低位直肠癌保肛术与腹会阴联合切除术后生存和复发多因素分析

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保肛术与腹会阴联合切除术对病人术后生存和肿瘤复发影响。方法 随访1995年1月至2005年6月期间,汕头大学医学院肿瘤医院外科手术治疗286例低位直肠癌,对保肛手术（SPO）与经腹会阴联合切除术（APR）两组病人的临床病理指标、存活率和局部复发状况进行统计学分析。结果 保肛手术组160例,术后局部复发率10％,生存期24．4个月,5年存活率为61.6％;经腹会阴切除术（APR）组126例,术后局部复发率13．5％,生存期33,2个月,5年存活率为68.8％,两组存活率比较差异无显著意义（P=0．22）。两组术后局部复发率比较差异也无统计学意义（P=0．23）。结论 低位直肠癌保肛术与腹会阴联合切除术并不影响低位直肠癌病人术后的生存和肿瘤复发。     

腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌初步报道

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌的手术安全性、可行性和经验体会。方法:2013年6月至2014年6月对8例符合Rullier极低位直肠癌外科学分类标准中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病人施行腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术。结果:本研究8例病人均在腹腔镜下完成切除手术,平均手术时间为(168.4±27.3)min,术中出血量(47.0±13.0)m L,远切缘距离(0.6±0.3)cm,肠系膜淋巴结(14.9±2.8)枚。1例术后发生骶前感染,经抗感染及引流后治愈。术后随访未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移病人,3例回肠造口还纳术后病人肛门功能良好。结论:治疗极低位直肠癌的腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术是一种极限位保肛技术,决定能否保肛的最重要因素不是肿瘤与齿线距离,而是肿瘤对肛管直肠环的侵犯及类型。     

Effects of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on anal sphincter functions in rectal cancer patients

目的 观察术前放化疗对保肛手术比率(保肛率)、局部复发率和术后肛门括约肌功能的影响.方法 TNM分期为Ⅱ、Ⅲ期中低位直肠癌56例,在术前进行放化疗,放疗结束后6周左右接受手术治疗.另将术前未行放化疗的50例中低位进展期直肠癌作为对照组,比较两组保肛率、术后局部复发率,并对两组术后肛门排便功能进行评价.结果 术前放化疗组行保肛手术48例,保肛率85.7％,术后局部复发3例(5.4％);48例保肛手术后6个月排便功能优良率为81.3％.对照组行保肛手术36例,保肛率为72.0％,术后局部复发6例(12.0％);36例保肛手术后6个月排便功能优良率为91.7％.术前放化疗组保肛率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),术前放化疗组术后局部复发率明显降低(P＜0.05).保肛手术后排便功能两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 术前放化疗对进展期中低位直肠癌确实能降低肿瘤局部复发率、提高保肛成功率.     

经腹及肛门内括约肌切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法 对34例癌灶下缘距齿状线不足2cm或距肛缘不足4—5cm的低位直肠癌经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌保肛术进行回顾性分析。结果 34例中男23例，女11例。年龄28—76岁，平均为56．4岁。癌灶下缘距肛缘4cm12例（腺瘤癌变5例），癌灶下缘距肛缘5cm22例，病理诊断直肠腺癌29例，其中高分化者18例，中分化者11例，腺瘤癌变5例。Dukes分期：A期18例，B期16例。34例术后随访率为97％（33／34），中位随访时间为4．9年。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2．9％），吻合口狭窄1例（2．9％）；术后6—12个月时排便功能基本恢复正常。术后局部复发率为2.9％，术后5年生存率为69．6％。结论 经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术式，既能保存良好的肛门排便功能，又不降低5年生存率，是一种安全有效的低位直肠癌保肛术式。     

超低位直肠癌腹腔镜辅助下经肛门拖出吻合术(附21例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式保肛手术在超低位直肠癌治疗中的应用。方法对21例行经肛门拖出式腹腔镜超低位直肠癌保肛手术病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组平均手术时间为（200±40）min,平均出血量为（40±10）ml。术中发现吻合口瘘1例;术后发生吻合口瘘2例,吻合口狭窄2例,术后出血4例,盆腔感染4例。术后随访21例,随访时间为5～50月。行超低位吻合的13例6个月内排便正常,行结肠肛管吻合的8例9个月内排便正常。本组无局部复发病例,发生肝转移2例。结论腹腔镜下经肛门拖出式超低位直肠癌保肛手术确实可行,对于中、早期及组织学分型好的超低位直肠癌病人是较好的选择。     

