盐酸左氧氟沙星片在健康人体内的药代动力学和 生物等效性研究

目的：研究已上市盐酸左氧氟沙星片在健康中国人体内的生物等效性。方法：48例健康志愿者随机分组,分别在空腹及进食高脂餐后,两周期双交叉单剂量口服盐酸左氧氟沙星片及其参比制剂左氧氟沙星片各500 mg,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定给药前与给药后48 h内不同时间点的血药浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价生物等效性。结果：在空腹试验中,盐酸左氧氟沙星片及其参比制剂的AUC0~48 h分别为（50.0±8.4）、（48.8±8.6） μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为（6.15±1.42）、（5.98±1.55） μg·mL-1,tmax分别为（1.19±0.62）、（1.30±0.73） h,t1/2分别为（6.56±1.13）、（6.51±1.14） h-1,相对生物利用度为（103.0±8.7）%;在餐后试验中,盐酸左氧氟沙星片及其参比制剂的AUC0~48 h分别为（45.4±8.4）、（44.5±8.2） μg·h·mL-1,Cmax分别为（5.85±1.08）、（6.58±1.89） μg·mL-1,tmax分别为（1.93±0.72）、（1.82±0.81） h,t1/2分别为（6.69±0.81）、（6.63±0.76） h-1,相对生物利用度为（102.3±5.3）%。结论：盐酸左氧氟沙星片与其参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

氯雷他定片的人体相对生物利用度

目的研究氯雷他定片在健康人体内的相对生物利用度.方法18名健康男性志愿者按随机交叉试验设计口服单剂量受试制剂和参比制剂40mg,用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)法测定血药浓度,NDSr程序作统计学处理.结果受试制剂和参比制剂在血浆中的cmax分别为(51.05±23.16),(47.55±20.22)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.35±0.35),(1.44±0.53)h;T1/2分别为(13.16±5.20),(13.25±4.08)h;AUC0→36h分别为(135.27±62.82),(130.59±55.58)μg·h·L-1.主要药动学参数AUC0→36h,tmax,cmax经方差分析均无显著性差异.以AUC0→36h计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.5±24.7)%.结论2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊与片剂的人体生物等效性

目的 :研究多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊和多西环素片的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法 :2 0名男性健康志愿者随机分 2组 ,按双周期交叉口服单剂量 2 0 0mg多西环素的 2种制剂 ,分别于服药前及服药后 0 5 ,1,1 5 ,2 ,2 5 ,3,4,6 ,8,12 ,2 4,48,72h取血样 ,以HPLC法测定血浆中多西环素浓度 ,计算 2种制剂相对生物利用度参数 ,并评价其生物等效性。结果 :口服受试制剂多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊和参比制剂多西环素片的药动学参数 :cmax分别为 (3 6 5± 0 81) μg·mL-1和 (3 6 5± 0 73) μg·mL-1,tmax分别为 (2 5± 0 3)h和 (2 2± 0 7)h ,T1/ 2 (消除半衰期 )分别为 (2 1 4 8± 3 2 0 )h和 (2 1 85± 3 11)h ,AUC0→ 72 分别为 (72 18±2 2 6 8) μg·h·mL-1和 (72 0 6± 2 1 0 8) μg·h·mL-1,AUC0→∞ 分别为 (81 4 4± 2 4 94) μg·h·mL-1和 (81 82± 2 3 19) μg·h·mL-1,多西环素肠溶微粒胶囊相对生物利用度为 (10 1 9± 2 5 2 ) %,对参数cmax,AUC0→ 72 先进行方差分析 ,再进行双单侧t检验 ,表明 2种制剂的参数生物等效 ,tmax经非参数检验表明无统计学差异。结论 :多西环素肠溶微胶囊和多西环素片具有生物等效性。     

替诺昔康人体药动学与生物利用度研究

目的 研究替诺昔康的人体药动学,并作生物等效性评价。方法 采用两制剂双周期交叉试验设计。20例男性健康志愿者随机分别服用替诺昔康试验制剂和参比制剂20 mg,采用高效液相色谱紫外法（HPLC UV）测定血浆替诺昔康浓度。采用DAS 2.0程序进行药动学参数计算,据此对两种制剂作出等效性评价。结果 替诺昔康试验制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数Cmax分别为（2 520.25 ±503.45）和（2 488.78 ±243.16） μg·L 1;tmax分别为（2.89±0.54）和（2.95±0.85） h,tmax经秩和检验差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,试验制剂与对照制剂以AUC0→t与AUC0→∞计算其相对生物利用度分别为（96.3±16.7）%和（98.9±18.3）%。结论 该研究所用替诺昔康血药浓度监测方法可满足生物利用度试验方法学的要求。经方差分析及双单侧t检验表明：AUC0→t、AUC0→∞和Cmax均按试验验药与对照药生物等效性的假设,tmax经秩和检验差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,两种制剂生物等效。     

