18F-FP-DTBZPET/CT鉴别不同类型帕金森综合征

目的 观察¹⁸F-FP-DTBZ PET/CT鉴别不同类型帕金森综合征的价值。方法 回顾性分析77例不同类型帕金森综合征患者的¹⁸F-FP-DTBZ PET/CT脑显像资料，包括21例帕金森病(PD)、35例多系统萎缩[MSA,含20例共济失调型(MSA-C)及15例帕金森型(MSA-P)]、12例进行性核上性麻痹(PSP)、5例皮质基底节变性(CBD)及4例路易体痴呆(DLB)。采用视觉评估法分析不同类型帕金森综合征患者尾状核、壳核前部及壳核后部摄取¹⁸F-FP-DTBZ特点，比较PD、MSA-C、MSA-P、PSP、CBD及DLB与健康志愿者(对照组)标准摄取值比值(SUVR)的差异。结果 PD多表现为双侧尾状核摄取正常或减低，双侧壳核摄取不对称性减低并以单侧后部为著。MSA-C存在2种代谢模式：双侧尾状核摄取正常或减低、双侧壳核摄取多呈均匀对称性减低，且后部减低程度大于前部；或双侧尾状核及壳核摄取均正常。MSA-P双侧尾状核摄取可正常或减低，双侧壳核摄取不对称性减低、少数可对称性减低。PSP双侧尾状核摄取多减低，双...     

基于神经黑色素MRI、11C-CFTPET及18F-FDGPET联合诊断PD及评估其严重程度

目的 观察联合应用神经黑色素(NM)-MRI、¹¹C-CFT PET及¹⁸F-FDG PET诊断帕金森病(PD)及评估其严重程度的价值。方法 回顾性分析52例原发性PD患者(PD组)和16名健康受检者(对照组)NM-MRI、¹¹C-CFT PET及¹⁸F-FDG PET资料，根据Hoehn-Yahr分级将PD患者分为早期亚组(n=29)和中晚期亚组(n=23)。比较组间及亚组间纹状体各亚区标准化CFT(sCFT)、不对称指数(ASI)、标准化FDG(sFDG)及黑质致密部(SNc)面积；行logistic回归分析，建立MRI、PET及PET/MRI模型，分析其诊断PD及评估病情的效能。结果 PD组与对照组间壳核后部sCFT、ASI及SNc面积差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);基于壳核后部sCFT及ASI建立的PET模型诊断PD的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.946,基于SNc面积建立的MRI模型的AUC为0.864;基于上述3个参数建立的PET/MRI模型的AUC为0.948,明显高于MRI模型...     

一体化PET/MRI评估帕金森病患者脑葡萄糖代谢与局部一致性的关系

目的 采用一体化¹⁸F-FDG-PET/MRI观察帕金森病(PD)患者脑葡萄糖代谢与局部一致性(ReHo)的关系。方法 前瞻性纳入34例PD患者(PD组)及25名健康受试者(对照组),行颅脑一体化PET/MR检查；以独立样本t检验比较组间脑葡糖代谢标准摄取值比值(SUVR)及ReHo差异，通过Pearson相关性分析探讨SUVR与ReHo异常重叠脑区二者的关系，以及PD患者重叠脑区SUVR、ReHo与病程及临床量表评分的相关性。结果 相比对照组，PD组初级感觉运动区、中央旁小叶、壳核、苍白球及丘脑SUVR升高(P均<0.05,经FDR校正),视觉区、颞叶及顶叶SUVR降低(P均<0.05,经FDR校正);视觉区、颞叶及顶叶ReHo升高(P均<0.05,经FDR校正),中央旁小叶、壳核、苍白球、丘脑、脑干、额下回眶部及后扣带回ReHo降低(P均<0.05,经FDR校正)。SUVR与ReHo异常重叠脑区包括双侧颞下回、双侧枕中回、双侧壳核、双侧中央旁小叶及左侧距状裂；上述区域中，SUVR与ReHo组间差异有显著空间相似性(r=-0.84,P=0...     