直肠癌保留肛门手术的方法改进

报告56例直肠癌经腹、肛门前会阴或阴道后壁切口切除术，术后经6个月至5年的随访，排便功能良好．该方法是在男性的肛门前方，女性的阴道后壁作切口，与腹部组配合会师，经此切口将游离的直肠和肿瘤拖出体外，切除肿瘤，然后行对端吻合术，再将吻合后之肠管送回盆腔。该方法与其他保肛术相比较具有：设计合理，径路直接，创伤小，操作简单省时，并发症少．不受肥胖和骨盆狭窄之限制的优点．     

拖出式Welch法治疗低位直肠癌:28例报告

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的最佳治疗术式。方法 对28例中下段直肠癌患者实施经腹经肛门拖出式Welch法低位切除术。病灶下缘距肛缘6—8cm者20例，8—10cm者8例。Dukes A期8例，B期16例，C期4例，切缘距肿瘤下缘的距离分别是2，3，4cm。结果 全组无手术死亡，未发生吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄。术后平均随访30个月，2例于术后18个月局部癌复发(7．1％)，余26例无癌生存。全组术后平均8—12周排便次数及功能接近正常人。结论 拖出式Welch法直肠癌超低位切除术，在确保癌根治的情况下，保存了肛提肌和肛管内、外括约肌，保存了正常排便功能。     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜辅助下经肛门拖出式吻合保肛术的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜经肛门拖出式吻合保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的可行性、安全性、根治性及近期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2002年1月-2006年12月行低位直肠癌根治术65例的临床资料。其中,行腹腔镜低位直肠癌拖出式吻合保肛术28例（腹腔镜组）,直肠癌低位前切除术37例（开腹组）。分析比较两组的手术方式、手术学指标、肿瘤学指标和近期疗效。结果腹腔镜组中转开腹1例。两组在手术时间、切除标本长度、清扫淋巴结数量、肠管远切缘长度方面无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组术中平均出血量少、肠道功能恢复快,显著优于开腹组（P〈0．05）。两组平均随访35个月。腹腔镜组和开腹组术后并发症发生率分别为5．9％和6．5％;复发率和总生存率分别为3．6％、5．4%和96．4%、94．6％,均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论腹腔镜经肛门拖出式吻合保肛术治疗低位直肠癌能够严格地遵守肿瘤学根治性原则,安全、可行,并具有出血少、住院时间短等优点。     

直肠全系膜切除并直肠癌保肛手术

目的：探讨中低位直肠癌根治术中直肠系膜全切除后保瘤肛门的可行性、保肛术的适应证及维持术后肛门功能的可能性。方法：回顾性总结了１９９３年至１９９９年保留肛门的中低位直肠癌根治术１２４例,讨论保肛手术的可行性和术后直肠感觉与肛门功能恢复的可能行,提出保肛手术的适应证。结果：９７．５％（１２１／１２４）的病人下切缘无癌浸润,术后２年内局部复发率为４．８％（６／１２４）。９２．７％（１１５／１２４）的病人     

直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌临床报道

目的:探讨直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术在超低位直肠癌治疗中的临床效果。方法:对35例超低位直肠癌患者实施拖出式双吻合器保肛手术治疗,观察手术情况、术后吻合口瘘、排便、排尿及性功能等。结果:所有患者均顺利完成手术,无术中死亡,无1例改行腹会阴切除术(APR)。术后肠管断端切缘无肿瘤残留,术后吻合口瘘1例,术后1年出现吻合口狭窄1例;所有患者术后1个月均能自行控制排便,术后3个月排便基本恢复正常;术后1个月排尿功能恢复正常。18例(78.3%)男性患者勃起功能正常;10例(83.3%)女性患者性兴奋能力恢复正常。随访9个月至3年随访,至今均良好存活,随访中1例术后10个月肿瘤复发,再次手术切除后至今存活。结论:拖出式双吻合器保肛手术在超低位直肠癌中疗效确切,能够在保证根治的基础上最大限度保留肛门功能,且对排尿、性功能等方面影响较小,值得广泛应用。     

拖出吻合术治疗中、下段直肠癌的临床研究

目的 评价拖出吻合术治疗中、下段直肠癌临床安全性及效果。方法 回顾性分析我院1985-1995年101例直肠癌应用拖出吻合术治疗情况，即肿瘤切除后使直肠远端外翻，近端结肠经外翻的直肠拖出，于肛门外行结肠肛管一期吻合，并立即送回盆腔的外科技术。结果 随访5-10年，随访率100％。肛门功能正常及良好者88例，占87％（88/101），较差者8例，占7.9％（8/101），大便控制能力差者5例，占4.9％（5/101），本组2例放疗后完全失去大便控制能力，改为Miles术。本组吻合瘘为5％，局部复发率15％；5年生存率64％（65/101），10年生存率58％（36/62）。结论 保留肛门括约肌的拖出吻合术治疗中、下段直肠癌应选择合适的病例，可获得较高的生存率及生活质量。     