氟罗沙星片的人体生物等效性研究

(1. ［摘要］目的研究氟罗沙星片的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20例，随机双交叉单剂量口服氟罗沙星片试验和参比制剂，剂量均为0.4 g，剂间间隔为2周。分别于服药后48 h内多点抽取静脉血；用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定血浆中氟罗沙星浓度。用DAS药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性。AUC(0 48)、AUC(0 ∞)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验，tmax进行秩和检验。结果单剂量口服试验和参比制剂后血浆中氟罗沙星的Cmax分别为（5.30±1.20），（5.58±1.01 ） mg·L 1；tmax分别为（2.10±0.97 ），（1.90±0.79 ） h；AUC(0 48)分别为（91.05±17.76 ），（90.39±14.58 ） mg·h·L 1；AUC(0 ∞)分别为（97.49±19.33），（97.29±17.90） mg·h·L 1。AUC(0 48)、AUC(0 ∞)、Cmax的90%可信区间分别为94.0%～105.9%，92.9%～106.6%和88.6%～100.0%。结论氟罗沙星试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为（100.82±14.66）%，试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性。     

国产罗格列酮胶囊在健康人体的相对生物利用度

目的研究健康受试者口服罗格列酮胶囊的药代动力学。方法20名健康受试者随机服用罗格列酮受试和参比制剂各4mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中罗格列酮的浓度。结果经3P97程序处理,主要药代动力学参数如下。罗格列酮胶囊剂:t1/2为(5.18±0.84)h,AUC0-24h为(2.13±0.21)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(305.31±38.21)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.1±0.4)h;罗格列酮片剂:t1/2为(5.10±0.64)h,AUC0-24h为(2.20±0.20)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(318.84±38.38)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.2±0.3)h。罗格列酮受试和参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.6±12.7)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸二甲双胍片人体药代动力学和生物等效性研究

目的进行盐酸二甲双胍片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性研究.方法采用双交叉试验设计,18名健康受试者随机分为两组,单次口服试验制剂或参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍1000mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度,血药浓度-时间数据经DAS1.0软件计算得药代动力学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果试验制剂和参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片的药代动力学参数分别为Cmax(2.00±0.37)和(1.96±0.42)μg·mL-1,AUC0～24(10.71±1.42)和(10.62±1.32)μg·mL-1·h,AUC0～∞(12.00±1.51)和(11.94±1.46)μg·mL-1·h,t12(7.97±0.71)和(8.10±0.60)h,Tmax(1.89±0.21)和(1.89±0.21)h,试验制剂盐酸二甲双胍片相对生物利用度为(100.97±7.73)%.结论试验制剂和参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片主要药代动力学参数Cmax、AUC0～24、AUC0～∞及t21经统计学分析均无显著性差异,提示试验制剂与参比制剂盐酸二甲双胍片为生物等效制剂.     

加替沙星分散片的药动学与生物等效性

［摘要］目的研究加替沙星分散片（试验制剂）的人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定18例男性健康志愿者交叉口服加替沙星400 mg普通片（参比制剂）和分散片后的血药浓度，求算药动学参数并进行统计学评价。结果单剂量口服试验制剂和参比制剂后血浆中的加替沙星Cmax分别为（3.706±0.768）和（3.912±0.984） μg·mL 1；tmax分别为（0.806±0.349）和（1.306±0.598） h；浓度 时间曲线下面积［AUC(0 24)］分别为（17.721±4.030）和（18.064±3.129） μg·h·mL 1；AUC(0 inf)分别为（18.295±3.943）和（18.695±3.283） μg·h·mL 1；相对生物利用度为（99.62±21.62）%。结论加替沙星分散片与普通片具有生物学等效性。     

舒马普坦胶囊和片剂人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究国产舒马普坦胶囊、片剂在人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂100 mg。采用HPLC-MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,采用双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判断。结果 进口参比制剂中舒马普坦的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(41.68±18.38)μg·L-1;tmax为(2.08±0.65)h;AUC0→12为(152.14±61.63)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±0.8)h。国产舒马普坦胶囊的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.01±17.01)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产舒马普坦片剂的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.78±17.67)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产胶囊剂和国产片剂对进口片剂的相对生物利用度分别为91.0％±14.8％和92.0％±11.6％。结论 经统计学分析,国产舒马普坦片剂和胶囊剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性,制剂间药物动力学参数无显著差异。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液与片剂人体生物等效性评价

目的建立测定枸橼酸莫沙必利血浆浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,并对枸橼酸莫沙必利的口服液与片剂进行人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究.方法20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液或片剂10 mg,HPLC测定血药浓度,采用DAS 1.0程序进行药动学分析,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果单剂量口服10 mg枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液和片剂的药动学参数,AUC0→t分别为(170.2±40.7)μg·h·L-1和(176.6±69.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(182.2±43.7)μg·h·L-1和(193.2±73.3)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(61.3±17.0)μg·L-1和(58.6±22.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.60±0.21)h和(0.8±0.4)h.分别以AUC→t与AUC0→∞计算其相对生物利用度分别为(105.8±36.0)%和(102.9±35.1)%.结论两种制剂具生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.