钙离子拮抗剂致药物性牙龈增生的危险因素分析

目的：探讨高血压患者服用钙离子拮抗剂后出现牙龈增生的患病率。方法：对我院查体中心和心血管内科门诊服用钙离子拮抗剂抗高血压类药物的262和未服用钙离子拮抗剂的197例患者进行横断面调查。方法包括问卷调查和口腔牙周检查,其中牙龈增生的判定以牙龈增生指数（HI ）为诊断标准。对调查结果进行统计学分析。结果：服用钙离子拮抗剂类药物患者的牙龈增生患病率为20．23％,显著高于对照组的2．54％（χ2＝32．276,P＜0．05）。随年龄增大,药物性牙龈增生的患病率降低（r＝－0．155,P＜0．05）;单一用药者较联合用药者患病率高;服药时间越长患病率降低;随服药剂量的增加,患病率明显增长;口腔卫生状况差者可加重牙龈增生程度。结论：药物性牙龈增生是多方面作用的结果,其主要影响因素为患者年龄、服药方式、剂量、时间和牙周局部因素。     

非硝苯地平钙离子拮抗剂与牙龈增生的关系研究

目的:探讨服用非硝苯地平的钙离子拮抗剂(除硝苯地平之外的其他钙离子拮抗剂)与牙龈增生的关系.方法:选择北京医院内科高血压门诊就诊的成年高血压病患者,进行问卷调查和口腔健康检查.分为服用非硝苯地平钙离子拮抗剂的患者(简称服药组)及从未服用过钙离子拮抗剂的患者(简称对照组).问卷调查内容包括患者的一般状况,高血压患病史,服药史以及口腔卫生习惯等.口腔健康检查包括菌斑指数(plaque index PLI)、简化牙石指数(simple calculus index CI-S)、以及牙龈增生指数(gingival hyperplasia index HI)的检查和记录.结果:对照组患者牙龈增生患病率6.03%,服药组患者牙龈增生患病率31.25%,两者间的差异有显著性(P＜0.001),并且服药组患者中严重牙龈增生的患病率19.23%也显著高于对照组1.59%(P＜0.001).对照组平均HI值为1.4%,服药组平均HI值为10%,两者间的差异有显著性(P＜0.001).结论:服用非硝苯地平钙离子拮抗剂与高血压患者牙龈增生的患病间有显著相关性.     

硝苯地平致药物性牙龈增生的危险指征分析

目的调查北京石景山区人群服用硝苯地平后出现药物性牙龈增生的患病率，并分析其危险指征。方法在北京石景山区进行横向调查，将616例患高血压或冠心病的个体纳入本项研究，其中205例患者服用硝苯地平（nifedipine）≥0．5年，411例未服用钙拮抗剂的患者作为对照组。通过问卷了解每例患者的人口学特征、刷牙出血情况、吸烟、糖尿病及用药情况，临床检查12颗前牙的龈沟出血指数（sulcus bleeding index，SBI），同时用照片评价法判断牙龈增生的程度和菌斑指数。以牙龈增生程度≥38．6％作为判断个体牙龈增生的阈值。结果服用硝苯地平的患者牙龈增生的患病率为7．3％，显著高于对照组的1．2％。Logistic回归分析结果表明，仅有SBI是该地区个体出现明显牙龈增生的相关因素（OR=5．92，P=0．001）。结论牙龈炎性反应是药物性牙龈增生的一个重要协同因素。     

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目的评价吸烟与非吸烟药物性牙龈增生患者单纯牙周非手术治疗1个月后的临床疗效。方法2007年3月至2007年12月收集河北省人民医院口腔科钙拮抗剂类药物导致的牙龈增生男性患者20例,其中吸烟组9例,非吸烟组11例,两组患者基线时的临床参数具有可比性。观察的牙龈增生牙齿,探诊深度5~7mm,吸烟组78个位点,非吸烟组80个位点。在未停药的情况下进行牙周非手术治疗,观察这些位点在治疗前、后1个月菌斑指数(PLI)、探诊深度(PD)、附着丧失(AL)、牙龈增生指数(HI)和出血指数(BI)的变化。结果治疗前两组PLI、BI、PD、AL以及HI差异无统计学意义,牙周非手术治疗1个月后,两组临床指标均有明显改善,吸烟组改善程度明显低于非吸烟组,但只有PD、PLI和HI的变化有统计学意义(P<0.05),AL和BI变化无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论药物性牙龈增生患者,牙周非手术治疗效果吸烟者差于非吸烟者。     

钙离子拮抗剂致老年人牙龈增生危险因素分析

目的:数据分析西安交通大学医院内科门诊的高血压或其他心血管疾病患者服用的钙离子拮抗剂对诱导牙龈增生的影响.方法:经筛选后符合此次调研标准的2019年我院内科门诊的高血压或其他心血管疾病的临床资料共483份,其中服用钙离子拮抗剂(Calcium Channel Blockers,CCB)者252例,未服用CCB(对照组)...     

