多普勒超声对冠心病患者的左室舒张功能检测

目的:应用超声多普勒分析冠心病(CHD)患者左室舒张功能的改变及与超声检测左室收缩功能对照观察。方法:64例CHD患者应用脉冲多普勒超声检测左室充盈时经二尖瓣的血流(MF),测量舒张早期最大流速(E),舒张晚期最大流速(A),E/A比值,舒张早期快速充盈减速时间(DT),同时测量等容舒张时间(IVRT),并测量左室收缩功能。结果:收缩功能正常(EF>50％)49例,舒张功能异常,E峰减低(66.97±15.07cm/s),A峰增加(80.65±17.88cm/s),E/A<1(0.87±0.25);收缩功能不全(EF<50％)15例,E峰增加(84.08±24.54cm/s),A峰降低(46.96±30.11cm/s),E/比值>1(1.85±1.24)。结论;CHD患者舒张功能异常早于收缩功能不全,MF表现为“舒张迟缓型”;收缩功能不全时,出现因左房增大的“限制型”左室充盈波形及“伪正常化”。     

慢性肺原性心脏病左室舒张功能改变研究

目的评价慢性肺原性心脏病患者左室舒张功能的改变。方法DOppler测量52例慢性肺原性心脏病患者二尖瓣的血流频谱。结果慢性支气管炎、肺气肿所致肺心病患者二尖瓣血流频谱特征为E峰减低,A峰增高,E/A<1.0,E峰减速时间(DT)正常,左室等容时间舒张(ⅣRT)延长。肺血管疾病所致的肺动脉高压和原发肺动脉高压患者二尖瓣血流频谱为E峰A峰呈正常比例,DT正常,左室ⅣRT明显延长。所有患者左室射血分数(LVEF)均正常。结论慢性肺原性心脏病左室舒张功能减低。     

心脏再同步化治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭患者舒张功能的评价

目的 应用超声心动图评价心脏同步化治疗对重度心衰患者左室舒张功能的长期影响.方法 18例左室非同步的慢性充血性心衰患者行心脏同步化治疗.并于治疗前,治疗后1周、6个月、12个月行超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(LVEF),二尖瓣血流E、A峰值,应用组织多普勒技术测量二尖瓣瓣环收缩期峰值速度(Sm),舒张早期峰值速度(Em),舒张晚期峰值速度(Am).结果 起搏后第1周LVEF明显高于起搏前(P<0.001).二尖瓣环间隔部Am术后6个月[(11.3±2.9)cm/s]、1年[(12.5±3.6)cm/s]明显高于起搏前[(9.2±1.7) cm/s](P<0.05).二尖瓣环侧壁Am术后6个月[(12.1±3.2)cm/s]和术后1年[(13.5±3.2)cm/s]高于起搏前[(11.8±2.9)cm/s](P<0.05).二尖瓣环间隔部Em起搏前后未见显著性变化.结论 超声心动图是评价心脏同步化治疗左室运动不同步的心衰患者舒张功能明显改善的一种可靠方法.     

超声心动图评价血管紧张素受体拮抗剂对高血压病患者 左室舒张功能的影响

目的应用多普勒超声心动图评价血管紧张素II1型受体(AT1)拮抗剂对高血压病患者左室舒张功能的影响.方法分别于AT1拮抗剂(Losartan)服用前和服用12周后,对26例轻至中度原发性高血压病患者进行超声心动图检查.在心尖左心长轴切面上,用多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值速度E、舒张晚期峰值速度A和E峰减速时间,并计算E/A比值;在左室长轴切面上,在二维超声心动图引导下用M型超声心动图测量舒张末期左室内径、室间隔和左室后壁厚度,并计算左室重量.结果服用Losartan 12周后,E/A比值(1.20±0.32)明显高于服用前(1.07±0.31,P＜0.0001),E峰减速时间从185±32 ms下降到164±29 ms(P=0.002);左室重量从220±53g减低为194±53g(P=0.003).结论AT1拮抗剂losartan具有改善高血压病患者左室舒张功能的作用.     

