妊娠期高血压疾病与血清微量元素锌 铜 铁 锰的关系

目的:探讨妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清微量元素锌、铜、铁、锰的变化,指导妊娠期高血压疾病的预防及临床治疗。方法:用火焰原子吸收法及石墨炉法测定妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清47例、新生儿脐血清44例及正常晚期妊娠孕妇血清及脐血清各30例的锌、铜、铁、锰血清含量并进行对照研究。结果:①重度子痫前期患者血清锌含量显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)、血清铁含量显著高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。②轻、重度妊娠期高血压患者新生儿脐血清锌、铜、铁、锰含量与正常对照组比较均无明显差异(P>0.05)。③从妊娠期高血压疾病患者血清与脐血血清锌、铜、铁、锰含量的比较中可以看出,孕妇血清锌、铁含量均显著低于脐血清锌、铁含量(P<0.01,P<0.05),孕妇血清铜含量显著高于脐血清铜含量(P<0.01),孕妇血清与脐血清锰含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。④本病孕妇血清铜/锌、铁/铜、铁/锌及铁/锰比值与对照组比较,除铜/锌比值未发现两组有明显差异外(P>0.05),其他各比值均有较明显变化(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:①血清微量元素锌的减少、铁的升高及锌、铜、铁、锰间的比例失衡可能与妊娠期高血压疾病的发生、发展有一定的关系。②无论孕妇机体在正常状态下还是在病理状态下,都首先保证胎儿对锌、铜、铁、锰的需要。     

Biliary and urinary excretion of metals in humans

Fifteen metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, inorganic mercury, organic mercury, iron, manganese, magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin, and aluminum) were determined in the hepatic bile and urine collected simultaneously from three Japanese individuals (2 males, 1 female). The presence of these metals was classified as follows: hepatic biliary concentrations were higher than urinary concentrations (lead, arsenic, and iron); urinary concentrations were higher than hepatic biliary concentrations (cadmium, inorganic mercury, tin, cobalt, magnesium, chromium, copper, zinc, and nickel); hepatic biliary concentrations were almost equal to urinary concentrations (manganese and organic mercury); and relationship between hepatic biliary and urinary concentrations changed occasionally (aluminum). Eight essential metals (iron, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium, copper, nickel, and cobalt) were detected at considerable concentrations in hepatic bile. Accounting for the daily flow volume of hepatic bile and the reabsorption of these metals, the supplementation of these metals should occur during treatment of diseases accompanied by loss of hepatic bile.     

Effect of mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride exposure on tissue concentrations of six essential minerals

There are few data on the effects of mercury exposure on tissue concentrations of essential minerals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to mercuric chloride and methylmercury chloride administered via the drinking water. Subsequently, the kidneys, spleen, liver, and brain were analyzed for mercury, calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Significant differences from controls were found for brain copper, kidney copper, and kidney zinc in the mercuric chloride-exposed animals; and for brain iron, kidney copper, kidney iron, kidney magnesium, spleen magnesium, and liver manganese in the methylmercury chloride-exposed rats. There was a fivefold higher mean kidney copper concentration in the mercuric chloride-exposed group; this may be related to the induction of renal metallothionein synthesis by mercury. Increased kidney copper may be a manifestation of heavy metal-induced renal toxicity. Both inorganic and methylmercury exposure produce significant changes in tissue concentrations of some essential minerals.     

Iron status influences trace element levels in human blood and serum

Food is the main source of trace elements for the general population. The gastrointestinal absorption of certain trace elements, e.g., cadmium, is strongly influenced by iron (Fe) status. This factor may also be relevant for the bioavailability of other trace elements. Therefore, we investigated relationships between Fe status indicators and trace element concentrations in blood and serum of 234 boys and girls at ages 15 and 17 years. Fe status was measured using serum ferritin (S-Ft), soluble transferrin receptor in serum (sTfR), and the ratio sTfR/S-Ft. The trace elements we investigated were, in blood, cadmium, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, rubidium, mercury, and lead, and, in serum, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, rubidium, tungsten, mercury, and lead. We found inverse correlations between Fe status and blood cadmium, blood or serum cobalt, or blood copper. There were positive correlations between Fe status and mercury concentrations. Selenium was positively correlated with sTfR. The relationships between Fe status and lead were equivocal. There were fewer correlations for serum than for blood, but the inverse relationships between Fe status and cobalt were equally strong in serum and blood. We found only occasional, and perhaps spurious, correlations with zinc, rubidium, and tungsten. In conclusion, previous indications that cadmium, cobalt, and copper are absorbed by transport mechanisms similar to that of Fe are supported by this study. Strong positive correlations between Fe status and mercury concentrations remain to be explained.     