结肠肛管套式拖出吻合术治疗低位直肠癌的临床分析（附33例报告）

目的　评价结肠肛管套式拖出吻合术治疗低位直肠癌临床安全性及效果。方法　回顾性分析我院 1993～ 2 0 0 2年以来 33例低位直肠癌应用结肠肛管套式拖出吻合术。手术方法 :肿瘤切除后使直肠远端外翻 ,近端结肠经外翻的直肠拖出 ,于肛门外行结肠一期吻合 ,并立即送回盆腔。结果　随访 5～ 10年 ,随访率 10 0 %。肛门功能正常及良好者 2 8例 ,较差者 5例 ,本组 1例放疗后完全失去大便控制能力 ,改为Miles手术。本组吻合口瘘 1例 ,局部复发率 15 % ,5年生存率 6 0 % ,10年生存率 39%。结论　应用保留肛门括约肌的结肠肛管套式拖出吻合术治疗低位直肠癌可获得较高的生存率及生活质量     

拖出式Welch法直肠癌超低位切除的临床研究

目的：探讨中下段直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能手术的安全性及效果。方法：对24例中下段直肠癌患者实施拖出式Welch法超低位切除术，即肿瘤切除后使直肠远端外翻，近端结肠经外翻的直肠拖出，于肛门外行结肠-直肠-期吻合，待吻合确实后还纳入肛门内。结果：肿瘤局部复发3例（12．5％）Dukes，B期1例（4．2％），C期2例（8．4％）。术后6个月排便次数、控便机能正常及良好者21例（87．5％），较差者3例（12．5％）。5年生存率62．5％（15／24）。结论：保留肛门括约肌的拖出式吻合术，在确保癌根治的情况下，选择合适的病例，可获得较高的生存率及生活质量。     

External Coloanal Anastomosis Without Covering Stoma in Low-Lying Rectal Cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and functional outcome of external coloanal anastomosis without covering stoma in treating low-lying rectal cancer. All patients undergoing the coloanal anastomosis for low lying rectal carcer in the Department of General Surgery, Minia University Hospital, between May 2006 and May 2009 were included. Seventy two patients underwent coloanal anastomosis, and follow up was available for all patients. Mean follow up period was 12.6 ± 4.7 months. Postoperatively, fecal continence was normal in 84.7% of patients. Postoperative complications included anastomotic fistula in 3 patients (4.2%) and anastomotic stenosis in 6 patients (8.3%). There was no effect of pre or postoperative adjuvant therapy on the procedure outcome. There was no local recurrence during follow up period. Three patients died at the end of follow up period due to distant metastasis. In treatment of low-lying rectal cancer, abdominoperineal resection should be avoided if coloanal anastomosis provides similar control of the disease as it is safe and has good functional results and acceptable complication rate.     

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目的　探讨结肠肛管吻合术在低位直肠癌术中的保肛作用及一些相关问题。方法　回顾性分析北京协和医院外科 1991年 5月至 2004年 10月共 35例低位直肠癌行结肠肛管吻合术的临床资料。结果　全组手术进程顺利,术后发生吻合口漏和吻合口出血各 1例。按Parks制定的标准,术后肛门功能优良率为 84. 4%。肿瘤术后局部复发率为 5. 7%, 3年存活率为 87 .5%, 5年存活率为 65. 4%。结论　结肠肛管吻合术作为保肛手术的一种术式可用于普通手术时无法保留肛门的低位直肠癌病人。     

Results of intersphincteric resection of the rectum with direct coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma.

Between 1977 and 1987, 519 patients underwent operation for rectal carcinoma. Sixty-three patients underwent intersphincteric resection with direct coloanal anastomosis (CAA), and 77 had an abdominoperineal resection (APR). Curative surgery was achieved in 57 and 65 patients, respectively. Both groups were comparable regarding age, stage of tumors, and localization of tumors. During the mean period of 6.7 years (range: 3 to 13.6 years), all patients were examined according to a predefined follow-up plan. From those patients with curative surgery, 11% presented with pelvic recurrence and 33% with distant metastases after coloanal anastomosis; the rates of recurrence and distant metastases after APR were 17% and 35%, respectively. The corrected 5-year survival rates were 62% following CAA and 53% following APR. Eighty-five percent of the patients with CAA reported good functional results regarding anal continence. Our study demonstrates that the intersphincteric resection with CAA is a valuable surgical technique for rectal carcinoma with the benefit of preservation of continence. It is suitable for neoplasms with high- and medium-grade differentiation (G1 to G2) and a localization that allows a minimum distal clearence of 3 cm.     