定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度

目的　应用定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度评价扩张型心肌病患者左室舒张功能。方法　定量组织速度成像测量 14例正常人和 14例扩张型心肌病患者二尖瓣环 6个节段 (后间隔和侧壁、前间隔和后壁、前壁和下壁 )舒张早期峰值速度Ve、左房收缩期峰值速度Va ,计算Ve Va ;多普勒超声心动图测量二尖瓣口血流快速充盈速度E峰、左房收缩充盈速度A峰 ,计算E A值。结果　正常人和扩张型心肌病患者两组间E A无显著统计学差异 ,而扩张型心肌病组二尖瓣环平均Ve Va、平均Ve较正常组显著减低 (Ve Va :0 .89± 0 .11vs 1.76± 0 .76,P =0 .0 0 1;Ve :-4 .79± 2 .2 2vs -8.42± 2 .2 7,P<0 .0 0 0 1) ;正常组中二尖瓣环平均Ve Va与E A显著相关 (r =0 .63 ,P =0 .0 0 8) ,而扩张型心肌病组二尖瓣环平均Ve Va与E A无显著相关。结论　扩张型心肌病患者二尖瓣口血流频谱表现为假性正常化 ,定量组织速度成像测量二尖瓣环运动速度可准确评价其左室舒张功能。     

Tei指数评价高血压病患者心功能的临床研究

目的:探讨Tei指数评价高血压病患者心功能的临床价值。方法:高血压病患者32例,正常对照组27例。行常规超声心动图检查测量左室射血分数(EF)、左室舒张末期内径和收缩末期内径(LVDd,LVDs)、二尖瓣口血流图舒张早期和舒张晚期血流峰值之比(E/A)、E峰减速时间(DT)、左室等容舒张时间(IVRT)、肺静脉血流图收缩波和舒张波之比(S/D)以及Tei指数。结果:高血压病组的Tei指数较正常组明显延长(0.72±0.12和0.56±0.15,P<0.01)。结论:Tei指数能简便、敏感、综合评价心脏的整体收缩舒张功能。     

高血压病患者左室舒张功能的研究

本文采用二维脉冲多普勒技术对40例高血压病患者的左室舒张功能进行了研究,并与同年龄正常人对照。结果显示,高血压病患者心脏二尖瓣口血流,舒张早期充盈速度(E峰速)与E峰减速率明显低于正常人;而二尖瓣口舒张晚期充盈速度(A峰速)与A/E值明显高于正常人。证实了高血压病患者可出现左室舒张功能障碍。经分组对照显示,左室壁出现明显增厚时,其舒张功能的障碍更加严重。     

彩色多普勒超声心动图评价冠心病左室舒张功能的临床价值

目的应用彩色多普勒超声心动图测定冠心病左室舒张功能，为临床提供可靠的诊断及治疗依据。方法分别测定冠心病组及对照组的左室舒张功能：二尖瓣口左室快速充盈峰值血流速度即E峰；左室舒张晚期峰值速度即A峰；E／A值，左室等容舒张时间（IVRT），E峰减速时间（DT），二尖瓣前叶E峰与室间隔左室面的距离（EPSS）。结果冠心病组与正常对照组相比，E峰明显降低，A峰相对较高，E／A值明显降低，IVRT明显延长，EPSS有所延长。结论彩色多普勒超声心动图评价冠心病左室舒张功能具有临床诊断价值。     

Tei指数评价2型糖尿病患者心功能的临床研究

目的:探讨Tei指数评价2型糖尿病患者心功能变化的临床价值。方法:2型糖尿病患者45例,正常对照组30例。行常规超声心动图检查测量左室舒张末期内径和收缩末期内径(LVDd,LVDs)。二尖瓣口血流图舒张早期和舒张晚期血流峰值之比(E／A)、E 峰减速时间(DT)、左室等容舒张时间(IVRT)、肺静脉血流图收缩波和舒张波之比(S／D)以及Tei指数。结果:2型糖尿病组的DT及 Tei指数较正常组延长(202．04±40．51 ms和184．92±43．60ms,P<0．01)(0．68±0．22和0．54±0．15,P<0．01)。结论:Tei指数能简便、敏感、综合评价心脏的整体收缩舒张功能,有助于早期发现2型糖尿病患者左室舒张功能障碍。     

慢性肺原性心脏病左室舒张功能改变研究

目的 评价慢性肺原性心脏病患左室舒张功能的改变。方法 Doppler测量52例慢性肺原性心脏病患二尖瓣的血流频谱。结果 慢性支气管炎、肺气肿所致肺心病患二尖瓣血流频谱特征为E峰减低,A峰增高,E／A＜1.0,E峰减速时间（DT）正常,左室等容时间舒张（IVRT）延长。肺血管疾病所物肺动脉高压和原发肺动脉高压患二尖瓣血流频谱为E峰A峰呈正常比例,DT正常,左室IVRT明显延长。所有患左室射血分数（LVEF）均正常。结论 慢性肺原性心脏病左室舒张功能减低。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.