TGF-β/Smad信号传导通路在后囊膜混浊中用机制的研究进展

后囊膜混浊是白内障术后引起视力下降的常见并发症.转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)是调节晶状体上皮细胞转分化和产生细胞外基质的重要因子.TGF-β主要通过Smad信号传导通路实现其生物学作用,介导晶状体上皮细胞的增生、上皮细胞间充质转化和细胞外基质的产生.本文对TGF-β/Smad信号传导通路及其在后囊膜混浊形成中作用机制的研究现状进行综述.     

整合素与去整合素在后发性白内障方面的研究现状

晶状体摘除术后晶状体上皮细胞的增殖、黏附和迁移是后发性白内障的主要原因,整合素是一类介导C-C间以及C-ECM间的相互作用的黏附分子,在晶状体上皮细胞的增殖、黏附和迁移过程中发挥重要的作用,去整合素是一种小分子多肽,它可以特异性的被整合素识别并黏附,从而抑制整合素的生物学作用,本文就整合素的功能,整合素在晶状体上皮细胞上的分布及功能,晶状体上皮细胞与后发性白内障之间的关系以及去整合素在后发性白内障防治方面的研究进展做一综述。     

整合素在晶状体上皮细胞中的表达及其作用研究进展

整合素是介导细胞与细胞间及细胞与细胞外基质相互作用的重要黏附分子，其可参与晶状体上皮细胞的黏附和移行。本文综述了整合素在晶状体上皮细胞中的表达及其作用，以其对晶状体的发育、白内障及后发障的形成有进一步的了解。     

高浓度葡萄糖体外对人晶状体上皮细胞整合素连接激酶表达的影响

目的:观察体外培养的人晶状体上皮细胞系SRA01/04在高浓度葡萄糖条件下细胞的增殖活性及整合素连接激酶(integrin-linked kinase,ILK)的表达变化。方法:用人晶状体上皮细胞系SRA01/04,在培养液中加入不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液,使糖浓度分别为5.5mmol/L(正常对照组),15.5mmol/L,30.5mmol/L和50.5mmol/L,并设立5.5mmol/L葡萄糖+25mmol/L甘露醇组(甘露醇对照组)。细胞经过处理0,6,12,24,48,72h后,用MTT法检测晶状体上皮细胞的增殖活性,并用Western blot法检测细胞在30.5mmol/L葡萄糖处理6,12,72h后ILK蛋白表达量的变化。结果:高糖作用下晶状体上皮细胞的增殖活力高于正常对照组和甘露醇组,在30.5mmol/L组最为明显,而且随高糖暴露时间的延长,在48,72h时细胞的增殖活力增加更显著。30.5mmol/L葡萄糖作用6,72h,晶状体上皮细胞ILK蛋白的表达明显增高,分别是正常组的1.25和1.28倍,而甘露醇并不引起ILK的表达增加。结论:高浓度的葡萄糖促进人晶状体上皮细胞的增生,使细胞中ILK的表达量增加,这些变化并不依赖于高糖引起的高渗透压改变。     

整合素在角膜上皮创伤愈合中的研究进展

整合素作为一类重要的细胞黏附分子,通过影响细胞的形态,介导细胞的黏附、迁移和增生,在角膜上皮创伤愈合中发挥了重要的作用。讨论α2β1、α3β1、α5β1、αvβ3、α6β4、α9β1和αvβ6这7种整合素在角膜上皮创伤愈合中的研究进展及其临床意义。α6β4整合素为半桥粒的主要组成部分,介导角膜上皮细胞在细胞外基质上的静态黏附,损伤后该黏附就转变为α2β1、α3β1整合素介导的动态黏附,细胞在黏附-去黏附的过程中实现迁移,从而修复创面。α6β4、α3β1整合素相互协调作用,实现上皮细胞的板层状运动。研究还发现α6β4、α3β1整合素的活化还能促进细胞的增生。损伤后上皮细胞表面α5β1、αvβ3整合素的表达上调,二者与黏着斑的形成密切相关。α9β1和αvβ6为近年来新发现的与角膜上皮创伤愈合有关的整合素,其具体作用尚有待进一步的研究。     

