中年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者分类能力及某些相关问题研究

目的：探讨Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的分类能力及与情绪、人格、脑血灌注情况的关系。方法：年龄（４０￣６０岁）、性别、学历、职业相匹配的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者和非糖尿病病人各３０名,均接受威斯康星卡片分类测验、艾森克个性测验、焦虑和抑郁自一表的测量,部分被试另作脑血流灌注显像检查。结果：糖尿病组ＷＣＳＴ成绩低于对照组,基分类能力与糖尿病并发症,病期等躯体因素有关,还与人格和情绪因素有关,ＳＰＥＣＴ发现,患者存在局部脑血     

肿瘤治疗患者的前瞻性研究

年龄是肿瘤发生的一个危险因素。大约５５％的肿瘤患者超过６５岁，而且６０％与肿瘤相关的死亡发生在这一年龄组。老年人经常由于年龄原因被拒绝进行肿瘤治疗。作者进行这方面的前瞻性对比研究来比较７０岁以上和７０岁以下两个年龄组肿瘤患者的临床特点和治疗。方法　作者选择１９９２．０６～１９９４．０９月间４００例肿瘤患者进行对比研究。在青年和高龄患者间比较根据Ｚｕｂｒａｌ标准的一般状况相关的慢性病，初发症状至肿瘤诊断的间隔；疾病分期（根据ＴＮＭ系统），辅助治疗和姑息治疗。结果　５４例７０岁以下患者（２５．５％）…     

无抽搐电痉挛与电痉挛治疗对记忆影响的对照研究

目的：探讨无抽搐电痉挛对记忆的影响。方法：将入组病例随机分为两组，分别施行无抽搐电痉挛治疗与电痉挛治疗，以修订韦氏记忆量表（ＷＭＳ）与简明精神病评定量表（ＢＰＲＳ）作为评定工具，比较两组之间的记忆水平及疗效。结果：无抽搐电痉挛对记忆无明显影响，电痉挛对记忆的影响持续两周以上，电痉挛对记忆的影响可能与大脑短时间缺氧有关。结论无抽搐电痉挛不影响患者记忆，治疗时患者不感到痛苦，易于接受，可替代电痉挛治疗     

中国幼儿智力量表的编制：II.效度研究

目的；对中国幼儿智力量表（ＣＩＳＹＣ）进行效度检验，方法：考察常模样本各年龄组各分测验成绩的变化趋势，量表的内部相关，因素分析等；ＣＩＳＹＣ与其它智力测验（Ｃ－ＷＣＳＩ和Ｋ－ＡＢＣ），反应时及ＨＲＢ进行相关。结果：常模样本中各年龄组各分测验粗分均值均随年龄增长而呈稳定的递增趋势，各分测验，各成份分与ＩＱ相关及因素分析结果均表明量表具有较好的内部结构一致性，ＣＩＳＹＣ的智商与Ｃ－ＷＹＣＳＩ的ＦＩＱ的     

肺大细胞癌分化表型及其意义的病理学研究

为探讨肺大细胞癌（ＰＬＣＣ）分化表型及其临床病理意义，采用与分化表型有关的抗体：高分子量角蛋白（ＣＫ－ＨＭＷ）、低分子量角蛋白（ＣＫ－ＬＭＷ）、分泌成分（ＳＣ）、嗜铬颗粒蛋白Ａ（ＣｇＡ）、突触素（Ｓｙｎ），对６０例ＰＬＣＣ进行免疫组织化学研究。结果显示，６０例ＰＬＣＣ分别具有单向、双向及三向的分化表型特征。不同分化表型的ＰＬＣＣ患者中位生存期不同，向神经内分泌分化者和向腺分化者的生存期差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果表明：（１）ＰＬＣＣ具有不同的分化表型；（２）向神经内分泌分化者预后较差；（３）对ＰＬＣＣ进行分化表型分类是有必要的。     

北京市城市社区老年期痴呆和老年抑郁症患病率调查

目的：了解九十年代老年痴呆和老年抑郁症患病率水平,并与八十年代结果进行比较,方法．：从社区中选取６０岁及以上老人为调查对象,采用两阶段调查法,以ＭＭＳＥ,ＧＤＳ,为筛查工具;ＡＤＬ,ＨＡＭＤ为评定工具;ＤＤＤＳ和ＨＩＳ为鉴别工具,按ＩＣＤ－１０确诊病例。结果：Ｄ １５９３名６０岁及以上老人中,老年期痴呆患病率２．５１％,其中ＡＤ１．３８％,ＶＤ０．９４％;老年抑郁症患病率１．５７％。本结果与１９８     

