Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis

Today, the opportunity to see tuberculosis is decreasing. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is a rare entity, even in endemic tuberculosis areas. A case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is described. A 28-year-old woman presented with a sore throat. Irregular mucosal thickening was seen in the nasopharynx. Staining for acid-fast bacilli was positive (Gaffky 1), and the PCR test was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis from pharyngeal mucus. Computed tomography showed mucosal thickening in the pharynx and old pulmonary tuberculosis in the right upper lobe. Multiple anti-tuberculosis drug therapy was performed for 6 months. A few days after the initiation of therapy, the pharyngeal pain subsided. The irregular mucosal thickening was quite thin after 1 month of multidrug therapy and was no longer observed after 2 months. A case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is reported. A good result was obtained with multiple anti-tuberculous drug therapy for 6 months. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a white nasopharyngeal coating, especially in a patient with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Osteoarticular tuberculosis

As the incidence of tuberculosis in Japan decreases, osteoarticular tuberculosis becomes relatively rare. Therefore, it is often overlooked or misdiagnosed that leads to cryptic aggravation of the disease. On the other hand, because of population aging in Japan, degenerative conditions such as compression vertebral fracture or osteoarthritis should be considered as differential diagnoses of osteoarticular tuberculosis. In addition, we should beware of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in the patients who undergo biological agent therapy for rheumatoid arthritis that has been advanced drastically in recent years. Surgical treatment for osteoarticular tuberculosis is still an essential part of its treatment in order to achieve early rehabilitation and rapid healing of the lesion.     

结核蛋白芯片检测诊断结核病的价值

目的探讨结核蛋白芯片检测诊断结核病的价值。方法使用结核蛋白芯片系统检测4 093例患者的血清结核抗体,其中结核病441例,非结核病3 652例。采用结核蛋白芯片技术检测结核分枝杆菌中ESAT-6、CFP10、LAM、38KD和16KD 5种成分,分析其结果。结果 441例结核患者中297例结核抗体阳性,3 652例非结核患者中,647例阳性,结核蛋白芯片检测的灵敏度为67.35%,特异度为82.28%。结论结核蛋白芯片是诊断结核病的较有效方法,具有特异性好、快速方便等优点,对快速诊断结核病起辅助作用。     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree. Although clinical features differ between various types and stages of endobronchial tuberculosis, common symptoms are cough, hemoptysis, sputum production, wheezing, chest pain, fever and dyspnea. Endobronchial tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose, because the lesion is not evident in the chest radiograph. Computerized tomography is very useful in evaluating bronchial lesions such as stenosis or obstruction. The most important goal of treatment in active endobronchial tuberculosis is the eradication of tubercle bacilli. The second most important goal is prevention of bronchial stenosis. Corticosteroid therapy for prevention of bronchial stenosis in endobronchial tuberculosis remains controversial, but the best results are associated with minimal delay in the initiation of steroid treatment. In inactive disease, treatment to restore full patency is appropriate. As steroids or other medication are unable to reverse stenosis from fibrous disease, airway patency must be restored mechanically by surgery or endobronchial intervention. Aerosol therapy with streptomycin and corticosteroids is useful in treatment against active endobronchial tuberculosis. Time to healing of ulcerous lesions is shorter, and bronchial stenosis is less severe in patients on aerosol therapy. Progression to bronchial stenosis may be prevented if the therapy is initiated as soon as possible.     

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree. Although clinical features differ between various types and stages of endobronchial tuberculosis, common symptoms are cough, hemoptysis, sputum production, wheezing, chest pain, fever and dyspnea. Endobronchial tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose, because the lesion is not evident in the chest radiograph. Computerized tomography is very useful in evaluating bronchial lesions such as stenosis or obstruction. The most important goal of treatment in active endobronchial tuberculosis is the eradication of tubercle bacilli. The second most important goal is prevention of bronchial stenosis. Corticosteroid therapy for prevention of bronchial stenosis in endobronchial tuberculosis remains controversial, but the best results are associated with minimal delay in the initiation of steroid treatment. In inactive disease, treatment to restore full patency is appropriate. As steroids or other medication are unable to reverse stenosis from fibrous disease, airway patency must be restored mechanically by surgery or endobronchial intervention. Aerosol therapy with streptomycin and corticosteroids is useful in treatment against active endobronchial tuberculosis. Time to healing of ulcerous lesions is shorter, and bronchial stenosis is less severe in patients on aerosol therapy. Progression to bronchial stenosis may be prevented if the therapy is initiated as soon as possible.     

Multifocal skeletal tuberculosis

Multifocal skeletal tuberculosis is defined as osteoarticular lesions that occur simultaneously at two or more locations. We present radiologic findings in two cases of multifocal osteoarticular tuberculosis. Differential diagnoses of such lesions, based on different radiologic modalities, can include metastatic disease, eosinophilic granuloma, or lymphoma. Since tuberculosis can be present in multiple sites, especially in patients from areas where tuberculosis is endemic, it is essential to avoid a delay in diagnosis.     

结核抗体对老年结核病患者的诊断价值探讨

目的评价结核抗体对老年结核病患者的诊断价值。方法选择老年住院患者148例,其中确诊结核病38例,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测其结核抗体,用临床流行病学方法分别计算结核抗体检测对结核病诊断的敏感性、特异性、似然比、预测值及不同患病率下的验后概率。结果结核抗体检测对结核病诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为55.26%和90.00%,阳性和阴性似然比分别为5.526和0.497,阳性预测值为65.63%,阴性预测值为85.34%。患病率为25.68%时,验后概率为65.64%。结论结核抗体检测对老年结核病患者的诊断价值有限,临床医师应谨慎对待结核抗体检测阳性结果,其诊断价值与所处医院患者结核病患病率有关。     

血清结核抗体对肺结核病的诊断价值初步评价

目的对血清结核抗体检测(胶体金法)在结核诊断中的价值进行评估。方法用胶体金标记结核快速诊断试剂盒对85例结核患者、59例肺部其他疾病患者进行血清中的结核抗体的检测,并同时进行对照,统计资料分析。结果 85例结核患者血清结核抗体的总阳性率为56.5%,非肺结核病组中肺炎组结核抗体阳性率0%,肺癌组中阳性率为24.4%,采用χ2检验,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);灵敏度为56.4%,特异性为83.0%,约登指数为39.4%,ROC曲线下面积为0.710。结论血清结核抗体对结核病诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的临床价值。     

结核蛋白芯片对肺结核及肺外结核的诊断价值

目的探讨结核蛋白芯片检测对诊断肺结核及肺外结核的价值。方法使用蛋白芯片系统检测血清结核抗体的病例共4765例,其中肺结核334例,肺外结核83例,肺结核并肺外结核69例,非结核病4279例。我们采用的蛋白芯片包含了结核分枝杆菌（MTB）中5种成分,即ESAT-6、CFP10、LAM、38KD和16KD。结果 334例肺结核中227例结核抗体阳性,83例肺外结核中50例阳性,69例肺结核并肺外结核中51例阳性,4279例非结核病797例阳性,结核蛋白芯片检测肺结核的阳性率为67.96%,肺外结核的阳性率为60.24%,肺结核并肺外结核的阳性率为73.91%,非结核病的阳性率为18.62%。结论结核蛋白芯片是对肺结核及肺外结核的辅助诊断有重要价值。但在淋巴结结核、结核性胸膜炎中阳性率偏低,敏感性稍差。     

血清结核杆菌抗体检测在结核病的临床意义

目的：探讨血清结核杆菌抗体检测在住院患者结核病诊断中的临床价值。方法150例结核病患者,80例非结核病患者以及40例健康志愿者均应用以脂阿拉伯甘露糖（LAM）为抗原的 ELISA法进行抗体阳性率的检测。并应用痰涂片和PPD实验检查对150例结核患者进行检测。结果在150例肺结核患者中,结核杆菌抗体检测的阳性检出率为72．67％（109/150）,显著高于痰涂片的51．33％（77/150）和PPD实验的58．67％（88/150）,且差异均具有统计学意义（χ2＝14．49,6．52;P＜0．001,0．011）。结核病组抗体阳性率总数为72．67％（109/150）,显著高于非结核病组的17．50％（14/80）和健康对照组的10．00％（4/40）,且与二者比较,差异均具有统计学意义（χ2＝41．15,51．45;P＜0．001,0．001）。非结核疾病组与健康人群比较,抗体阳性率的差异无统计学意义（χ2＝1．18,P＝0．27）。结论结核抗体测定对结核病的阳性检出率较高,优于传统的痰涂片和PPD实验检测,临床上具有很大的应用价值。     

Recent findings on tuberculosis caused by different lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

This review summarized recent findings on lineage-specific characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis is more generically diverse than previously assumed, and it is expected that such genetic diversity may influence on both clinical and epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis diseases. In Japan, approximately 75% of clinical isolates belongs to the Beijing family genotype, which is highly prevalent throughout East Asia. Beijing strains have been emerging in some other areas with drug resistance and genetic homogeneity, suggesting their selective advantages over other lineages of M. tuberculosis. More frequent distribution of modern type of Beijing strains among both younger and homeless people in Japan may reflect their recent epidemics. Further studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the lineage-specific characteristics, and these will offer new insights into future tuberculosis control.     

Genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis, caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), affects an estimated 8 million people annually, resulting in approximately 2 million deaths. Human genetic variability is an important modulator of tuberculosis susceptibility. This review will discuss candidate susceptibility genes that have been implicated in tuberculosis susceptibility across various ethnic groups and epidemiological settings. Evaluating the genetic variants of tuberculosis susceptibility genes will provide us with a better understanding of the disease mechanisms in tuberculosis. Ultimately, such genetic studies may lead to the development of effective alternative treatments to cope with the growing problem of tuberculosis infections due to the AIDS pandemic, the emergence of multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis, and the limited efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) vaccination.     

Diagnostic difficulties in lower-lobe tuberculosis

Lower lobe tuberculosis is diagnosed more frequently than tuberculosis of the superior lobe in subjects seeking medical advice. Clinical improvement achieved by nonspecific antibacterial therapy should not diminish the alertness of the physicians to tuberculosis. When making diagnosis it is necessary to take into consideration: duration of the disease, relatively satisfactory condition in advanced process, negative x-ray picture, contact with tuberculosis patients. Multiple examinations of the sputum for M. tuberculosis are recommended.     

肺结核病的诊断和控制耐药结核的新思维

结核病是严重危害公众健康的全球性公共卫生问题,我国是全球第二大结核病高负担国家。第5次全国流行病学调查显示,我国约5.5亿人口曾感染结核,每年新发生活动性肺结核110万~150万例,其中传染性肺结核65万例。耐药结核仍较严重,耐多药结核(MDR-TB)患者12万例,耐多药(MDR)率6.8%,广泛耐药(XDR)率2.1%。对结核病的早期诊断、规范治疗及控制耐药结核是降低结核发病率的有效措施。由于临床表现不典型、潜伏性结核感染及结核耐药问题导致我国的结核疫情防控形势依然严峻。实验室检查是诊断结核的重要手段,常用的实验室诊断技术包括细菌学检测方法、分子生物学检测方法、免疫学检测方法等。在治疗过程中,需要考虑的重要因素有:早期正确的治疗、督导用药及耐药的尽早发现。对于MDR-TB患者治疗期间,建议使用痰涂片和培养检查进行治疗监测。对耐药结核患者应及早异烟肼和利福平耐药基因检测及快速结核菌培养药物敏感性试验。     

Diagnosis: tuberculosis

Home care staff frequently become anxious when a patient with active infectious tuberculosis is referred for home care. Using a home care patient case study, this article reviews tuberculosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and infection control. It also discusses home health staff's role in case finding because home care patients with chronic disease and immunosuppression conditions are at risk for active tuberculosis disease.     

