Effects of interferon beta ser and transforming growth factor beta on prostatic cell lines

The effect of interferon beta ser (IFN beta ser) on the growth of three prostatic cancer cell lines DU-145, PC-3 and LNCaP was studied. IFN beta ser inhibited growth of anchorage dependent semiconfluent monolayers and anchorage dependent colony formation of both DU-145 and PC-3 in a dose dependent manner but had no effect on LNCaP. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta 1) inhibited proliferation of DU-145 and PC-3 cells in 1% but not 8% fetal calf serum. The combination of TGF beta 1 and IFN beta ser was additive in its effects on growth. Neither epidermal growth factor (EGF) nor transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) reduced the antiproliferative effect of IFN beta ser on these cells. These antiproliferative effects were reproduced in studies on primary epithelial cell cultures derived from prostate specimens with various pathologies. The potential use of IFN beta ser in combination with hormonal therapy to delay the development of hormone refractory tumors is discussed.     

Polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor beta 1 gene and osteoporosis

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is the most abundant growth factor in human bone. It is produced by osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclast proliferation and activity and stimulates proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts. Several polymorphisms have been described in the TGF-beta1 gene. Previously, we and others have found associations between some of these polymorphisms and bone mass. We therefore wanted to examine if these polymorphisms are also predictors of osteoporotic fractures. The polymorphisms G(-1639)-A, C(-1348)-T, C(-765)insC, T(29)-C, G(74)-C, 713-8delC, C(788)-T, and T(816-20)-C were examined using RFLP and sequencing in 296 osteoporotic patients with vertebral fractures and 330 normal individuals. Bone mineral density (BMD) was examined at the lumbar spine and at the femoral neck by DXA. Genotype distributions were in H-W equilibrium. Linkage disequilibrium was found between the polymorphisms. The T(816-20)-C genotypes were distributed differently among osteoporotic patients and normal controls. The TT genotype was less common in individuals with osteoporotic fractures (chi(2) = 6.02, P < 0.05). BMD was higher in individuals with the TT-genotype (T(816-20)-C) at the lumbar spine, 0.960 +/- 0.173 g/cm(2) compared with individuals with the TC or CC genotypes: 0.849 +/- 0.181 g/cm(2) and 0.876 +/- 0.179 g/cm(2), respectively (P < 0.001, ANOVA). Similar differences between genotypes were found at the different hip regions as well as at the total hip. Individuals with the TT-genotype (C(-1348)-T) had higher bone mass at the femoral neck: 0.743 +/- 0.134 g/cm(2) compared with 0.703 +/- 0.119 g/cm(2) in individuals with TC or CC genotypes (P < 0.05). Individuals with the CC-genotype (T(29)-C) had higher bone mass at the femoral neck, 0.735 +/- 0.128 g/cm(2) compared with 0.703 +/- 0.120 g/cm(2) in individuals with TC or TT genotypes (P < 0.05) and at the total hip: 0.852 +/- 0.166 g/cm(2) vs. 0.818 +/- 0.149 g/cm(2), respectively (P < 0.05). None of the other polymorphisms were distributed differently in patients and controls and did not affect BMD. In conclusion, The TT genotype of the T(816-20)-C polymorphism is less common in patients with osteoporotic fractures and is associated with higher bone mass both at the lumbar spine and at the hip. The C(-1348)-T and T(29)-C polymorphisms were distributed similarly in osteoporotic patients and normal controls, however, the rare genotypes were associated with higher bone mass at the hip.     

Inhibition of lymphocyte function by glioblastoma-derived transforming growth factor beta 2

Human glioblastoma cells secrete an inhibitory factor termed "glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor" (G-TsF). A member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) family, G-TsF is identical to TGF beta 2. The present study investigated the effect of G-TsF/TGF beta 2 on the proliferative and cytotoxic properties of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL's) isolated from malignant gliomas after expansion in vitro with interleukin-2 (IL-2). The results demonstrate that the IL-2 (5 to 20 U/ml)-dependent proliferative response of glioma-derived TIL's was inhibited 70% to 85% by G-TsF/TGF beta 2 and that the inhibitory effect could be reduced by using increasing concentrations of IL-2 (100 to 200 U/ml). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) enhanced the IL-2-dependent proliferation of TIL's cultured in low concentrations of IL-2 (10 U/ml); however, neither TNF alpha nor interferon gamma was able to reduce the inhibitory effect of TGF beta 2 on TIL proliferation. In addition, TGF beta 2 suppressed 60% to 100% the cytotoxic response of glioma-derived TIL's against several tumor targets, including autologous glioma cells, and the suppressive effect was shown to be reduced by increasing concentrations of IL-2.     