牙周基础治疗对药物性牙龈增生的疗效观察

目的：评价牙周基础治疗对钙拮抗剂导致的药物性牙龈增生的治疗效果。方法：纳入钙拮抗剂导致的牙龈增生患者24例,在基线和牙周基础治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月各时点分别记录菌斑指数（plaqueindex,PLI）,出血指数（bleedingindex,BI）,探诊深度（probingdepth,PD）和牙龈增生指数（Gingivalovergrowthindex,GO）。18例患者共240个位点完成了6个月的观察。结果：在观察期间,PLI、BI、PD和GO指数持续改善（P〈0.01）,GO指数为0级的位点基线为0,治疗后6个月则上升到45.83%,GO指数为1、2、3级的位点逐渐下降,GO指数为3级的位点在治疗后6个月降为0。结论：牙周基础治疗可改善钙拮抗剂药物引起的牙龈增生的程度。     

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目的评价单纯牙周基础治疗对苯妥英钠(PHT)所致药物性牙龈增生的治疗效果。方法选择佛山市禅城区向阳医院·禅城区口腔医院2011年1月至2013年6月因服用PHT导致牙龈增生的患者16例,在不停药亦不换药的情况下行牙周基础治疗,并于治疗前及治疗后1、3、6个月进行牙龈增生指数(GHI)、菌斑指数(PLI)、龈沟出血指数(SBI)、探诊深度(PD)等临床指标检查。结果单纯牙周基础治疗后1、3、6个月的GHI、PLI、SBI、PD各项临床指标逐步改善,牙龈炎症逐步减轻,牙龈增生状况持续好转;与治疗前基线相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论单纯牙周基础治疗对PHT所致药物性牙龈增生有效。     

肾移植术后药物性牙龈增生1例

肾移植术后应用环孢素作为基础免疫抑制剂,同时联合钙离子拮抗剂控制高血压,二者均可以引起药物性牙龈增生。本文报告1例肾移植术后药物性牙龈增生病人。1临床资料病人女,42岁,因"全口牙龈增大、肿胀3年余"来我科     

服用环孢素A和他克莫司的肾移植患者药物性牙龈增生的发病情况调查

目的:调查服用环孢素A(CsA)或他克莫司(Tcr)的肾移植患者中药物性牙龈增生的发病情况.方法:研究对象为107例分别服用CsA或Tcr的肾移植患者,记录2组患者的性别、年龄、服药时间和剂量等临床资料以及牙周指数,比较2组患者中牙龈增生的发生率以及有关危险因素与牙龈增生的关系.采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行t检验、X2检验、Mann-Whitney U检验和逐步回归分析.结果:服用CsA的肾移植患者,牙龈增生的发生率(49%)显著高于服用Tcr的患者(16%),CsA组的牙龈增生评分(30.3±15.5)显著高于Tcr组(17.5±9.61,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);CsA组和Tcr组中牙龈增生患者的菌斑指数、龈乳头出血指数均显著高于牙龈未增生患者(P＜0.05).结论:服用CsA的肾移植患者,牙龈增生的发生率高于服用Tcr的患者;菌斑引起的感染与牙龈增生的严重程度密切相关.     

单纯牙周基础治疗对苯妥英钠所致药物性牙龈增生疗效评价

目的 评价单纯牙周基础治疗对苯妥英钠（PHT）所致药物性牙龈增生的治疗效果。方法 选择佛山市禅城区向阳医院·禅城区口腔医院2011年1月至2013年6月因服用PHT导致牙龈增生的患者16例,在不停药亦不换药的情况下行牙周基础治疗,并于治疗前及治疗后1、3、6个月进行牙龈增生指数（GHI）、菌斑指数（PLI）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、探诊深度（PD）等临床指标检查。结果 单纯牙周基础治疗后1、3、6个月的GHI、PLI、SBI、PD各项临床指标逐步改善,牙龈炎症逐步减轻,牙龈增生状况持续好转;与治疗前基线相比,差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）。结论 单纯牙周基础治疗对PHT所致药物性牙龈增生有效。     

Prevalence of gingival overgrowth in transplant patients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus

AIMS: The study aims to determine the prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth in a group of adult organ transplant recipients immunosuppressed with tacrolimus in comparison with ciclosporin, and to examine various risk factors for the development of gingival overgrowth. METHODS: Forty patients taking tacrolimus were compared with 197 ciclosporin patients. Demographic, pharmacological and periodontal data were recorded for all patients. Comparison between the groups was made using independent sample t-tests, chi2 statistic or Mann-Whitney test. The effects of risk variables on overgrowth severity were examined using forward and backward stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: Those taking tacrolimus had a significantly lower mean gingival overgrowth score (14.1%) compared with ciclosporin (22.4%). Fifteen percent of the tacrolimus group had clinically significant gingival overgrowth compared with 30% in the ciclosporin group (p=0.053). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth is less in adult transplant patients taking tacrolimus compared with ciclosporin. Concomitant use of calcium channel blockers and previous medication with ciclosporin are significant risk factors for the presence and severity of gingival overgrowth. Patients who have alteration of their immunosuppressant from ciclosporin to tacrolimus may persist in demonstrating gingival overgrowth attributable to their ongoing therapy with calcium channel blockers.     

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目的    观察牙周基础治疗对钙拮抗剂导致牙龈增生的治疗效果。方法    选取2006年6月至2009年3月在沈阳市口腔医院牙周科就诊,因高血压病服用钙拮抗剂导致牙龈增生的患者16例,在不更换药物或未停药的情况下进行牙周基础治疗,在治疗前基线和治疗后1、3、6个月时记录牙龈增生指数（GO）、菌斑指数（PIL）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）和探诊深度（PD）。结果    在观察期间,各指数持续改善（P < 0.01）,牙龈炎症持续减轻,牙龈增生状况明显改善。结论    牙周基础治疗对钙拮抗剂导致的牙龈增生有效,这为不能换药或停药的高血压患者提供了较合理的治疗方法。     

Demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal variables for gingival overgrowth in subjects medicated with cyclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers

BACKGROUND: The role of cyclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers and the associated risk variables of development and severity of gingival overgrowth have not yet been properly established. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of potential risk variables for gingival overgrowth severity in Brazilian renal transplant subjects medicated with cyclosporin in the absence of any calcium channel blockers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal data, recorded from 194 subjects taking cyclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers, were analyzed using independent sample t, chi2 statistic, or Mann-Whitney U tests. The effects of potential risk variables of gingival overgrowth severity were determined using backward stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of clinically significant gingival overgrowth was 34.5% (N = 67). These subjects presented a significantly higher papillary bleeding index and a higher plaque index compared to those without clinically significant gingival overgrowth. When all demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal data were evaluated in relation to gingival overgrowth severity, time since transplant, papillary bleeding index, serum cyclosporin concentration, and prednisolone and azathioprine dosages were significant in the univariate modeling (P <0.05) and remained significant when evaluated in the multivariate modeling (P <0.0001; adjusted R2 = 39.4%). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of calcium channel blockers, this study showed that pharmacologic variables, such as cyclosporin serum concentration, prednisolone and azathioprine dosages, and time since transplant, are strongly related to gingival overgrowth. In addition, the periodontal variable papillary bleeding index highlighted the primary role of inflammation on the pathogenesis and severity of gingival overgrowth.     

Prevalence of gingival overgrowth induced by calcium channel blockers: a community-based study

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of gingival overgrowth induced by chronic medication with calcium channel blockers is uncertain. Although there have been several studies examining this question, the results are conflicting, with previous estimates ranging from 20% to 83%. There have been only 2 studies examining the prevalence of overgrowth induced by diltiazem and amlodipine, with estimates of 74% and 3.3%, respectively. METHODS: The current study aimed to address the problems associated with these studies by examining a sample of patients taking one of 3 calcium channel blockers, who were drawn from a community-based population in northeastern England. Nine hundred eleven (911) subjects were recruited from general medical practices in the area. Of these, 442 were taking nifedipine, 181 amlodipine, and 186 diltiazem. In addition, 102 control subjects were examined. Drug and demographic data for each subject were recorded. The periodontal condition of all subjects was assessed including plaque index, papillary bleeding index, and a photograph of the anterior gingivae for subsequent analysis of overgrowth severity. RESULTS: More than six percent (6.3%) of subjects taking nifedipine were seen to have significant overgrowth. This overgrowth was statistically greater than the amount of overgrowth seen in either of the other 2 drug groups or the control population. The prevalence of gingival overgrowth induced by amlodipine or diltiazem was not statistically significant when compared to the control group. The severity of overgrowth within the nifedipine group was found to be related to the amount of gingival inflammation and also to the gender of the subject, with males being 3 times as likely to develop overgrowth than females. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of clinically significant overgrowth related to chronic medication with calcium channel blockers is low, i.e., 6.3% for nifedipine. Males are 3 times as likely as females to develop clinically significant overgrowth. The presence of gingival inflammation is an important cofactor for the expression of this effect.     