早发型与晚发型帕金森病多巴胺能神经元和脑葡萄糖代谢变化差异

目的 观察早发型帕金森病(EOPD)与晚发型帕金森病(LOPD)多巴胺神经元和脑葡萄糖代谢变化差异。方法 前瞻性纳入45例EOPD患者(EOPD组)、55例LOPD患者(LOPD组)及93名健康对照(HC)者[HC1组(n=47),HC2组(n=46)],行¹¹C-β-CFT 和¹⁸F-FDG PET显像;观察EOPD组与HC1组、LOPD组与HC2组脑¹¹C-β-CFT标准摄取值比值(SUVR)和¹⁸F-FDG葡萄糖代谢网络模式,以回归分析评估脑区¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR与¹⁸F-FDG葡萄糖代谢的关系。结果 EOPD组与HC1组之间,尾状核、壳核和苍白球¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);LOPD组与HC2组之间,伏隔核、尾状核、壳核和苍白球¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。与HC1组相比,EOPD组双侧尾状核、壳核、苍白球、岛叶、小脑、颞叶、丘脑及额叶葡萄糖代谢明显增高(P均＜0.05);相比HC2组,LOPD组双侧壳核、苍白球、中央旁回、小脑、颞叶及丘脑葡萄糖代谢明显增高(P均<0.05),双侧尾状核和额叶葡萄糖代谢明显减低(P均＜0.05)。尾状核代谢为EOPD组伏隔核¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR减低的影响因素(P＜0.001);尾状核、前额叶、小脑及丘脑代谢均为LOPD组伏隔核¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR减低的影响因素(P均＜0.001)。结论 LOPD患者伏隔核多巴胺神经元受损、尾状核和额叶葡萄糖代谢明显减低,而EOPD患者未见上述表现。     

1H-MRS在鉴别多系统萎缩与帕金森病中的价值

目的 探讨¹H-MRS鉴别多系统萎缩(MSA)与帕金森病(PD)的价值。方法 收集临床确诊的18例MSA患者(MSA组)和17例PD患者(PD组),以其中常规MRI表现正常的MSA患者为MSA常规MRI表现正常组,另选17名年龄、性别匹配的正常人为对照组,均接受常规MRI和¹H-MRS检查。¹H-MRS感兴趣区为两侧壳核、额叶白质及脑桥,体积为1.0 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm。结果 MSA组脑桥和壳核的NAA/Cr较PD组和对照组均显著降低(P均<0.05),MSA组脑桥的Cho/Cr较PD组和对照组均显著降低(P均<0.05);PD组壳核的NAA/Cr较对照组显著降低(P＜0.05);额叶白质区的Cho/Cr 和NAA/Cr三组相比差异均无统计学意义。MSA常规MRI表现正常组脑桥的NAA/Cr较PD组和对照组均显著降低(P均<0.05)。MSA常规MRI表现正常组壳核的NAA/Cr与对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05)。结论 ¹H-MRS对这两种疾病鉴别诊断有一定帮助,尤其是脑桥的NAA/Cr鉴别诊断常规MRI表现正常的MSA患者与PD患者有一定价值。     

ADC值在鉴别多系统萎缩与帕金森病中价值

目的：探讨ADC值在鉴别多系统萎缩（MSA）与帕金森病（PD）中价值。材料与方法：对经临床诊断为MSA的14例,诊断为PD的15例患者和年龄匹配的15个正常人行常规磁共振和DWI扫描。DWI采用单次激发自旋回波—平面回波序列（TR 3000 ms,TE 90 ms）,兴趣区为两侧壳核、桥脑、小脑、小脑中脚和额叶白质区。结果：14例MSA中桥脑十字征有7例,延髓萎缩、桥脑萎缩及小脑萎缩的有10例,小脑中脚萎缩的10例。MSA组与PD组比较,壳核、桥脑、小脑及小脑中脚的ADC值较PD组均明显升高,P值均〈0.05。MSA组与正常对照组相比,壳核、桥脑、小脑及小脑中脚的ADC值也明显升高,P值均〈0.05。PD组和正常对照组相比,壳核、桥脑、小脑、小脑中脚和额叶白质区的ADC值差别均无统计学意义,三组的额叶白质区ADC值相比,差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：MRI对MSA的诊断有一定的价值,小脑、小脑中脚、桥脑和壳核的ADC值对于这两种疾病的鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

MorphoBox自动分割皮层下灰质核团

目的 观察MorphoBox自动分割皮层下灰质核团(丘脑、壳核、尾状核、苍白球和海马)的价值。方法 收集40例颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者,按癫痫灶所在侧别将其分为左侧TLE(LTLE)组和右侧TLE(RTLE)组;另纳入22名健康人作为健康对照(HC组)。比较MorphoBox与传统Freesurfer基于MRI所测丘脑、壳核、尾状核、苍白球及海马体积的差异,评估MorphoBox的效能。结果 MorphoBox与Freesurfer所测双侧壳核、双侧尾状核、右侧苍白球及双侧海马体积差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。MorphoBox所测LTLE和RTLE组两侧壳核、尾状核及海马体积差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);Freesurfer所测RTLE组两侧丘脑体积和LTLE与RTLE组两侧壳核、尾状核、苍白球及海马体积差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。除HC组双侧海马外,MorphoBox与Freesurfer所测其余基底核团体积结果均相关(0.471≤r≤0.850);除HC组右侧苍白球及双侧海马外,二者所测其余基底核团体积结果均具有一致性(0.392≤ICC...     