Effects of acetate dialysate on transforming growth factor beta 1, interleukin, and beta 2-microglobulin plasma levels.

To evaluate potential adverse effects of acetate use in hemodialysis (HD), we measured plasma interleukin (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6), TNF alpha, TGF beta 1, and beta 2-microglobulin levels with ELISA assays in normal (N = 9), CRF (N = 6), CAPD (N = 7) and HD (N = 8) subjects and compared the effects of acetate (Ac) and acetate-free (Ac-free) dialysate. TGF beta 1 was the only cytokine consistently detected. Compared to normals (median 57, range 53 to 68 pg/ml, one undetected; N = 8), TGF beta 1 was higher in the CRF (75, 70 to 97 pg/ml, one undetected) and CAPD (75.5, 66 to 116 pg/ml, N = 6) groups (P less than 0.05), and was somewhat higher in the HD (68, 52 to 88 pg/ml) group (P less than 0.10). Acutely, TGF beta 1 pre-HD (70, 63 to 88 pg/ml) increased above normals post AcHD [79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml uncorrected for ultrafiltration (UF)] and was higher after AcHD versus Ac-free HD both uncorrected (79.5, 65 to 140 pg/ml vs. 70, 52 to 86 pg/ml) and corrected for UF (68, 51 to 115 pg/ml vs. 57, 43 to 69 pg/ml; P less than 0.05). beta 2-microglobulin was not different after AcHD (81.2 +/- 8.0 mg/ml) versus Ac-free HD (72.5 +/- 6.9 mg/ml). Significantly lower serum inorganic phosphorus was also found four hours post-AcHD compared to four hours post-Ac-free HD (0.87 mmol +/- 0.10 SEM vs. 1.05 mmol +/- 0.07 SEM; P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

转化生长因子β1诱导肌纤维母细胞分化机制的研究

目的 探讨肺移植后闭塞性细支气管炎中转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）诱导肌纤维母细胞分化的机制。方法 闭塞性细支气管炎动物模型采用Smad3野生型和基因敲除小鼠进行的同种异体异位气管移植,并采用原代培养的气管纤维母细胞,通过免疫组化、免疫荧光、Western Blotting、逆转录聚合酶链反应和DNA凝胶电泳迁移率检测等手段,检测肌纤维母细胞分化的标志物α平滑肌肌动蛋白（αSMA）的表达,以及Smad3、p38和ERK1／2的激活。结果 在闭塞性细支气管炎的受累气道中,发现有αSMA的大量表达。对纤维母细胞进行的离体研究,发现TGF-β1诱导Smad3激活,表现为蛋白磷酸化、细胞核转位和DNA结合。TGF-β1引起肌纤维母细胞分化增加,表现为αSMA在转录和蛋白水平的表达增加;而在缺乏Smad3的纤维母细胞中,TGF-β1诱导的肌纤维母细胞分化明显减少（t=2,080,P=0．027;t=1．982,P=0．032）,但未完全消除。TGF-β1可通过激活p38和ERK1／2来促进少量肌纤维母细胞的分化。结论 TGF-β1可通过激活Smad3依赖性和非依赖性信号传导途径,主要是Smad3依赖性途径,来促使纤维母细胞向肌纤维母细胞的转化,最终导致闭塞性细支气管炎的发展。     

转化生长因子-β1反义RNA腺病毒载体的构建

目的构建含转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)反义RNA的重组腺病毒重组体。方法将TGF-β1的cDNA5＇端630bp片段反向插入穿梭载体pAdTraek-CMV,构建为TGF-β1反义RNA的重组体(pAdTrack-antiTGFβ1),将重组体pAdTrack-antiTGFβ1与包装质粒pAdEasy-1共转染BJ5183细菌。用选择培养基筛选同源重组的阳性克隆,同源重组的腺病毒载体转染293细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞中的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)及PCR扩增目的基因等方法鉴定重组的腺病毒。结果构建了含rGF-β1反义RNA的重组腺病毒,其滴度为2.4×10     

Localization of transforming growth factors beta1 and beta2 and epidermal growth factor in IgA nephropathy.

OBJECTIVE: The localization of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. TGF-beta2 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) was investigated in IgA nephropathy, and was compared with the severity of histological damage (including tubulointerstitial lesions). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The enzyme antibody method was used to stain paraffin-embedded sections of renal tissue from 42 patients with IgA nephropathy (19 males and 23 females). Results: There was a significant correlation between glomerular positivity for TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 and the severity of histological damage. There was also a significant correlation between positivity for TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in the tubular epithelium and tubulointerstitial lesions. In contrast, there was no relationship between glomerular positivity for EGF and histological damage, although there was a significant correlation between positivity for EGF in the tubular epithelium and tubulointerstitial lesions. Conclusions: These findings suggest that TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 may be important in the progression of IgA nephropathy, and that the distribution of EGF may also be a useful marker for the progression of renal damage, including tubulointerstitial lesions.     