拖出式结肠肛管吻合术的改进和应用

目的：介绍拖出式保肛术的改进经验,探讨改进术式的临床价值。方法：对1987年5月-2000年12月间488例患者的治疗过程及结果进行回顾分析,结果：全组无手术死亡;手术总并发症发生率为14.18%;术后肛门功能满意。结论：拖出式保肛术的改进,显著改善了术后排便节制,确保肿瘤切除的彻底性,提高了手术的安全性,这一手术值得我们进一步研究和推广应用。     

Technical and oncological feasibility of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with pouch coloanal anastomosis for rectal cancer

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical and oncological feasibility of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) with coloanal anastomosis for mid and low rectal cancer. Methods During a 2‐year period, 50 patients underwent laparoscopic TME with coloanal anastomosis for rectal carcinoma located at a median of 4.5 (range 2–11) cm from the anal verge. Pre‐operative radiotherapy was used in 46 patients. Intersphincteric dissection was combined with the laparoscopic procedure to achieve sphincter preservation. Results Conversion to a laparotomy was necessary in six patients. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 2% and 28%, respectively. Morbidity was lower in patients operated on during the second part of the study, who had extraction of the rectal specimen through a small laparotomy incision, than in those operated on during the first part of the study when removal of the specimen was by transanal extraction. Oncological quality of excision was safe in 44 patients with intact or almost intact rectal fascia in 88% and R0 resection in 90%. At a median follow‐up of 18 months, there was no local or port‐site recurrence. Conclusion This study confirms our preliminary results of oncological feasibility of laparoscopic TME with sphincter preservation for mid and low rectal cancer, and showed that morbidity can be decreased by using a standardized surgical procedure.     

直肠癌前切除、结肠“J”型储袋对术后排便功能的影响

目的为探讨直肠癌行低位前切除术后应用结肠“J”型储袋行直肠或肛管吻合能否改善患者的排便功能。方法对2000年1月至2001年1月间连续行低位前切除术的72例中、下段直肠癌患者行回顾性分析。根据吻合方式分为两组：“J”型储袋组,共33例;直接吻合组,共37例。分别于术后1、3、6及12个月,对手术并发症及排便功能行比较性研究。结果发现两组均无手术死亡及术后出血病例。直吻组发生吻合口瘘2例;储袋组及直肠组术后吻合口狭窄分别为2例及1例;局部复发者各为3例;肝转移分别为2例及3例。“J”型储袋组较直接吻合组患者术后6个月及12个月之日排便次数及夜间排便人数比率均明显减少（7次vs3次,P〈0．05;3次VS1次,P〈0．05）,（64％VS31％,P〈0．05;30％VS3．9％,P〈0．05）。前者大便失禁综合评分显著优于后者（8VS2,P〈0．05;5．2VSL5,P〈0．05）。结论结果表明直肠癌行低位前切除术后,应用“J”型储袋行直肠或肛管吻合,不增加手术并发症,且在术后1年内,可以在某些方面改善患者排便功能。     

Rectum resection with colo-anal anastomosis. Results of continence with radical surgery

The long-term clinical and functional results of coloanal anastomosis (CAA) in the management of low and midrectal cancer were analyzed and compared with an age matched group of patients with abdomino-perineal resection (APR). Between 1977 and 1990 85 patients underwent CAA following resection for carcinomas of the mid and low rectum (67 male and 18 female, mean age 57.3 years). In 62 patients the tumor was in the lower and in 23 patients in the middle third of the rectum. A hand-sewn anastomosis was performed in 20 patients, in the 65 most recent patients the anastomosis was performed using a circular stapling instrument. No patient died as a result of pelvic sepsis. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 7% (handsewn 20%, stapled 3%), anastomotic strictures in 2.4%. 9 months after CAA complete or near complete continence was achieved by 85% of the patients. One patient was totally incontinent. More than 3 years postoperatively (1977-1987) 57 patients with curative resection could be analyzed. 39% of the patients had Dukes' A, 31% Dukes' B and 30% Dukes' C lesions. After a mean (+/- SD) length of follow-up of 6.7 years (3-13.6 years) local recurrence cumulative rates were 11% after CAA and 17% after APR, distant recurrence rates were 33% and 34% respectively. According to Dukes' stage the cancer-related 5-years survival of patients after CAA was in Dukes' A stage 88%, in Dukes' B 56%, in Dukes' C 29% and after APR 100, 53, and 22% respectively (p greater than 0.05). From these results we conclude that intersphincteric resection with CAA is a safe and efficient alternative to APR in many distal rectal carcinomas.