Risk factors for gingival overgrowth in patients medicated with ciclosporin in the absence of calcium channel blockers

OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the effect of a range of potential risk factors on the severity of gingival overgrowth in transplant patients medicated with ciclosporin in the absence of any calcium channel blockers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred dentate solid organ transplants medicated with ciclosporin (but not calcium channel blockers or phenytoin) were recruited for the study. Demographic, pharmacological and periodontal data were recorded and gingival overgrowth assessed from stone models. RESULTS: Univariate analysis identified the duration of transplant, papilla bleeding index, creatinine serum concentration, azathioprine and prednisolone dosage as risk factors for overgrowth severity. Multivariate modelling, excluding the periodontal parameters, gave a predictive model that included dosages of ciclosporin, azathioprine, prednisolone and weight (p<0.0001, adjusted-R2=19%). Adding the periodontal variables strengthened the model (p<0.0001, adjusted-R2=34.5%). CONCLUSION: The explanatory models in this study contain a number of variables that moderate inflammation (azathioprine and prednisolone) or are markers of it (papilla bleeding index). Dosage of each of the three immunosuppressants was identified as a risk factor for the severity of gingival change. This observation appears to have been masked by the effects of the calcium channel blockers in earlier studies.     

Clinical evaluation of marginal parodontium condition in patients after kidney graft treated with calcineurine inhibitors and calcium channel blockers

Renal transplantation is a method of treating the chronic renal failure. Gingival overgrowth is a common side effect of immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporine A. Calcium channel blockers also cause gingival overgrowth or intensify it. Tacrolimus is a new inhibitor of calcineurine used as an alternative to cyclosporine A. 124 patients were treated with cyclosporine A, and 38 patients were given tacrolimus. At the same time, patients were given calcium channel blockers. Impact of age, sex, calcineurine inhibitors dosage, sort of calcium channel blocker used as well as treatment duration on gingival overgrowth were studied. Also, periodontal status: oral cavity hygiene, gingivitis degree as well as extent and level of gingival overgrowth were evaluated. Gingival overgrowth of different degree was present in 58 patients (46.7%) treated with CsA and in none of the patients treated with tacrolimus. Hygiene and inflammation indices were significantly higher in the group of patients with gingival overgrowth as compared to the group without gingival overgrowth treated with CsA. In the group of patients treated with tacrolimus, these indices were the lowest, and the gingivae were sort of shrunk and paler. Patients with risk factors in gingival overgrowth and patients with severe overgrowth should be converted to tacrolimus treatment.     

60例原位心脏移植患者口腔健康状况调查

目的:调查分析心脏移植患者口腔健康状况,为心脏移植患者口腔疾病防治提供依据.方法:选择60例心脏移植成功患者,按术后时间分为2组(术后＜1年组和术后＞1年组),设计口腔健康状况调查表,对患者进行口腔健康和卫生行为进行问卷调查,检查患龋情况及指数牙61(-)6(｜)6(-)16的牙周状况,包括:菌斑指数,菌斑检出率,牙石...     

牙周非手术治疗对硝苯地平导致的老年人牙龈增生的疗效观察

目的:评价牙周非手术治疗对硝苯地平导致的老年人牙龈增生的治疗效果。方法:选取硝苯地平导致的牙龈增生患者18例,在基线和牙周非手术治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月分别记录菌斑指数、探诊深度、出血指数和牙龈增生指数。18例患者共13例完成了12个月的观察。结果:在观察期间,各指数持续改善(P<0.05),牙龈炎症持续减轻,牙龈增生状况明显改善。结论:牙周非手术治疗可改善硝苯地平引起的老年人牙龈增生的程度。     

Incidence of verapamil-induced gingival hyperplasia in a dental population.

The records of 5,000 dental patients were reviewed for history of verapamil use between 1987 and 1990. Twenty-four dentate patients who received verapamil for more than 1 year were identified. Of these, gingival hyperplasia occurred in 1 patient (4.1%) that was limited to the mandibular attached gingiva. Onset of gingival overgrowth was associated with drug dosage, bacterial accumulation, and gingival inflammation. Histologically, the findings resembled that seen in hyperplasia induced by phenytoin, cyclosporin, and other calcium channel blockers. Our data suggest that gingival hyperplasia caused by verapamil occurs less frequently than nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia.