PPARγ受体在大鼠缺氧性肾小管上皮细胞损伤中的表达及意义

目的：探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（ PPARγ）在大鼠缺氧性肾小管上皮细胞（ RTEC）损伤中的表达及意义。方法将体外传代培养的大鼠RTEC 随机分为正常对照组、缺氧模型组、罗格列酮（ RGZ ）组和GW9662组。 RGZ组加入15μmol／L RGZ,GW9662组加入25μmol／L GW9662,将缺氧模型组、RGZ组、GW9662组放入真空罐中制作RTEC缺氧模型。正常对照组细胞不做处理。造模36 h后,采RT-PCR法和Western blot法检测各组RTEC PPARγ、转化生长因子-β1（ TGF-β1）的mRNA及蛋白表达。结果与正常对照组比较,缺氧模型组、RGZ组、GW9662组RTEC PPARγmRNA表达显著升高、蛋白表达显著降低（P均＜0．05）;与缺氧模型组相比,RGZ组RTEC PPARγmRNA表达降低,GW9662组表达上升（ P均＜0．05）。与正常对照组比较,缺氧模型组、RGZ组、GW9662组RTEC TGF-β1 mRNA表达显著降低、蛋白表达显著升高（P均＜0．05）;与缺氧模型组比较,RGZ组RTEC TGF-β1 mRNA表达上升,GW9662组表达降低（P均＜0．05）。相关性分析显示,缺氧性RTEC损伤中PPARγ的蛋白表达与TGF-β1的蛋白表达呈显著负相关（r＝－0．91,P＜0．05）。结论 PPARγ蛋白的低表达可能参与了缺氧性RTEC损伤的发生;RGZ可能通过上调PPARγ蛋白的表达而减轻缺氧性RTEC损伤。     

罗格列酮对糖尿病大鼠肾脏PEDF和TGF-β1表达的影响

目的探讨罗格列酮（RGZ）对DM大鼠肾组织色素上皮衍生因子（PEDF）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的影响。方法SD大鼠随机分为NC组、DM组和RGZ干预组（RGZ组）。12周后,观察各组FBG、肾重、肾重／体重指数、血脂,24小时UA1b的变化,以及肾脏组织标本行免疫组化和Westernblot观察PEDF和TGF-β1的表达。结果（1）RGZ组大鼠FBG、肾重、肾重／体重、24小时UA1b、Cr,BUN均低于DM组。（2）免疫组化及Westernblot显示,DM组和RGZ组肾组织TGF-β1表达均高于NC组（P〈0．01,P＜0．05）,而RGZ组TGF-β1低于DM组（P〈0．01）;DM组和RGZ组PEDF均低于NC组（P〈0．01,P＜0．05）,而RGZ组PEDF高于DM组（P〈0．05）。结论RGZ通过减低DM大鼠肾脏TGF-β1和升高PEDF的表达,对肾脏起到保护作用。     

罗格列酮干预对糖尿病大鼠肾病的影响

目的探讨PPAR7激动剂罗格列酮（RGZ）对糖尿病（DM）大鼠肾病有否保护作用及其机制。方法正常饮食，高脂高糖＋链脲佐菌素制备DM模型，将其随机分为RGZ大剂量干预组灌胃RGZ小剂量干预组和糖尿病非干预组。12周处死大鼠，取血、尿、肾标本，检测血糖、肾功能、肾脏指数（KD及UAlb、尿α-MG、β-MG。电镜观察肾脏超微结构。通过图像分析软件检测PPARγ、α-SMA及Ⅰ型胶原在肾脏的表达水平。结果与糖尿病非干预组比较，大剂量RGZ干预组的血糖、KI、UAlb、α-MG、β-MG及α-SMA、I型胶原的表达显著降低（P〈O．05），PPAR7的表达显著增多（P〈O．05）。结论RGZ大剂量干预可能对DM大鼠的肾病有保护作用。     

PPARγ2Pro12Ala基因多态性对罗格列酮干预糖调节受损和2型糖尿病的效果

目的研究罗格列酮（RGZ）干预糖调节受损（IGR）和T2DM的效果与PPARγ2Pro12Ala基因多态性的关系。方法106例新诊断的IGR和T2DM患者,用RGZ治疗12周,以PCR-RFLP方法检测PPARγ2Pro12Ala基因多态性。结果本组A等位基因频率为0.037,其中PP型98例,PA型8例,未发现AA型;PA型FPG及HbA1c均较PP型明显下降（P〈0.05）;PA型HOMA-IR下降更显著（P〈0.01）。结论PPARγ2基因为PA型者对RGZ的治疗反应优于PP型者。PPARγ2Pro12Ala基因多态性可能影响RGZ对IGR或T2DM患者的治疗效果。     

Suramin对环孢素A诱导的大鼠肾毒性的影响

目的 探讨Suramin对环孢素A（CsA）所致肾毒性的拮抗作用及其相关机制。方法 将40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、CsA组、CsA+小剂量Suramin组和CsA+大剂量Suramin组,每组10只。分别给药5周后检测4组大鼠24h尿蛋白、尿α_1-微球蛋白（MG）、β₂-MG和N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、血肌酐（SCr）、血尿素氮（BUN）、血尿酸（UA）和胱抑素C（Cys C）,并计算内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）。通过Masson三色染色法对大鼠肾脏组织进行染色并计算其肾间质纤维化指数。采用免疫组化法检测4组大鼠转化生长因子（TGF）-β₁、胶原（collagen）-Ⅰ和纤维连接蛋白（fibronectin）在肾组织中的表达并计算上述指标的平均光密度值（AOD）。结果 CsA组大鼠的尿α₁-MG、β_2-MG、NAG、BUN、UA和Cys C水平均明显高于对照组,Ccr水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。CsA+小剂量Suramin组和CsA+大剂量Suramin组大鼠的尿α₁-MG、β₂-MG、NAG、BUN、UA和Cys C水平均明显低于CsA组,Ccr水平均明显高于CsA组（P<0.05）。CsA组大鼠肾间质纤维化指数和TGF-β₁、collagen-Ⅰ、fibronectin的AOD值均明显高于对照组,CsA+小剂量Suramin组和CsA+大剂量Suramin组大鼠的上述指标均明显低于CsA组（P<0.05）。结论 Suramin能拮抗CsA诱导的大鼠肾毒性,TGF-β₁表达下调可能参与了Suramin抑制肾间质纤维化的病理生理过程。     