社区老年抑郁及相关因素分析

为了调查社区老人抑郁及相关因素，本文采用抑郁自评量表（ＣＥＳ－Ｄ）、简明精神状态量表（ＭＭＳＥ），参考社会支持评定量表（ＳＳＲＳ）、老人抑郁影响因素调查表，对上海静安区５００例６０岁以上老人进行调查，结果显示６９例有肯定抑郁症状，影响抑制的四个主要因素为：参加团体活动、与儿女关系、同住情况及住房满意度。     

绞股蓝对脑梗塞后病人脑功能障碍的改善作用

目的：探讨绞股蓝对脑梗塞病人脑功能的改善作用。方法：在７６例被试中，随机以３２例脑梗塞患者服用绞股蓝（ａ组），２１例脑梗塞患者服用脑复康（ｂ组），２３例匹配的正常老年人服用绞服蓝（ｃ组），三组均服药１２周；用ＣＭＳ、ＷＭＳ、ＨＲＢ－ＲＣ作为观察疗效的指标。结果：（１）ａ组及ｃ组在服用绞股蓝１２周后，其记忆各分测验成绩及记忆商均升高，并优于ｂ组。ａ组经服绞股蓝后，记忆力改善并接近正常老年人。（２）ａ组服用绞股蓝后神经心理测验成绩优于ｂ组，尤其是范畴测验成绩更好，并且ａ组神经心理功能接近于正常老年人的水平。结论：绞股蓝能较好地改善脑梗塞患者的脑功能。这对于脑梗塞后认知功能的恢复、痴呆的预防和治疗都有价值。     

儿童记忆发展的横断面研究

目的；本研究采用横断面法研究6－18岁儿童记忆能力随年龄发展的规律。方法：采用比例随机取样法，在长沙、湘潭、醴陵三地的4所小学，5所中学和1所中专抽取322名儿童，对入组儿童用多维记忆评估量表作个别记忆测查。结果：随年龄增长，各记忆测验和因子分均有显著增加（P＜0．001），但不同测验和因子分增长的速率和达到峰值年龄不同，外显记忆、日常生活记忆和总记忆成绩在14前呈快速增长，每组的得分均显著高于前一组的得分（P＜0．05），15岁后得分无明显增加，内隐记忆、自由回忆、再认记忆和记忆广度得分在12岁前呈连续增加（P＜0．05），13岁后得分无显著改变。结论：儿童各种记忆能力都随年龄增长而发展，各种记忆快速发展的年龄，增长的速度和达到高峰的时期不尽相同。     

60岁以上老年人WMS结果分析

阿尔茨海默病 (ＡＤ)、脑血管病 (ＣＶＤ)以及其他神经系统疾病均能影响老年人的记忆功能。本文总结本院神经心理室 6 0岁以上老年人的韦氏记忆测验资料 ,分析上述疾病患者的记忆情况 ,通过与正常人进行比较 ,以了解这些疾病所产生的记忆损害状况和程度。1　对象与方法1.1　对象从 1991年 2月至 2 0 0 2年 1月 ,在我院神经心理室接受韦氏记忆量表 (ＷＭＳ -ＲＣ)测试的门诊和住院病人及部分正常老年人中年龄 6 0岁以上者共计394人。其中ＡＤ 198例 (5 0 .3% ) ,男性 113例 ,女性85例 ,平均年龄 71.2 4± 5 .6 7岁 ;ＣＶＤ 12 9例 (32 .7% ) …     

Effect of repeated administration of a neuropsychological battery in the elderly.

Our study explored the magnitude of practice effect in repeated administration of NP measures that tap different cognitive domains in normal elderly subjects (N = 122) between ages 57 and 85, who were evaluated over three annual testing probes. Results revealed that WAIS-R PIQ, serial recall of words, WMS visual memory, and memory for logical passages (immediate and delayed) are likely to improve on the retest due to practice effect in individuals below age 75, whereas test-retest changes in older people show a different pattern. Implications of age-specific changes on retest for differential diagnosis of dementia in clinical practice were considered.     