Association between transforming growth factor beta1 gene polymorphisms and IgA nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays an important role in the modulation of cellular growth and differentiation in a wide variety of cell types and in the production/degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We investigated whether G-800A, C-509T and Leu10-->Pro polymorphisms in the TGF-beta1 gene could be involved in the development and progression of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). METHODS: DNA samples were obtained from 101 patients with biopsy proven IgA mesangial nephropathy and 118 healthy controls. The genotypes of G-800A, C-509T and Leu10-->Pro polymorphisms in the TGF-beta1 gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with MaeIII, Eco 81I and Pst I, respectively. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the genotype distribution of the three TGF-beta1 polymorphisms between patients and controls. The TAC haplotype (T=Leu10, A-800 and C-509 alleles, respectively) was significantly associated with IgAN (p=0.043; odds ratio (OR) =2.334, 95 % confidence interval (95%CI) 1.01-5.41). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the haplotype reconstruction of TGF-beta1 gene polymorphisms could be more informative than the investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms for defining the associated risk of developing IgAN. Further research is needed on larger cohorts to confirm TGF-beta1 involvement and test other TGF-beta1 variants with possible additive or synergistic effects.     

γ干扰素对瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞转化生长因子β/Smad信号通路的作用

目的 了解γ干扰素(IFN-γ)对瘢痕疙瘩Fh(KFb)中TGF-β/Smad信号通路的作用,探讨IFN一γ治疗病理性搬痕的可能机制. 方法 切取3例患者的瘢痕组织,体外分离培养KFb,实验选用第3～5代细胞.(1)将KFb分为:对照组,加无血清DMEM培养;TGF-β_1组,用10 ng/mL的TGF-β_1单独作用;IFN-γ组,用100 ng/mL的IFN-γ单独作用;TGF-β_1+IFN-γ组,10 ng/mL的TGF-β_1与100 nS/mL的IFN-γ联合作用.采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR、蛋白质印迹法和免疫荧光细胞化学染色法,分别检测结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)的mRNA、蛋白表达,以及α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的蛋白表达与阳性细胞表达情况.(2)另取KFb,用10 ng/mL的IFN-γ作用,于作用前及作用后30 min和1、2、4、6、8 h通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测Smad 3和Smad 7的mRNA表达,于作用前及作用后1、2、4、6、8 h用蛋白质印迹法检测Smad 3和Smad 7的蛋白表达.(3)另取KFb,根据添加的IFN-γ终浓度不同分为1、10、100 ns/mL IFN-γ组,均作用4 h;设立未添加IFN-γ的KFb为对照组.同前检测各组Smad 3和Smad 7的mRNA及蛋白表达. 结果 (1)IFN-γ组KFb CTGF的mRNA和蛋白表达量为0.017±0.009与1.198±0.004,较对照组(0.024±0.013与1.229±0.011)显著减少(P<0.05);TGF-β1+IFN-γ组CTGF的mRNA和蛋白表达量为0.634±0.138与1.204±0.010,较TGF-β_1组(1.331±0.298与1.727±0.004)显著减少(P<0.01).IFN-γ组KFb中,α-SMA阳性细胞荧光强度(0.922±0.059)和α-SMA蛋白表达量(0.3051±0.0031)较对照组(1.055±0.005与0.4513±0.0094)显著减少(P<0.01);TGF-β1+IFN-γ组SMA阳性KFb荧光强度(1.129±0.004)和SMA蛋白表达量(0.6734±0.0098)较TGF-β_1组(1.270±0.005与1.38420.0024)显著减少(P<0.01).(2)10 ng/mL IFN-γ作用后第1个时相点,Smad 3的mRNA和蛋白表达量均出现一过性增高,随后降低,mRNA表达量于作用后4 h降至最低点,随后缓慢上升,至作用后8 h仍低于作用前(P<0.01);其蛋白表达量于作用后2~8 h显著低于作用前(P<0.01).而Smad 7的mRNA和蛋白表达量在INF-γ作用后逐渐增高,分别于作用后2、4 h达峰值随后降低,至作用后8 h仍高于作用前(P<0.05).(3)与对照组比较,1、10、100 ng/mL IFN-γ组Smad 3的mRNA及蛋白表达量显著减少(P<0.05或P<0.01),Smad 7的mRNA及蛋白表达量显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),且随IFN-γ浓度升高,减少或增高幅度愈为显著. 结论 IFN-γ呈时间和剂量依赖方式下调Smad 3、上调Smad 7,降低基础状态下或经TGF-β_1诱导后KFb的CTGF和α-SMA表达量,表现出对TGF-β/Smad 信号通路的显著拮抗作用,这可能是IFN-γ治疗病理性瘢痕的重要机制.     