Metals in Fish along the Southeast Coast of India

Metal concentrations (cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and mercury) in the muscle of five fish species (Epinephelus chlorostigma, Lutjanus russelli, Terapon jarbua, Cynoglossus arel and Lagocephalus lunaris) from the six fish landing centres along southeast coast of India were measured. In Cuddalore and Mudasalodai, the level of toxic metals cadmium, chromium and manganese were well above the permissible limits. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, manganese and mercury in C. arel were above the permissible limit and it is consistent with their habitat and diet. The results showed a relationship between metal concentrations and pollution status of the areas.     

Heavy metal concentrations in ground beetles, leaf litter, and soil of a forest ecosystem

The objective of this study was to quantify the relationships between heavy metal concentrations in soil, leaf litter, and ground beetles at four sampling sites of a forest ecosystem in Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia. Ground beetles were sampled by pitfall trapping. Specimens were dry-ashed and soil and beetle samples digested with nitric acid. Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistically significant differences between plots were found for lead, cadmium, and iron in ground beetles. Correlations between ground beetles and soil or leaf litter were positive for lead and cadmium concentrations and negative for iron concentration. Differences in species metal concentrations were recorded. Higher concentrations of all studied metals were found in female beetles. However, a significant difference between sexes was found only for manganese. Significant differences in species metal concentrations were found for species that differ in feeding strategies and age based on breeding season and emergence of young adults.     

某铜冶炼厂周围儿童全血铅等重金属元素含量的调查

目的 了解某铜冶炼厂对周边居住儿童血铅及其他重金属含量的影响.方法 2010年11-12月期间以某铜冶炼厂为固定点源,在与其距离0～5 km、5～10 km、＞10 km处分别选取1～2所小学,以6～11岁儿童作为研究对象,共采集80名儿童(其中男童38人,女童42人)的静脉血.采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS...     

Maternal and cord blood metal concentrations and low birth weight--a case-control study

There has been speculation on the possible role of trace metals in contributing to the occurrence of low birth weight, but few data are available for most metals. Twenty-five women giving birth to infants weighing between 1500 and 2500 g (cases) and 50 women giving birth to infants weighing more than 2500 g (controls) were studied. The cases and controls were matched for age +/- 4 years), race, and socioeconomic status. Cord blood and maternal blood collected at delivery were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for calcium, magnesium, copper, lead, and iron. Significant differences between the mean blood metal concentrations of the low birth weight and control groups were found for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.05) in the maternal blood samples and for calcium (P less than 0.001) and iron (P less than 0.01) in the cord blood samples. All concentrations were lower in the low-birth weight group except for the maternal iron level. No significant differences between the low birth weight and control groups were found for copper, lead, and magnesium in either maternal or cord blood.     

Levels of selected trace metals in canned tuna fish produced in Turkey

Trace metals (iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, tin, mercury and lead) in canned tuna, obtained from 4 different brands in Turkey, were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The trace metals were found to be in the range of 20.2-38.7 mg/kg for iron, 8.20-12.4 mg/kg for zinc, 0.48-0.58 mg/kg for copper, 0.01-0.02 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.02-0.13 mg/kg for tin, 0.06-0.30 mg/kg for mercury, and 0.09-0.45 mg/kg for lead. These results showed that there is no risk in canned tuna with respect to the concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium and tin. However, it was determined that some of the samples may contain iron, lead and mercury above the legal limits set by health authorities. It was concluded that trace metals in canned tuna must be monitored comprehensively and periodically with respect to the consumer health.     

Trace metal content and estimated daily human intake from chicken eggs in Ibadan, Nigeria

A total of 151 chicken eggs and 4 local chicken feeds purchased directly from the poultry farms, at the local markets, and along the roadsides of Ibadan, Nigeria, were analyzed for lead, cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, and cobalt by carbon graphite atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The authors found strong, positive correlations between the levels of metals in the feeds and the corresponding levels of metals in the eggs. The overall average concentrations (mg/kg) of each metal in eggs were as follows: lead, 0.59; cadmium, 0.07; copper, 0.78; iron, 23.20; nickel, 0.03; zinc, 13.75; and cobalt, 0.01. The average estimated daily intake of lead, cadmium, copper, and iron per person was 19.5 microg, 2.4 microg, 25.6 microg, and 762.3 microg, respectively, whereas daily intakes of nickel, zinc, and cobalt were 0.9 microg, 452.1 microg, and 0.2 microg per person. The concentrations of some metals in eggs from this study did not differ appreciably from levels determined in eggs from other countries; concentrations of lead and cadmium in the current study, however, were comparatively greater than levels found in other countries. Therefore, the estimated daily intakes of lead and cadmium in this region slightly exceeded the normal reported daily intakes of lead and cadmium from eggs in some other countries.     