Wechsler Memory Scale performance in geropsychiatric patients

Patients (N = 36) on a geropsychiatric acute care unit were administered the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) at admission and discharge. The results indicated that there were significant increases in WMS scores from admission to discharge. Mean scores on the WMS were generally below those previously reported for normal geriatric groups, but above those reported for chronically ill or demented groups. As in previous studies, a significant positive relationship was found between education and WMS score, although no such relationship was found between age and WMS score. Overall, the results highlight the need for comprehensive norms for the elderly, which would increase greatly the practical utility of the WMS in clinical settings.     

Effects of aging and dementia upon recent visuospatial memory

In two experiments, a total of 20 young normals, 29 elderly normals, and 76 elderly demented subjects were administered a computerized delayed visuospatial recall task. Subjects were instructed to remember which room of a 25-room house had a light on in the window. A choice reaction time task was interposed during the delay interval (0–120 seconds) between stimulus presentation and recall. The test was designed to be (1) face valid-relevant to the subjects' everyday lives, (2) sensitive and specific to the cognitive decline associated with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), and (3) comparable to animal memory tests. Immediate recall of the spatial location of a single stimulus was found to be deficient in severely demented subjects only, and all groups exhibited a decline in recall accuracy with increasing delay intervals. This decline in recall accuracy was greatest in severely demented subjects, smaller in less demented subjects, still smaller in aged normals, and smallest in young normals. No significant forgetting of spatial location occurred between 30 and 120 seconds after stimulus presentation. Increasing stimulus number decreased recall accuracy in all groups and the elderly and elderly demented subjects were more sensitive to the increase in stimulus load than the young normals. Choice reaction time also proved sensitive to age and severity of dementia. Correlation analyses demonstrated that delayed spatial recall (as well as choice reaction time) is highly correltated with clinically evaluated global cognitive status, as well as with tests of verbal recall. These results confirm previous reports that spatial recall is impaired by both age and SDAT. It is concluded that this test procedure and others applying similar approaches should be useful in the assessment of age-related cognitive dysfunction and in the evaluation of potential pharmacological treatments for these disorders.     

Effects of aging and dementia upon recent visuospatial memory

In two experiments, a total of 20 young normals, 29 elderly normals, and 76 elderly demented subjects were administered a computerized delayed visuospatial recall task. Subjects were instructed to remember which room of a 25-room house had a light on in the window. A choice reaction time task was interposed during the delay interval (0–120 seconds) between stimulus presentation and recall. The test was designed to be (1) face valid-relevant to the subjects' everyday lives, (2) sensitive and specific to the cognitive decline associated with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT), and (3) comparable to animal memory tests. Immediate recall of the spatial location of a single stimulus was found to be deficient in severely demented subjects only, and all groups exhibited a decline in recall accuracy with increasing delay intervals. This decline in recall accuracy was greatest in severely demented subjects, smaller in less demented subjects, still smaller in aged normals, and smallest in young normals. No significant forgetting of spatial location occurred between 30 and 120 seconds after stimulus presentation. Increasing stimulus number decreased recall accuracy in all groups and the elderly and elderly demented subjects were more sensitive to the increase in stimulus load than the young normals. Choice reaction time also proved sensitive to age and severity of dementia. Correlation analyses demonstrated that delayed spatial recall (as well as choice reaction time) is highly correltated with clinically evaluated global cognitive status, as well as with tests of verbal recall. These results confirm previous reports that spatial recall is impaired by both age and SDAT. It is concluded that this test procedure and others applying similar approaches should be useful in the assessment of age-related cognitive dysfunction and in the evaluation of potential pharmacological treatments for these disorders.     