β1整合素过表达促进体外兔角膜上皮细胞黏附和迁移

目的:探讨β1整合素过表达对角膜上皮细胞黏附和迁移的影响机制。方法:将β1整合素-GFP融合蛋白真核细胞重组表达质粒转染兔角膜上皮细胞,观察转染细胞的融合基因表达以及细胞的黏附和迁移能力。检测β1整合素转染对角膜上皮细胞粘着斑激酶(FAK)磷酸化的影响。结果:成功将β1整合素-GFP融合蛋白转染至兔角膜上皮细胞并使其过表达;β1整合素过表达能够明显增加角膜上皮细胞的黏附和迁移能力(P<0.05)并促进FAK磷酸化(P<0.05)。结论:β1整合素过表达能够明显促进角膜上皮细胞的黏附和迁移。     

β1整合素过表达促进体外角膜上皮细胞黏附和迁移

目的:探讨β1整合素过表达对角膜上皮细胞黏附和迁移的影响机制。方法:将β1整合素-GFP融合蛋白真核细胞重组表达质粒转染兔角膜上皮细胞,观察转染细胞的融合基因表达以及细胞的黏附和迁移能力。检测β1整合素转染对角膜上皮细胞粘着斑激酶(FAK)磷酸化的影响。结果:成功将β1整合素-GFP融合蛋白转染至兔角膜上皮细胞并使其过表达;β1整合素过表达能够明显增加角膜上皮细胞的黏附和迁移能力(P<0.05)并促进FAK磷酸化(P<0.05)。结论:β1整合素过表达能够明显促进角膜上皮细胞的黏附和迁移。     

转化生长因子-β信号通路在后发性白内障发生发展中的作用

后发性白内障(PCO)是现代白内障术后常见的并发症,白内障术后残留的晶状体上皮细胞(LECs)增生、迁移、上皮-间质转化(EMT)、胶原沉积、残留LECs向晶状体纤维的再生和转化是形成PCO的主要原因.转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)是目前已知的与诱导LECs转分化和组织病理性纤维化关系最为密切的细胞因子,许多研究已经证实Smad经典通路参与了TGF-β诱导的EMT过程,但越来越多的研究结果显示多条非Smad通路共同参与TGF-β诱导的EMT过程,包括磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3 K/Akt) Akt激酶、Rho、Wnt和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路等.就参与PCO病理过程的TGF-β信号通路的研究进展进行综述.     

RNA干扰技术干扰信号通路在后发性白内障防治中的应用

后发性白内障即后囊膜混浊(PCO),是白内障超声乳化摘出联合人工晶状体植入术后常见的并发症.白内障术后残留的晶状体上皮细胞(LECs)向后囊膜表面移行、增生及上皮-间质转化(EMT)等细胞生物学行为的改变可引起LECs纤维化、PCO及囊袋皱缩.转化生长因子β2(TGF-β2)是目前已知的参与诱导LECs的EMT及组织病理性纤维化关键的细胞因子,它可通过Smad经典通路参与诱导LECs的EMT过程.除此之外,PI3 K/AKT/mTOR信号通路也参与了TGF-β2诱导的EMT过程.RNA干扰(RNAi)技术作为基因调控手段之一,在通过干扰信号通路而抑制LECs的纤维化及增生、迁移等生物学行为中有一定的应用前景.本文就RNAi技术通过干扰PI3 K/AKT/mTOR信号通路和TGF-β2/Smad信号通路对LECs的生物学行为的影响,及其在PCO防治中的作用进行综述.     

β1整合素过表达抑制角膜上皮细胞凋亡的实验研究(英文)

目的:探讨β1整合素功能性过表达对角膜上皮细胞凋亡的影响及机制,为角膜细胞移植提供理论依据。方法:构建β1整合素-绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)融合基因并转染兔角膜上皮细胞。观察融合基因在角膜上皮细胞的表达及对各细胞外基质蛋白的黏附能力。检测β1整合素功能性转染对角膜上皮细胞凋亡及丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAP激酶)磷酸化的影响。结果:β1整合素-GFP融合基因成功转染至兔角膜上皮细胞并过表达;β1整合素过表达能够明显增加角膜上皮细胞对各细胞外基质蛋白的黏附力并抑制角膜上皮细胞凋亡及促使MAP激酶磷酸化。结论:β1整合素过表达能有效抑制角膜上皮细胞凋亡,MAP激酶磷酸化可能在这一过程中起重要作用。     

Comparative effects of TGF-β2/Smad2 and TGF-β2/Smad3 signaling pathways on proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix production in a human lens cell line

The signaling pathway of transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2)/Smad plays an important role in the pathological process in posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. Smad2 and Smad3 are both receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) of the TGF-β2 signaling pathway. We aim to find which among Smad2, Smad3, and Smad2&3 plays a key role in PCO pathology. The signal characteristics of TGF-β2 and Smad proteins in the human lens cell line HLE-B3 were investigated. Smad2, Smad3, or Smad2&3 were silenced using small interfering RNA. We then tested cell proliferation by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and cell growth curve assays, migration by transwell and wound-healing assays, and extracellular matrix production including α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), fibronectin, and type I collagen by real-time PCR assay, with and without TGF-β2 exposure. Silencing Smad3 blocked the effect of TGF-β2 on cell proliferation and production of fibronectin and type I collagen. Silencing Smad2 blocked the effect of TGF-β2 on cell migration and production of αSMA. Smad2 depletion enhanced Smad3 activity in cell proliferation and ECM production, whereas Smad3 depletion enhanced Smad2 activity in migration and αSMA expression. Silencing Smad2 and Smad3 efficiently blocked the effect of TGF-β2on cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix production. Smad2 and Smad3 are both key in the TGF-β2 signaling pathway. We can prevent the development of PCO following cataract surgery by blocking the TGF-β2/Smad2&3 signaling pathway.     

EGF-induced cell migration is mediated by ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in cultured human lens epithelial cells.

Cataract is considered as the most common cause of blindness, which is curable only by surgery. Postsurgery, however, many patients gradually develop the complication of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) or secondary cataract, arising from stimulated cell proliferation and cell migration within the lens capsule. The migration of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) plays crucial roles in the remodeling of lens capsule and cataract formation, but less is known about the cell-signaling mechanism of migration. We observed that epithelial growth factor (EGF) induced cell migration in cultured human lens epithelial cells through the ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways. EGF induced cell migration in a dose-dependent manner; EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation and downstream activation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38 MAP kinase (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and AKT, were inhibited by PD153035 (EGFR inhibitor), JNKi (JNK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), U0126 (MEK/ERK inhibitor), and LY294002 (PI3K/AKT inhibitor), respectively. Furthermore, we found that EGF induced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in cultured HLECs. EGF-induced MMP-2 activity was significantly inhibited by treatment of PD153035, U0126, and LY294002, but not SB203580 and JNK inhibitor, suggesting that ERK and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways selectively mediate EGF-stimulated MMP-2 activity and cell migration in cultured HLECs in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that the cell-signaling pathways involved in EGF-stimulated cell migration may constitute potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of PCO.     

BMP4/Smad信号通路的分子机制及其在眼部疾病中的作用

骨形成蛋白4（BMP4）通过Smad信号通路向下游传递信号,同时与Wnt/β-catenin、FGF等信号通路相互作用,调节一系列的病理生理活动。BMP4/Smad信号通路对眼具有重要作用。BMP4/Smad信号通路与眼前节、晶状体、视网膜的发育密切相关。同时,BMP4在成熟眼组织中高度表达,意味着BMP4/Smad信号通路与某些眼部疾病的发病机制有关。BMP4/Smad信号通路在维持角膜上皮稳态、视网膜神经的保护及修复方面起一定作用,同时还与青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性、增生型玻璃体视网膜病变等疾病的发生密切相关。本文主要讲述了BMP4/Smad信号通路的分子机制,并详细介绍了BMP4/Smad信号通路在眼发育和一些眼部疾病中的作用。     

Sprouty调控转化生长因子-β信号通路介导的上皮间充质转化抑制后囊膜混浊的研究进展

后囊膜混浊 (posterior capsular opacification，PCO) 是白内障手术的主要远期并发症，是由于手术切除纤维块后残留在囊袋中的晶状体上皮细胞（lens epithelial cell，LEC）的异常生长引起的。在成人术后2~5 a的发生率为20%~40%，儿童几乎为100%。大量研究表明LEC的上皮间充质转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)及增殖过程是PCO发展的主要病理改变，转化生长因子-β（transform growth factor-β,TGF-β）信号通路参与了LEC的EMT过程，其包括经典的Smad信号通路及非Smad信号通路。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase，MAPK）信号通路为主要的非Smad信号通路。Sprouty是RTK介导的Ras/ERK/MAPK 信号通路特异的抑制蛋白，并作为TGF-β诱导的EMT的负性调节因子抑制ERK信号通路，从而抑制EMT过程。本文将总结在PCO中LEC的EMT过程，以及Sprouty通过抑制TGF相关信号通路阻断PCO过程进行综述。     

Induction of apoptosis by the calcium antagonist mibefradil correlates with depolarization of the membrane potential and decreased integrin expression in human lens epithelial cells

Background Posterior capsule opacification is still the major complication in cataract surgery and is caused by migration and proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells. The challenge of a suitable therapy to inhibit capsule opacification is to specifically interfere with cellular mechanisms. Our approach using the T-calcium channel antagonist mibefradil is based on the hypothesis that this drug inhibits the signaling pathways mediated by cell adhesion.Methods The influence of mibefradil dihydrochloride was investigated on primary human lens epithelial cells (hLEC) from cataract surgery and on the human lens cell line HLE-B3. Apoptosis was quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry (% increase of the sub-G1 peak), and verified by confocal microscopy (annexin V-biotin, TUNEL reaction). The membrane potential was detected by a membrane potential-sensitive dye. Integrin expression and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry. T-calcium channels in hLEC were verified by the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique.Results Mibefradil induced apoptosis in hLEC. Early signs of apoptosis were observed after only 4 h of incubation with mibefradil, accompanied by a significantly reduced cell area. Apoptosis correlated with inhibited integrin expression, reduced proliferation and the depolarization of the membrane potential. We could identify calcium channels of the T-type in our primary hLEC.Conclusions We suggest that depolarization of the membrane potential and the inhibition of integrin expression leads to the loss of cell adhesion, which is the reason for the induction of apoptosis. Thus, mibefradil seems to be a suitable drug to prevent cell adhesion, migration and proliferation.     

Hepatocyte growth factor induces proliferation of lens epithelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/SAPK

PURPOSE: Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is caused by proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells (LECs) remaining after cataract surgery. In this study, the effect of HGF in LECs and the signaling pathways that contribute to HGF-induced proliferation were investigated. METHODS: Capsular bags prepared from porcine eyes were maintained in serum-free DMEM. The human lens epithelial B3 cells (HLE B3) and rat lens epithelial explants were cultured in MEM supplemented with 20% FCS and medium 199 with 0.1% BSA, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT assay, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, or flow cytometry. An antisense oligonucleotide was used to inhibit cyclin D1 expression. Activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways was detected by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: The proliferation of LECs in a capsular bag culture was significantly inhibited by treatment with the neutralizing antibody for HGF receptor. Stimulation of HLE B3 with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activated the MAPKs, ERK, and JNK/SAPK, but not p38. Activation of both ERK and JNK/SAPK was necessary for the HGF-stimulated induction of cyclin D1, which in turn was necessary for the HGF-induced proliferation of LECs. PI3K also participated in the regulation of cyclin D1 expression upstream of ERK and JNK/SAPK. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that HGF is a potent growth factor for LECs and may contribute to the development of PCO and suggest that the signaling pathways involved in HGF-stimulated proliferation may constitute potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of PCO.     

TGFβ promotes Wnt expression during cataract development

TGFβ induces lens epithelial cells to undergo epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and many changes with characteristics of fibrosis including posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Consequently much effort is directed at trying to block the damaging effects of TGFβ in the lens. To do this effectively it is important to know the key signaling pathways regulated by TGFβ that lead to EMT and PCO. Given that Wnt signaling is involved in TGFβ-induced EMT in other systems, this study set out to determine if Wnt signaling has a role in regulating this process in the lens. Using RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunolocalization this study clearly shows that Wnts 5a, 5b, 7b, 8a, 8b and their Frizzled receptors are upregulated in association with TGFβ-induced EMT and cataract development. Both rat in vitro and mouse in vivo cataract models show similar profiles for the Wnt and Frizzled mRNAs and proteins that were assessed. Currently it is not clear if the canonical β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway, or a non-canonical pathway, is activated in this context. Overall, the results from the current study indicate that Wnt signaling is involved in TGFβ-induced EMT and development of fibrotic plaques in the lens.     

Research progress on cell signal transduction pathway mediating age-related cataract

Age-related cataract is a blinding eye disease that affects vision due to opacity of intraocular lens, ranking first in the world. Under oxidative stress, the activation of apoptosis related signal transduction pathways in lens epithelial cells is the main mechanism mediating age-related cataract. There are many related signaling pathways for apoptosis, and it is a complex network system. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize different apoptotic cell signal transduction pathways that mediate age-related cataract, laying the foundation for further researching.