TATTOOING AND PIERCING: INITIATION RITES AND MASCULINE DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT Prompted by the surprising reaction of a young man with a borderline personality to an interpretation of castration anxiety, this paper sets out to explore some of the unconscious determinants of tattooing and piercing. Recognizing that such acts can have an initiatory function, sociological, anthropological and psychoanalytic views of initiation and the role of the father in masculine development are examined. In some boys oedipal development is forestalled and castration anxiety is not experienced. A bifocal approach using object relations theories based on regression and Lacanian perspectives that highlight reactions to an oedipal impasse is used to understand these processes. Symbolic body modifications are differentiated from those that are non-symbolic.     

CLOTHES MAKETH THE MAN: TRANSVESTISM, MASCULINITY AND HOMOSEXUALITY

ABSTRACT The term transvestism is mistakenly applied to describe all categories of cross-dressing. This leads to theoretical and clinical confusion, as men who cross dress share some common features but differ greatly in regards to their aims and intentions. The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the formation and development of transvestism that extends beyond the classical psychoanalytic explanation of castration anxiety. Today, more emphasis is placed on anxieties emanating from the early symbiotic relationship with the mother, the formation of the sense of self and unresolved separation anxiety. Insights gained from clinical work with transvestites can enhance our understanding of the construction of masculinity and the male's greater gender conflicts and sexual insecurities. Also, the study of the homosexual fantasies or intense homophobia experienced by some fetishistic cross-dressers relate more to gender issues and conflicts than sexual orientation.     

长白猪精原细胞的分离和纯化

目的　分离和纯化猪的精原细胞 ,从而对与人类具有高同源性的猪的精子发生进行研究。　方法　酶消化法制备 2月龄未成熟长白猪睾丸组织的单细胞悬液 ,以 2 %～ 4 %牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)连续梯度作为分离介质 ,采用重力沉降法并结合细胞贴壁培养的方法分离精原细胞。　结果　重力沉降法分离细胞后所获精原细胞纯度为 91% ,进一步经过贴壁培养纯化后 ,精原细胞纯度达到 94 2 %。　结论　该方法方便、快捷 ,分离效果好 ,能满足在分子水平研究精原细胞的需要。     

大鼠Sertoli细胞与精原细胞的分离及共培养

目的 分离纯化14 d大鼠Sertoli细胞与精原细胞,用Sertoli细胞作为饲养层对大鼠精原细胞进行体外培养研究.方法 酶消化法制备大鼠睾丸组织单细胞悬液,采用牛血清白蛋白(BSA)不连续密度梯度沉降法分离Sertoli细胞和精原细胞.结果 经分离的Sertoli细胞与精原细胞的纯度分别达到92.73%和78.36%.Sertoli细胞与精原细胞共培养,可见精原细胞发生分裂增殖等行为.结论 在添加EGF、bFGF和GDNF等细胞因子的10%胎牛血清DMEM/F12培养基中,精原细胞能够存活一定时间;而Sertoli细胞表现为旺盛的生长状态,并可促进精原细胞的分裂与增殖.     

CHORIOCARCINOMA IN INFANT AND MOTHER

A 2-month-old female baby was noticed to have liver tumor. A hemangioma of the right lobe was suspected from the findings by celiac angiography. Histologic findings of the surgically resected material revealed choriocarcinoma of the liver. At autopsy, multiple metastatic nodules were found in the lungs, but remnant liver, ovaries, uterus, mediastinum, and sacrococcygeal region were free of tumor. The ovary had several thecalutein cysts, and the endometrium of the uterus showed pseudodecidual change of the stroma. The mother died two months later. Although histologic materials were not available, the clinical findings including a high value of serum HCG seemed to show that she had been affected by choriocarcinoma. The most probable origin of the choriocarcinoma in the infant from the mother is discussed.     

