民族贫困地区初中生社会支持与心理健康

目的探讨民族贫困地区初中生社会支持与心理健康水平的关系,旨在为制定相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和中学生心理健康诊断量表(MHT)对民族贫困地区初一、初二年级学生进行集体施测,共获有效问卷336份。结果民族贫困地区中学生严重心理问题的检出率为33.63%,一般心理问题的检出率为55.36%;中学生社会支持总分与心理健康总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.199,P0.001);高社会支持组与低社会支持组在对人焦虑、孤独倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向以及MHT总分上差异有统计学意义(P0.001);多因素回归分析显示,影响该地区中学生高焦虑的相关因素有性别(OR=0.508;P0.005)、支持总分(OR=0.803;P0.001)、客观支持(OR=1.278;P0.001)和主观支持(OR=1.212;P0.022)。结论高社会支持的学生心理健康状况良好,增加社会支持可有效改善该地区学生的心理健康水平。     

中等职业院校新生心理健康状况及其影响因素研究

探讨中等职业院校新生的心理健康状况及其与自我和谐、人格因素的关系。对188名新生进行了MHT、EPQ和自我和谐问卷调查。结果显示:①困扰中等职业院校新生的主要问题有自责倾向、人际焦虑、学习焦虑、冲动倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、过敏倾向7个方面。在这7个因子上及总体焦虑上存在非常显著的性别差异,男生的心理健康水平高于女生。②自我和谐水平高、自我与经验不和谐程度低的人心理健康水平高。外向、情绪稳定的人比内向、情绪不稳定的人心理健康水平要高。③各回归方程显示,自我与经验的不和谐、E维度、N维度是影响中等职业院校新生心理健康的主要因素。表明性别、自我和谐、性格特征直接影响焦虑的发生,应重视与加强中等职业院校新生的心理健康教育。     

幼师学生的心理健康及相关因素和教育对策的研究

目的 探讨幼师学生的心理健康状况及教育对策。方法 整群抽取幼师生、师范生与其它中专学校学生共2241人,用临床症状自评量表（SCL－90）、卡氏16种人格因素量表（16PF）、生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）和应付方式问卷（CSQ）进行测评。结果 与师范生和其它中专生相比,幼师生的心理问题主要是恐怖和人际关系敏感;相关的因素有人格、生活事件、社会支持和应付方式等多方面的因素。结论 幼师生的心理问题有其特点,应对她们采取针对性的、具体的措施以提高心理健康水平。     

高三学生考试焦虑影响因素的研究

目的 探讨高三学生考试焦虑的影响因素.方法 采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ-少年式)、应付方式问卷、亲子沟通问卷、领悟社会支持量表和考试焦虑问卷量表对496名高三学生进行问卷调查.结果 人格中的神经质、应对方式中的不成熟应对或混合型应对、亲子沟通中的问题沟通均能显著影响高三学生考试焦虑.在考试焦虑的影响因素中,影响作用最大的是不成熟应对,其次是神经质.结论 培养健康人格和训练成熟的应对方式是缓解高三学生考试焦虑的重要途径.     

学习不良儿童焦虑及其相关因素分析

目的 了解学习不良儿童的焦虑状况及其影响因素。方法 采用SAS、16PF，生活事件量表、社会支持量表、防御和应对方式量表对126名学习不良儿童进行测定。结果 学习不良儿童存在一定的焦虑倾向。逐步回归分析表明：影响学习不良儿童焦虑的因素有人格因素的恃强性(E)、忧虑性(O)、适应与焦虑(X1)，生活事件的负性事件总分，社会支持的社会支持总分，防御方式的不成熟防御方式和应对方式的积极应对。结论 对学习不良儿童的心理干预和矫治应注重其人格、社会支持、应对方式等社会心理因素的培养。     

留守初中生心理健康与生活事件、应对方式的关系

目的: 了解农村留守初中生心理健康状况,及其与生活事件和应付方式的关系.方法: 采用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)、青少年生活事件量表和应付方式问卷对重庆市348名农村初中生进行调查.结果: (1)农村留守中学生心理问题检出率为6.2%;(2)农村留守中学生MHT总分、孤独倾向、自责倾向、身体症状、冲动倾向因子得分均高于非留守学生[如,MHT总分(42.7±1.1)vs.(33.6±1.6),P=0.004];(3)留守组学生的人际关系、受惩罚、健康适应因子分[(8.8±0.4)vs.(7.6±0.5)、(7.9±0.4)vs.(6.3±0.6)、(4.4±0.2)vs.(3.0±0.3),P=0.031、0.027、0.000]及幻想、退避、合理化等消极应付方式因子分[(6.2±0.6)vs.(3.9±0.2);(7.3±0.2)vs.(4.8±0.2),P=0.008、0.006、0.000]均高于非留守组;(4)相关分析表明留守中学生MHT总分与消极应付方式和生活事件量表中除丧失因子外各因子均呈正相关(r=0.26～0.48),生活事件量表中丧失因子与MHT各因子相关性最低,应付方式问卷中解决问题因子与MHT身体症状、冲动倾向呈负相关(r=-0.21～0.33);(5)生活事件和应付方式各因子能解释MHT总分、学习焦虑、冲动倾向、身体症状、对人焦虑因子中36%～53%的变异.在生活事件中,人际关系、学习压力事件对心理健康水平影响较大.消极应付方式中幻想因子对MHT总分最具有预测力,单独解释量达61%.而学习压力因子对学习焦虑最有预测力,单独解释量为38%.结论: 农村留守中学生存在较多心理问题,生活事件和应付方式是影响其心理健康的重要因素.生活事件中人际关系、学习压力因子是心理健康的重要预测指标;积极应付方式和消极应付方式都与心理健康相关,但消极应付方式对其影响更大.     

江西省城市高中学生心理健康状况的调查

目的：评定江西省城市高中学生的心理健康状况。方法：对全省11个地市的601名学生进行了MHT的测试。结果：有5.82%的城市高中学生存在明显的心理健康问题。前3位心理检出率从高到低依次为恐怖焦虑倾向、自责倾向、身体的症状。男生在学习焦虑倾向、对人敏感倾向、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向以及总焦虑倾向上所得均分显著低于女生。高一年级学生学习焦虑倾向、孤独倾向、过敏倾向、冲动倾向和总的焦虑倾向均分显著高于高二和高三年级学生。结论：应加强对城市中学生特别是女生和高一年级学生的心理健康教育。     

师范大学生心理健康和应对方式的相关研究

目的探讨不同性别、年级、个性的师范大学生应付方式的不同及其与心理健康的相关性。方法用艾森克个性问卷、自评抑郁问卷、症状自评问卷对256名师范大学生进行问卷调查。结果应付方式与心理健康呈现显著相关,抑郁、神经质、内外向人格和年龄是影响不成熟应付方式的主要因素。结论引导学生使用有效的应付方式,促进大学生心理健康。     

女中专生自我和谐性与应对方式的调查研究

目的了解女中专生的心理健康现状和其面对生活压力所采取的应对方式。方法采用应付方式量表及自我和谐量表(SCCS)对362名女中专生进行问卷调查。结果女中专生的自我与经验的不和谐性程度很高,自责与幻想因子上也明显高于常模,在面对生活压力方面较少应用解决问题的方式。结论女中专生存在一定程度上的心理问题;在应付困难和压力方面,更多采用以自责和幻想为主的应对方式,倾向于矛盾心态和两面性的人格特点。     

大学生社交焦虑、应付方式及个人评价的相关性的研究

社交焦虑会影响学生的学习和生活．对人的心理及身体健康产生影响。个人评价在社交焦虑的产生和发展中起了重要的作用。消极的个人评价及消极的应付方式会造成社交焦虑的恶性循环。调查说明，中医药大学学生存在一定程度的社交焦虑．个人评价是影响社交焦虑的一个较重要的因素．而且社交焦虑者的应付方式有一定程度的消极倾向，有采取“退避”、“自责”、“幻想”、“合理化”的倾向。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.