深部脑电刺激后帕金森病患者运动症状改善与黑质纹状体不同亚区的相关性

目的 观察深部脑电刺激(DBS)后帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状改善与黑质纹状体不同亚区的相关性。方法 回顾性分析6例经丘脑底核(STN)-DBS后运动症状改善的PD患者，分别于STN-DBS前及后7个月采用PD统一评分量表第Ⅲ部分(UPDRS-Ⅲ)及Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级进行评估，计算运动症状改善值；同时行多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)PET脑显像，以SPM12软件于双侧尾状核、壳核前部、壳核后部及黑质勾画ROI,获得各ROI内平均放射性计数，并以小脑为参考，计算双侧尾状核、壳核前部、壳核后部及黑质的DAT摄取及DAT摄取改善率；采用Spearman相关分析观察运动症状改善值与STN-DBS后7个月DAT摄取显著增高脑区治疗前DAT摄取及DAT摄取改善率的相关性。结果 STN-DBS前UPDRS-Ⅲ评分及H-Y分级与其后7个月差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。STN-DBS后7个月双侧壳核后部部分区域及起病侧黑质致密部DAT摄取显著高于STN-DBS前(P均<0.01),而双侧尾状核及壳核前部部分区域DAT摄取显著低于STN-DBS前(P均<0.01)。ST...     

扩散张量成像在帕金森病认知障碍中的量化研究

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者脑白质微结构的变化,探讨扩散张量成像(DTI)对帕金森病合并认知障碍的诊断价值。材料与方法共纳入PD患者30例,其中合并认知功能障碍(PD-CI)18例,认知正常(PD-CN)12例,另选取30名健康志愿者作为对照组,性别、年龄、文化程度与病例组相匹配。对两组进行常规磁共振及DTI检查,检查前对PD患者进行Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级及蒙特利尔认知评分(Mo CA)。在重T2WI(b=0)图像结合DTI彩色编码图上,采用手工绘制圆形感兴趣区分别测量黑质、红核、苍白球、壳核、尾状核头、丘脑、额叶白质、颞叶白质、顶叶白质、枕叶白质的FA值及ADC值并进行统计学分析。结果较健康对照相比PD患者黑质、壳核、尾状核头、额叶白质的FA值显著减低(P0.05),额叶及颞叶白质的ADC值显著性升高(P0.05);额叶白质ADC值在PD-CI组与PD-CN间比较有统计学差异(P0.05);病例组各部位测量值与H-Y分级及Mo CA评分均无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论 PD患者黑质-纹状体环路神经元存在着广泛性损伤,PD患者额叶白质的损伤可能是其伴发认知障碍的关键因素。使用DTI评价PD患者脑白质微结构的改变可能是疾病早期诊断及病情监测的线索之一。     

扩散加权成像在鉴别多系统萎缩与帕金森病中的价值

目的 探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)在鉴别多系统萎缩(MSA)与帕金森病(PD)中的价值.方法 对经临床诊断的17例MSA患者(MSA组),16例PD患者(PD组)和16名健康受试者(对照组)行常规磁共振(MR)和DWI扫描.DWI采用单次激发自旋回波-平面回波序列,感兴趣区为两侧壳核、额叶白质及桥脑.结果 MSA组中常规MR表现异常者11例,其中8例见桥脑十字征,延髓萎缩、桥脑萎缩及小脑萎缩11例,小脑中脚萎缩10例,壳核边缘高信号和壳核萎缩2例,壳核高信号3例;常规MR表现正常的MSA患者6例.MSA组壳核和桥脑的ADC值较PD组均明显升高,P值分别为0.019和0.000.MSA组壳核和桥脑的ADC值较对照组明显升高,P值分别为0.001和0.000.三组的额叶白质区ADC值差异无统计学意义.PD组和对照组相比,壳核、桥脑和额叶白质区ADC值差异无统计学意义.MSA常规MR表现正常者的桥脑和壳核的ADC值较PD组和对照组明显升高.结论 磁共振成像对MSA的诊断有一定价值,桥脑和壳核的ADC值对MSA与PD的鉴别诊断有重要意义.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.