Heavy metal Concentrations in the Holston River Basin (Tennessee)

Contamination levels of zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, and manganese of the major streams in the Holston River Basin in Eastern Tennessee are reported and compared with other waterways. Heavy metal levels are sufficiently high in areas of the Basin to affect the health of aquatic life. The levels of cadmium, copper, manganese, lead and zinc were measured in fish samples from each lake and stream in the Basin and compared to those reported for fish throughout the world. The use of fish to monitor the levels of heavy metals is discussed as an alternative to grab samples of water; mercury levels in fish muscle reflected pollution of a stream, whereas grab samples of water did not.     

Glycogen in the muscles of rats poisoned by metal ions

Glycogen was determined in the skeletal muscles of rat after exposure to several salts of mercury, cadmium, zinc, copper, molybdenum, lead, cobalt and manganese. Treatment with these metals depleted muscle glycogen except in the case of copper and zinc. The causes and significance of the changes involved are discussed.     

Cadmium,Copper, Lead and Zinc Concentrations in Female and Embryonic Pacific Sharpnose Shark (Rhizoprionodon longurio) Tissues

In this work we compared the cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents of muscle, liver and placenta of gestating females of the viviparous shark Rhizoprionodon longurio and of muscle, liver and umbilical cord of their respective embryos. The higher values of the essential Cu and Zn were in embryonic or embryo-related tissues (placenta and umbilical cord). Maternal muscle and liver had the highest values of Pb and Cd, respectively. There were significant direct correlations between the Zn and Cd concentrations of placenta and umbilical cord, as well as between maternal muscle and embryonic livers for Pb and Cd, but the relation between these tissues was inverse in the case of Zn. All correlations between the metal content of embryonic tissues and size of the embryos were negative, suggesting an inverse relation between the rate of mother-to-embryo metal transfer and embryonic growth.     

孕产妇血清和脐血血清中6种营养元素的相关关系及孕期营养保健的研究

检测了４６例非孕育龄妇女、１０９３例孕妇、６８例产妇血清及其中３９例新生儿脐血血清中的Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ水平，发现妇女妊娠以后血清Ｃｕ、Ｃｕ／Ｚｎ比值显著升高（Ｐ均＜０．０１），Ｚｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ则明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５、Ｐ＜０．０１、Ｐ＜０．０１）。对３９例产妇血清及其新生儿脐血血清中的６种元素进行相关分析，发现两者间Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ水平呈显著正相关关系，而Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ的相关关系不明显。     

Chronic exposure of sheep to a zinc smelter in Peru

Liver levels of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc were assessed in adult female sheep living in the vicinity of a zinc smelter in Peru. The study was conducted on a large sheep-raising cooperative divided into seven management units, operated under a standardized husbandry system. Soil samples were analyzed for the same metals at varying distances from the smelter. A gradient of concentration of heavy metals in soil was found between 1 and 56 km from the smelter. Soil concentrations for all metals except manganese decreased significantly with increasing distance from the smelter. The strongest correlations were found for copper, lead, and zinc (P less than 0.001). Topographic features and prevailing wind direction appeared to play a role in the dispersion of pollutants. Liver samples were obtained from 153 sheep on five units of the cooperative. The centers of the units sampled were between 13 and 56 km from the smelter. Hepatic concentrations of arsenic, lead, manganese, and zinc decreased significantly with increasing distance from the smelter. Liver arsenic and liver zinc were significantly related to soil concentrations. Liver levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and manganese in sheep from the cooperative were significantly higher than those detected in control sheep from southern Peru. Sheep populations may serve as biological monitors for heavy metal accumulation and environmental carcinogenesis.     

Macro- and microelements in canned sprats

The content of macro- and microelements and toxic metals in the most popular canned sprat was described in this paper. The research included the following canned sprat: sprat in tomato, smoked and steamed sprat in oil. The following analyses were carried out: content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium, selenium, fluorine, iodine, cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic. Fluorine, iodine, selenium, and calcium and phosphorous are provided to customer organism in large amount by canned sprat, however canned sprat cannot be considered as a source of copper, chromium, and manganese. On the base of assessment data one canned sprat (weight 170 g) provides to customer organism more than 50% recommended daily intake of calcium and phosphorus, 85-233% fluorine, 62.5% iodine, 43% recommended selenium, more than 25% zinc, about 15% daily intake of magnesium, potassium and iron. It was found that all of the analyzed canned sprat contained relatively low content of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, thus confirming the established safety standards.     

