of origin.However,there is rare research on the differential diagnosis between the two types of cancers by micro RNA in periampullary cancers.The present study was undertaken to compare micro RNA profiles between ampullary and pancreatic carcinomas using microarrays.mi R-215 was most significantly overexpressed in ampullary carcinomas;whereas the expressions of mi R-134 and mi R-214 were significantly lower in ampullary carcinomas than in pancreatic carcinomas.When these discriminatory micro RNAs were applied to liver metastases,they were correctly predicted for the tissue of origin.Although this study is limited by small sample size,striking difference in micro RNA expression and concordant expression of discriminating micro RNAs in primary tumors and metastases suggest that these novel discriminatory micro RNAs warrant future validation.