探讨ELISA法检测血清结核杆菌抗原对肺结核病的诊断价值

目的探讨检测结核杆菌抗原对肺结核病的诊断价值。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中的结核杆菌分泌蛋白desA抗原。结果 139例活动性肺结核患者血清结核抗原的阳性检出率为84.1%;64例非结核性肺部疾病组结核抗原阳性率7.81%,29例健康对照者均为阴性。特异性为92.19%。结论检测血清中结核杆菌分泌蛋白desA抗原对诊断肺结核病有较高的应用价值。     

16例脊柱结核合并开放性肺结核患者的围术期护理

目的探讨脊柱结核合并开放性肺结核患者围术期的护理经验。方法对16例脊柱结核合并开放性肺结核患者做好术前护理,提高患者服药依从性;术后病情观察、切口情况观察、防止肺部感染。结果本组15例治愈,1例因未坚持规律用药,脓肿再次复发。结论加强围手术期健康教育和护理对手术成功和疾病康复具有积极的意义。     

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

Proven or suspected intestinal tuberculosis was diagnosed in 23 (46 per cent) of 50 patients with smear-positive, cavitating pulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis was regarded as proven in 14 patients and suspected in the remaining nine. The frequency of proven gastrointestinal disease increased with the severity of the pulmonary tuberculosis. Small intestinal disease was encountered in only two patients. Small mucosal lesions in the caecum were the most commonly detected pathological features. Colonoscopy was of particular value in establishing the diagnosis, which could not be predicted from the patients' abdominal signs or gastrointestinal symptoms.     

Esophageal tuberculosis complicated with intestinal tuberculosis: A case report

BACKGROUND Although the overall incidence of tuberculosis in underdeveloped areas has increased in recent years, esophageal tuberculosis(ET) is still rare. Intestinal tuberculosis(ITB) is relatively more common, but there are few reports of ET complicated with ITB. We report a case of secondary ET complicated with ITB in a previously healthy patient.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old female was hospitalized for progressive dysphagia, retrosternal pain, acid regurgitation, belching, heartburn, and nausea. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a mid-esophageal ulcerative hyperplastic lesion. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed a homogeneous hypoechoic lesion, with adjacent enlarged lymph nodes. Biopsy histopathology showed inflammatory exudation,exfoliated epithelial cells and interstitial granulation tissue proliferation.Colonoscopy revealed a rat-bite ulcer in the terminal ileum and a superficial ulcer in the ascending colon, near the ileocecal region. The ileum lesion biopsy showed focal granulomas with caseous necrosis. Polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in the esophageal and ileum lesion biopsies. The T-cell spot tuberculosis test was also positive. The patient was diagnosed with secondary ET infiltrated by mediastinal lymphadenopathy and complicated with ITB, possibly from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected esophageal lesion. After 2 mo of anti-tuberculosis therapy, her symptoms improved significantly, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed healing ulcers.CONCLUSION When dysphagia or odynophagia occurs in patients at high-risk for tuberculosis,ET should be considered.     

肾移植术后肺结核及肺外结核的诊治

目的探讨肾移植术后肺内和肺外结核的诊断和治疗方法及其预后。方法对我院2000年2月至2011年7月肺内、外结核感染的患者进行总结分析。治疗方案采用四联抗结核药物;同时足量使用CNI类药物。复查肝肾功能及CNI药物浓度,CT平扫。观察患者感染类型,临床表现,病原体检出情况,影像学情况,肝肾功能及CNI药物剂量及浓度,不良反应及转归等指标。结果共收治结核患者18例,发病率1.52%,病原体检出率低,影像学表现多样不典型,需与其他病原体相鉴别。14例完成抗结核治疗,4例仍在治疗中,肾功能可基本稳定。CNI类药物浓度在使用抗结核治疗过程中明显下降,均未出现急性排斥反应。结论肺结核的诊断需结合影像学特点及病原学资料;肺外结核的诊断应注重病原体的检出。治疗需坚持联合、足量、足疗程抗结核治疗原则,选择适宜的服药时间,同时适当调整免疫抑制剂的用量,可获得理想的疗效。