左卡尼汀对环孢素A所致胰腺和肾脏损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨左卡尼汀对环孢素A（CsA）所致胰腺和肾脏损伤保护作用的分子机制. 方法 将SD大鼠分为6组,即正常对照（VH）组、正常对照＋左卡尼汀低剂量（VH＋L50）组、正常对照＋左卡尼汀高剂量（VH＋L200）组、CsA组、CsA＋左卡尼汀低剂量治疗（CsA＋L50）组和CsA十左卡尼汀高剂量治疗（CsA＋L200）组.检测胰腺及肾功能指标、自噬性溶酶体（LC3-Ⅱ）表达、肾小管间质纤维化 （TIF）、肾脏TGF-β1和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）水平. 结果 CsA诱导胰腺损伤表现为血糖和HbA1c升高,血浆胰岛素水平下降,胰腺LC3-Ⅱ表达升高（P＜0.01）.肾脏中CsA致Scr和BUN升高、TIF增加（P＜0.01）,该变化伴随TGF-β1、8-OHdG和LC3-Ⅱ表达增加.左卡尼汀治疗对各指标均有效,LC3-Ⅱ表达仅在左卡尼汀高剂量治疗下减少（P＜0.05）. 结论 左卡尼汀对CsA所致胰腺和肾脏损伤有保护作用.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病高血压患者血清基质金属蛋白酶2及其组织抑制因子1的影响

目的观察2型糖尿病合并原发性高血压（DMEH）患者血清基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）及其组织抑制因子1（TIMP-1）的水平及罗格列酮（RGZ）治疗后的变化。方法40例DMEH患者随机分成两组：⑴DMEH非RGZ治疗组20例（男10例,女10例）;（2）DMEHRGZ治疗组20例（男8例,女12例）。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定MMP-2、TIMP-1及实验室相关指标,观察RGZ治疗前后MMP-2、TIMP-1水平变化及与非RGZ治疗组之间变化的差别。结果应用RGZ治疗组治疗16周后的血清MMP-2、TIMP-1水平分别为（37.9±3.9）μg/L和（410.0±80.9）μg/L,MMP-2水平较治疗前（27.5±4.3）明显升高（P〈0.05）;而TIMP-1水平较治疗前（468.1±100.6）明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论RGZ治疗除能改善血糖及血压外,可升高MMP-2和降低TIMP-1水平。     

罗格列酮干预对HSC-T6细胞增殖及细胞PPARγ和HO-1mRNA水平的影响

目的 探讨罗格列酮(RGZ)干预对HSC-T6细胞增殖及对细胞过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)和血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)mRNA水平的影响.方法 将HSC-T6细胞分为对照组、RGZ干预组和RGZ联合HO-1抑制剂ZnPP-IX处理组,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞活力,使用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,...     

罗格列酮对糖尿病大鼠残存胰岛表达肝细胞生长因子的影响

目的 观察罗格列酮对实验性1型糖尿病大鼠残存胰岛表达肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的影响. 方法 SD大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照(Con)组24只,糖尿病(DM)组24只,罗格列酮干预(RGZ)组24只.于应用罗格列酮后5个时间段分别测定各组FBG、FIns.免疫组化法检测胰岛中Ins及HGF的表达,并进行形态学量化分析. 结果 与DM组相比,RGZ组经罗格列酮干预后2周,血清胰岛素水平逐渐上升;血糖水平逐渐下降;胰腺相对β细胞量明显增多;胰岛HGF表达水平提高(P均<0.05).RGZ组胰岛HGF表达水平与胰腺相对β细胞量(r=0.766,P<0.05)及血清胰岛素水平(r=0.740,P<0.05)呈正相关. 结论 罗格列酮能增加实验性1型糖尿病SD大鼠β细胞数量,其机制可能与上调胰岛HGF的表达有关.     

罗格列酮与秋水仙碱对肝纤维化大鼠防护作用的比较

目的:探讨罗格列酮(RGZ)对实验性大鼠肝纤维化的防护作用.方法:采用四氯化碳(CCl4)腹腔注射诱导的大鼠肝纤维化模型,70只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为7组:正常对照组、模型组、罗格列酮组、罗格列酮预防组(小、中、大剂量组各10只)秋水仙碱组.应用HE染色、Masson染色、网状纤维染色观察大鼠肝纤维化的程度;生化法检测肝功能ALT、AST、Alb等;免疫组化染色法检测肝组织过氧化物酶体增生激活受体(PPAR-γ)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的表达.结果:罗格列酮预防组大鼠与模型组相比,肝组织结构明显改善,纤维化增生程度减低,肝功能改善,肝组织内丙二醛(MDA)、TGF-β1的表达均降低;RGZ综合效果优于秋水仙碱.结论:RGZ可通过激活PPAR-γ途径,减轻氧化应激后继的肝纤维化病变,降低TGF-β1的表达,对肝纤维化有良好的防护作用.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.