人循环纤维细胞的分离和鉴定

目的 建立分离、培养人循环纤维细胞的方法,并探讨其细胞生物学特征.方法 取成人外周血白细胞,经淋巴细胞分离液分离,接种于含20%胎牛血清的DMEM培养液中进行培养.对贴壁生长的成纤维样细胞进行免疫组织化学鉴定,流式细胞仪分析和电镜观察,并通过测定培养液中羟脯氨酸含量,研究其胶原合成能力.结果 细胞培养9d后CD34、CD45、Ⅰ型胶原分子阳性,其中Ⅰ型胶原分子阳性细胞含量为83.5%;电镜下观察具有典型的成纤维细胞特征;培养液中羟脯氨酸含量为11.17mg/L,明显高于空白对照组8.07mg/L (P＜0.01),表明培养细胞具有胶原合成能力.结论 成人外周血中存在成纤维细胞的前体细胞,经体外分离、培养可分化为循环纤维细胞.     

人外周血树突状细胞的分离与鉴定

应用细胞分层剂密度梯度离心辅以细胞贴壁和花环沉降法，分离和纯化人外周血树突状细胞，通过Ｅｔ花环形成细胞测定，荧光染色镜检和ＦＡＣＳ分析表明，分离的细胞纯度可达４０％￣６０％，残留的其他细胞多为ＮＫ细胞，单核细胞和Ｔ细胞，ＦＡＣＳ分析还显示：所分离的细胞表面ＭＨＣⅡ类抗原的阳性率达９７．３４％，扫描电镜观察可见独特的细胞形态，将此类细胞加入体外淋巴细胞增殖反应体系则呈现明显促进作用，提示：分离的细胞     

生长抑素对人脐静脉张力的调节及其局部来源

目的　观察生长抑素（ＳＯＭ）是否和如何参与对人脐静脉（ＨＵＶ）张力的调节及是否存在ＨＵＶ 局部来源的ＳＯＭ。　方法　应用机械电换能器记录ＳＯＭ 对ＨＵＶ张力的影响及应用原位杂交（ＩＳＨ）技术观察体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞（ＨＵＶＥＣ）是否表达ＳＯＭ 的ｍ ＲＮＡ。　结果　当存在ＨＵＶＥＣ时,ＳＯＭ 使ＨＵＶ明显舒张;不存在ＨＵＶＥＣ时,ＳＯＭ 并不使ＨＵＶ明显舒张。原位杂交显示体外培养ＨＵＶＥＣ出现ＳＯＭ ｍ ＲＮＡ的阳性信号,其阳性百分率受血管活性多肽（ＶＰｓ）的调节。　结论　ＨＵＶＥＣ具有合成ＳＯＭ 的能力并成为ＨＵＶ 局部ＳＯＭ 的一个重要来源,ＳＯＭ 参与了对ＨＵＶ 张力的局部调节作用（ＨＵＶＥＣ依赖性舒张ＨＵＶ）,并可能存在自身反馈机制。     

人脐血来源神经元样细胞的分离与鉴定

目的 探讨人脐血单个核细胞(MNCs)体外培养后的神经元特有分子表达和形态特征。方法 密度梯度离心法分离脐血中单个核细胞,部分接种于培养瓶内,部分细胞接种在6孔培养板内。倒置显微镜下观察培养细胞形态变化。RT-PCR方法检测MNCs培养前后神经细胞标志物nestin、NF-M及MAF2 mRNA的表达,培养14d后行免疫细胞化学鉴定。结果 培养前脐血MNCs胞体小呈圆形,神经干,前体细胞特异性抗体nestin阳性细胞、神经元特异性抗体MAP2和NF-M阳性细胞散在分布,阳性率分别为1．5％、3．4％和2．5％。培养14d后,倒置显微镜下可见一些有多个粗长突起的细胞群,相邻细胞突起连成网状;免疫细胞化学检测MAP2、NF-M染色阳性细胞成片状分布,阳性率分别为27．6％和21．7％。RT-PCR检测脐血单个核细胞nestin、NF-M及MAP2基因表达呈阳性,培养14d后上述基因表达上调。结论 脐血细胞中可能沉寂有神经(干)前体细胞,经体外培养后能分化为具有一定形态的类神经细胞。     

脊神经节来源的人胎儿雪旺氏细胞的体外培养研究

实验介绍一种简便快速的从人胎儿脊神经节中获得雪旺氏细胞的方法.取孕15～20周人胎儿腰部脊神经节,将其切成0.5mm~3大小,接种于涂有鼠尾胶的圆盖玻片上,为了消除成纤维细胞,每隔2～3天将组织块移种到新的盖玻片上,共2～3次,最后一次移种后,培养液中加入牛脑垂体浸出液(200μg/ml)培养7～10天以刺激细胞增殖,每个脊神经节可获细胞5×10~6,细胞传代培养生长良好.根据形态学以及抗S—100蛋白免疫细胞化学染色阳性标准计数,雪旺氏细胞的纯度超过96%.扫描电镜和透射电镜显示典型的雪旺氏细胞的形态学特征.     

人及哺乳动物消化管中凝集素结合部位的形态观察

用三种辣根过氧化物酶标记的凝集素—WGA、SBA和PNA观察人及大小鼠的消化管各段中凝集素结合部位的分布。在各段消化管的粘膜上皮均有染色反应,但胃粘膜上皮细胞的核上区不被PNA着色。在胃底腺中,人的壁细胞只对WGA反应,主细胞对WGA和PNA都有反应,而大小鼠二种细胞对三种凝集素均有反应。杯状细胞对PNA不着色。肠腺反应与粘膜上皮相似。固有膜、平滑肌被WGA着色。神经元对WGA和PNA反应。由此提示糖蛋白分布的差异存在于各段消化管和同段消化管的不同区域并有种间差异。     

人颈动脉窦内流动分离区的研究

关于人颈动脉粥样硬化病的病理解剖报告指出,在窦内侧或内外侧同时发生内膜增生和粥样斑块的病例很多见。用血流动力学低切应力因子相关理论,在传统的Y型AHCB模型中无法解释这种现象。本文在音叉型AHCB修正模型中,用可视化技术显示颈动脉窦内定常三维流场,用激光测速技术测量颈动脉窦内膜增生部位的速度剖面,发现除窦外侧分离区外还存在窦内侧分离区,使临床上观察到的粥样斑块分布现象得到合理解释,并证明音叉型AHCB模型是对传统模型的明显改进。     

IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE FETUS

The immunological relationship between the mother and the fetus is a bi-directional communication determined on the one hand by fetal antigen presentation and on the other hand by recognition of and reaction to these antigens by the maternal immune system. There is evidence now that immunological recognition of pregnancy is important for the maintenance of gestation, and that inadequate recognition of fetal antigens might result in failed pregnancy. In contrast to HLA-A and -B Class I genes that are downregulated in human trophoblast cells, nonpolymorphic Class I molecules, e.g., HLA-G Class Ib, are expressed in extravillous cytotrophoblast and also in endothelial cells of fetal vessels in the chorionic villi as well as in amnion cells and amniotic fluid. The trophoblast does not induce transplantation immunity and resists NK- and CTL-mediated lysis in vitro. According to our present knowledge, HLA-G presents antigens for γ/δ T cells and at the same time defends the trophoblast from cytotoxic effector mechanisms. Since polymorphic MHC is absent from the trophoblast, presentation of fetally derived antigens is unlikely to be MHC restricted. γ/δ T cells recognize a distinct group of ligands with a smallerreceptorrepertoire than α/β T cells. Most γ/δ T cells recognize unprocessed foreign antigens without MHC. In the decidua γ/δ TCR-positive cells significantly increase in number and the majority of decidual γ/δ T cells are in an activated form due to recognition of conserved mammalian molecules on the trophoblast. Following recognition of fetally derived antigens, the immune system reacts with the setting in of a wide range of protective mechanisms. Many observations suggest that pregnancy is associated with an altered TH1/TH2 balance. Maternal immune response is biased toward humoral immunity and away from cell-mediated immunity that could be harmful to the fetus. Cytokines of maternal origin act on placental development. On the other hand, antigen expression on the placenta determines maternal cytokine pattern. Normal human pregnancy is characterized by low peripheral NK activity, and increased NK activity seems to play a role in spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology. In early human pregnancy the majority of uterine lymphocytes are CD56 bright granulated NK cells, which do not express CD16 or CD3. In rodents and humans, uterine NK cells are under hormonal control. In early pregnancy they are enriched at sites where fetal trophoblast infiltrates the decidua. The dynamics of the appearance of uterine NK cells suggest that one of the functions of these cells is control of placentation. Another protective mechanism operating in favor of pregnancy is progesterone-dependentimmunomodulation. Due to stimulation by fetally derived antigens, pregnancy lymphocytes develop progesterone receptors and in the presence of progesterone produce a mediator (PIBF) that, through altering the cytokine balance, inhibits NK activity and exerts an antiabortive effect in mice.     