Patterns of subjective memory impairment in the elderly: association with memory performance

BACKGROUND: The association of subjective memory impairment (SMI) with cognitive performance in healthy elderly subjects is poor because of confounds such as depression. However, SMI is also a predictor for future dementia. Thus, there is a need to identify subtypes of SMI that are particularly related to inferior memory performance and may represent at-risk stages for cognitive decline.METHOD: A total of 2389 unimpaired subjects were recruited from the German Study on Ageing, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe), as part of the German Competence Network on Dementia. Clusters of SMI according to patterns of response to SMI questions were identified. Gender, age, depressive symptoms, apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype, delayed recall and verbal fluency were included in a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis to identify discriminators between the clusters. RESULTS: We identified three clusters. Cluster 1 contained subjects without memory complaints. Cluster 2 contained subjects with general memory complaints, but mainly without memory complaints on individual tasks of daily living. Cluster 3 contained subjects with general memory complaints and complaints on individual tasks of daily living. Depressive symptoms, as the first-level discriminator, distinguished between clusters 1 and 2 versus cluster 3. In subjects with only a few depressive symptoms, delayed recall discriminated between cluster 1 versus clusters 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: In SMI subjects with only a minor number of depressive symptoms, memory complaints are associated with delayed recall. As delayed recall is a sensitive predictor for future cognitive decline, SMI may be the first manifestation of future dementia in elderly subjects without depression.     

Performance of four age groups of normal elderly on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test

This study explored effect of age on encoding, retention, and retrieval components of memory functioning in a sample of 156 healthy, elderly subjects between the ages of 57 and 85, partitioned into four age groups. Memory assessment was based on subjects' performance on the RAVLT, which consisted of five free-recall trials, recall after interference, and recognition trial. Significant group differences in recall were found on all five learning trials, whereas rates of learning, forgetting, and recognition did not differ for four age groups. In addition, primacy/recency effect was equally strong for all groups. Results suggest faulty retrieval mechanisms, whereas encoding and retention processes did not prove to be affected by aging.     

The wechsler memory scale and closed head injury

Compared a sample of Ss from the general population (N = 116) with a sample of head-injured patients (N = 70) whose injuries varied from the mild to the very severe. In a criterion factor analysis it was found that the WMS subtests of Logical Memory and Associate Learning were related closely to the criterion of head injury. Both samples were divided at age 35, and analyses of variance were carried out on the four subsamples. The findings were that the younger head-injured patients had very severe memory deficits, whereas these deficits were much less marked with the older head-injured Ss. The most marked deficits were found on WMS Factor I (verbal learning and immediate recall). WMS Factors II and III displayed significant but less clearly marked cognitive deficits. In this study, analysis in terms of the three WMS Factors enabled group and age differences in memory functioning to be highlighted in an unambiguous manner, which suggested that the present factor system is very useful for describing and identifying some types of memory deficit.     

Developmental analysis of the Wechsler Memory Scale

Memory functions commonly decline with age. All dimensions of memory functioning may not change equally with age. Some studies have shown declines in visual-spatial memory tasks, others in remembering stories, and another in learning pairs of associated words. The purpose of this study was to determine which dimensions deteriorate with increasing age. In addition, this study examines the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), for which previous reports note two-, three- and four-factor solutions. WMS data from 1264 males and 1141 females at six age intervals, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and 70-79 years, were compared on seven subtests to assess age trends. Visual-spatial memory tasks, remembering stories, and learning pairs of associated words proved more difficult with advanced age. Using theoretical, psychometric and statistical criteria, a one-factor (cluster) solution in both sexes across all age groups shows that the WMS measures only one construct, memory. This was shown by using principal component analyses, hierarchical cluster analyses, and very simple structure.     

Age‐related changes in memory for visual hierarchical stimuli

A test of memory for visual hierarchical stimuli was given to normal volunteers from three age groups (21 to 78 years old). Significant age‐related declines were found in recall of global‐ and local‐level stimuli on three immediate recall trials and on a 20‐min delayed recall trial. On delayed recognition testing, older subjects chose significantly more false‐positive items that were correct at the global level only. When younger subjects were equated for initial recall of global‐level stimuli, the older subjects were deficient in immediate recall of local‐level stimuli. These results suggest that memory for hierarchical stimuli declines with age and that aging may disproportionately affect memory for local‐level stimuli.     

Age-related norms for AVLT in a male patient population

Sets forth norms for the AVLT memory test for male inpatients in a general hospital (N = 677), age range 19-81. Significant decreases were found for verbal recall, serial learning, and recognition. For younger men education and higher IQ favor maintenance of learning ability; a more complicated relationship is found for older men. Higher education level enhances recall, higher IQ enhances recognition, and, as in the younger group, learning and IQ are associated. Drop for learning is not uniform and temporarily increases significantly at age range 35-39. Discussion of the findings focuses on cognitive testing of the elderly.