Placental transfer of cadmium in pregnant women

To clarify the maternal-fetal transfer of cadmium across the placenta, cadmium was determined in 21 paired samples of maternal blood, placenta and umbilical cord blood obtained at delivery from pregnant women who did not smoke and had no particular exposure to cadmium compounds in their history. Cadmium was detected in all the samples. In both maternal blood and umbilical cord blood, the cadmium concentrations in the red blood cells were remarkably higher than those in the plasma. The cadmium concentration in the umbilical cord blood was significantly lower than that in the maternal blood, suggesting that the placenta might effectively block the transfer of cadmium to fetuses in pregnant women. The placental cadmium concentration was the highest in the samples determined. The ratios of placental to maternal blood cadmium concentration were very large, indicating that cadmium preferentially accumulates in the placental tissues. On the other hand, the ratios of umbilical cord blood to placental cadmium concentration were very small, indicating that the placenta constitutes an effective barrier against cadmium; that is, the placental cadmium is hard to transfer to fetuses in pregnant women. The significantly positive correlations between maternal blood and placenta, between placenta and umbilical cord blood and between maternal blood and umbilical cord blood in terms of the concentrations of cadmium suggest that the amount of cadmium accumulated in placenta and transferred from mother to fetus is strongly influenced by the cadmium body burden of the mother.     

The in vitro effect of metal ions on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

The effects of a total of 15 metals on the activity of erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) were investigated in vitro. The degree of inhibition of the ALA-D activity by copper, tin, mercury and silver was almost equal to that by lead, when the metal was added to the hemolysate of whole blood at the concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/l in the ALA-D assay. Magnesium, manganese and beryllium had no effect on the ALA-D activity at the same concentrations. Zinc had a mild activating effect on ALA-D at the optimum concentrations and it eliminated the inhibitory effect of lead to some extent. However, the inhibitory effects of both mercury and cadmium on ALA-D were not quite eliminated even by the addition of zinc. These facts seem to suggest that the inhibition mechanism of lead on ALA-D differs from those of other metals.     

Heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in maternal, cord blood and placenta of healthy women

Lead, cadmium and mercury were measured in placental tissue, umbilical cord and maternal blood samples of 1578 women who delivered at the Al-Kharj King Khalid Hospital between 2005 and 2006. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of heavy metal exposure in mothers and their newborns and to identify predictors of maternal exposure. Lead was detected in all cord and maternal blood and in 96% of placental tissues. Only in 0.89% and 0.83% of cord and maternal blood samples were the levels of lead above the CDC threshold limit of 10 μg/dl. Maternal blood lead was also higher (2.3%) than the German Reference value in women of 7 μg/dl. Approximately 9.3% of women had a placental lead above the 95th percentile in the range of 0.83-78 μg/g dry wt., a level of possible developmental toxicity. Cadmium was detected in 94.8% and 97.9% of cord and maternal blood samples respectively, though only five newborns had a cadmium level above the OSHA threshold limit of 5 μg/l. Comparing our results to the newly revised German Reference value for nonsmokers, 48.6% of mothers had blood cadmium levels >1.0 μg/l. We found as well that 25% of women had placental cadmium in the >75th percentile, in the range of 0.048-4.36 μg/g dry wt., which is likely to affect fetal growth and development. Of the maternal and cord blood samples, 11.2% and 13%, respectively, had mercury levels >5.8 μg/l, which is the EPA reference dose. Nearly 49% of women had mercury levels >2.0 μg/l, the German Reference value for those who consume fish ≤3 times a month. Around 50% of the mothers had placental mercury in the range of 0.031-13.0 μg/g dry wt. Regression analyses indicated that the levels of metals in the blood and placenta were influenced by several factors. This study provides informative baseline biomonitoring data and reveals a substantial exposure to heavy metals in non-occupationally exposed Saudi mothers and their newborns that might jeopardize the health of both. Additional research is also urgently needed to explore factors such as environment, diet, lifestyle and/or cultural habits contributing to maternal and fetal exposures. Preventive measures to eliminate or minimize the unnecessary risk of fetus exposure to heavy metals or other pollutants during pregnancy should be initiated once these factors are identified.     

Mobilisation of heavy metals into the urine by CaEDTA: relation to erythrocyte and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators.

To investigate the effects of calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (CaEDTA) on the urinary excretion, erythrocyte, and plasma concentrations and exposure indicators of seven heavy metals, CaEDTA was administered by intravenous infusion to 20 workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper. The workers' blood lead concentrations ranged from 22 to 59 micrograms/dl (mean 38 micrograms/dl (1.8 mumol/l]. The 24 hour urinary excretion of metals after CaEDTA administration (mobilisation yield) was on average 13 times the background excretion for lead, 11 times for zinc, 3.8 times for manganese, 3.4 times for cadmium, 1.3 times for copper, and 1.1 times for chromium; no significant increase was found for mercury. The mobilisation yield of lead (MPb) was significantly correlated with whole blood and erythrocyte concentrations and the urinary excretion of lead but not with its plasma concentration; similarly, the mobilisation yield of cadmium was significantly correlated with its erythrocyte concentration. In addition, MPb was significantly correlated with intra-erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity and urinary coproporphyrin excretion. The relation between the mobilisation yield of heavy metals and their body burden (and toxic signs) is discussed in the light of these findings.