人胚脑神经干细胞的分离培养、克隆和分化

探讨从人胚脑分离培养的神经干细胞在增殖和分化方面的生物学特点。用无血清培养技术从 4月龄人胎中脑组织中分离培养出神经干细胞 ,用有限稀释法获得单细胞克隆球 ,消化后用含 Brd U的培养液培养 ,待形成神经干细胞球后 ,进行 Brd U和nestin免疫荧光检测。取第 4代神经干细胞球用含 10 % FBS的培养液诱导分化 ,3周后分别进行神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞特异性标记物 MAP-2、GFAP和 CNP免疫荧光检测。结果显示 ,单细胞悬液培养 2周后可形成神经干细胞球 ;神经球 Br-d U和 nestin免疫荧光检测均呈阳性 ;神经干细胞分化后呈 MAP-2、GFAP和 CNP阳性的三种类型细胞 ,但分化的神经元数量较少、胞体较小、突起较少。提示从人胚中脑组织中分离得到的神经干细胞具有增殖和自我更新能力 ,并具有分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的多分化潜能 ;与啮齿类动物相比 ,人神经干细胞增殖速度较慢 ,分化的神经元较少且稍欠成熟     

雪旺氏细胞从冷冻人胎周围神经的分离技术及其特性

本研究取１５～２０周人胎周围神经，放在冷冻的含ＤＭＥＭ（４０％）、ＤＭＳＯ（１０％）及小牛血清（５０％）中。细胞活性为９１％。雪旺氏细胞经过分离、培养、保持了活性。经３～６月液氮保存后，细胞活性为９４％，雪旺氏细胞在４℃下经２４小时，活性仍有９２％。从新鲜周围神经取得的和经冷冻保存的以及单个培养的雪旺氏细胞，在培养时生长缓慢，但在培养液中加牛脑垂体提取液后，细胞增殖加快。取自新鲜或冷冻的周围神经的雪旺氏细胞用Ｓ－１００蛋白抗体染色的特性相似。本文还报告了分离出的雪旺氏细胞在扫描及透射电镜下的形态特征。     

人瘦素基因在胎盘中的分离鉴定及在大肠杆菌中的融合表达

目的 克隆人瘦素(leptin)基因,构建融合表达载体,实现在大肠杆菌中的高效表达.方法 从人胎盘中提取RNA,利用反转录聚合链式反应(RT-PCR),克隆到人的leptin基因编码序列,对该基因片段进行T载体克隆、酶切和PCR鉴定,并且对其进行序列分析.将leptin基因插入到原核表达载体PET-28a中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,利用IPTG进行诱导,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,并利用脱氧胆酸钠对表达蛋白进行纯化.结果 DNA序列分析表明,从胎盘中克隆的人leptin序列与文献报道的一致,酶切鉴定证实leptin基因正确地插入到了表达载体中,经IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE电泳分析,人leptin基因在大肠杆菌中实现了高效融合表达,表达产物的分子量为20kD,经过纯化,得到了较纯的融合表达蛋白.结论 从人胎盘中成功克隆了leptin基因,构建了原核表达载体,实现了在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,为进一步研究leptin的生物学功能奠定基础.