TGF-β与增生性瘢痕相关性的研究进展

瘢痕(scar)从病理学上可分为正常瘢痕(normal scar)和病理性瘢痕(abnormal scar)。以病理性瘢痕最多见[1],主要包括增生性瘢痕(hypertrophic scar,HS)和瘢痕疙瘩(keloid,K)。HS是由创伤、炎性反应等引起,以成纤维细胞(Fibroblast,Fb)增殖失控和胶原等大量细胞外基质(Extra cellular matrix,ECM)过度产生和沉积为特征的人类真皮区特有的纤维代谢性疾病[2-4],     

The role of transforming growth factor beta 1 in communicating and non-communicating hydrocele

Purpose

Repair of inguinal hernia and hydrocele are one of the most common operations performed by surgeons. However, the exact biological mechanism responsible for the closure of processus vaginalis (PV) is not completely understood. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a potent fibrogenic agent and probably stimulate fibrosis and disappearing of PV.

Methods

From September 2012 to December 2014, all boys from 1 to 5 years who were referred for surgery of hydrocele were divided into two groups of communicating (HC) or non-communicating hydrocele (HNC). During surgery, the fluid in the sac was aspirated and sent for biochemical evaluation including calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and TGF-β1. Finally, a biopsy of the sac was sent to the pathology. The results obtained were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Results

The patients were categorized into two groups of non-communicating hydrocele, including 43 patients and communicating, including 33. The patients studied were aged 1–5 years (mean 33.6 months). Biochemical tests on hydrocele fluid showed no significant difference in the levels of calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and bilirubin between two groups. However, mean TGF-β1 in NHC was found to be 53.45–114.28 pg/ml in HC group. A statistically significant difference (P = 0.04) was obtained. Furthermore, the study showed higher amounts of muscles in NHC (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The amount of TGF-β1 was higher in HC fluid than in non-communicating. To investigate the role of cytokine in the closure of PV, further studies will be required.

     

Insulin-like growth factor-1 suppresses pyrophosphate elaboration by transforming growth factor beta1-stimulated chondrocytes and cartilage

Our objective was to examine the effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) elaboration by porcine cartilage. These studies further define the factors influencing ePPi accrual, a key step in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal formation. ePPi was measured in adult porcine organ and monolayer culture media in the presence of IGF-1, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), IGF-1 antibody and synovial fluid (SF). As previously shown, TGFbeta-1 stimulated ePPi elaboration by cartilage and chondrocytes. IGF-1 significantly inhibited the stimulatory effect of TGFbeta-1 on ePPi elaboration by both cartilage explants and chondrocytes. Anti-IGF-1 antibody blocked this inhibition. Anti-IGF-1 antibody also decreased the inhibitory effect of SF on ePPi elaboration, suggesting the presence of active IGF-1. These results support an important regulatory role for IGF-1 in cartilage ePPi elaboration. IGF-1 inhibited the effects of the ePPi-stimulatory factor TGFbeta-1 and thus may protect normal joints from excess accumulation of ePPi and subsequent CPPD crystal formation.     

Role of transforming growth factor beta in peritoneal fibrosis

SUMMARY: Technique survival of peritoneal dialysis is seriously limited by the development of peritoneal fibrosis. the mesothelial cell layer lining the peritoneum is important in the pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis. Mesothelial cells are able to produce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and respond to stimulation by this cytokine. In this review, we will detail the evidence available so far for the role of the complex interaction between TGF-β and mesothelial cells in the development of peritoneal fibrosis.     

bFGF 、TGFβ-1在膀胱出口梗阻患者逼尿肌细胞中的表达

目的 观察膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）后膀胱平滑肌细胞碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、转化生长因子（TGFβ-1）表达的变化,探讨生长因子在BOO后膀胱平滑肌细胞继发改变中的作用。方法 应用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）和免疫组织化学SP法在mRNA和蛋白水平检测bFGF、TGFβ-1在30例BOO及4例非BOO膀胱平滑肌组织中的表达。结果 BOO组与非BOO组膀胱平滑肌组织均有bFGF mRNA表达,BO组表达水平高于非BOO组,P＜0．01;TGFβ-1 mRNA在两组未见表达。结论 BOO 后磅胱平滑肌的继发改变与bFGF mRNA的表达有关。